81. Embassy Of The Federal Republic Of Nigeria igbo AND THE DELTA STATES Many Nigerian cultures did not develop into centralized Ibadan was until recently the largest indigenous African city. http://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/history.shtml

HISTORY AND PEOPLE NIGERIA Much has been said and written about Nigeria, her people and culture, economy and politics, that sheds light on the tremendous potential of this African Giant. However, little is known to the outside world about the many exciting tourist attractions available in Nigeria: Historic sites nestled amid rivers and rain forests, breathtaking mountain vistas, remote creek villages, miles of pristine beaches and exotic national wildlife reserves. There are also museums, festivals, music and dance, a rich cultural melange right down to everyday traditional markets. These are just some of the spectacular sights and sensual delights awaiting the traveler to Nigeria. Nigeria has the largest population of any country in Africa (about 120 million), and the greatest diversity of cultures, ways of life, cities and terrain. With a total land area of 923,768 sq. km. (356,668 sq. mi.) Nigeria is the 14th largest country in Africa. Its coastline, on the Gulf of Guinea, stretches 774 km (480 mi.). Nigeria shares its international border of 4,470 km (2513 mi.) with four neighbors: Chad, Cameroon, Benin, and Niger. Until 1989 the capital was Lagos, with a population of about 2,500,000, but the government recently moved the capital to Abuja. CLIMATE AND WEATHER Nigeria lies entirely within the tropics yet there are wide climactic variations. In general, there are two seasons, dry and wet, throughout Nigeria. Near the coast, the seasons are less sharply defined. Temperatures of over 900F are common in the north, but near the coast, where the humidity is higher, temperatures seldom climb above that mark. Inland, around the two great rivers, the wet season lasts from April-Oct. and the dry season from Nov.-March. Temperatures are highest from Feb-April in the south and MarchJune in the north; they're lowest in July and Aug. over most of the country.

82. An A-Z Of African Studies On The Internet Nr3 indigenous publishing in africa An overview of accelerated training and research, PUDEMO (People s United Democratic Movement) of Swaziland Includes http://www.lib.msu.edu/limb/a-z/az_nr3.html

An A-Z of African Studies on the Internet Part N-R3 Publishers-Refugees Back to: A-Z of African Studies comprehensive lists] http://www.hanszell.co.uk/aplink.htm http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/publish.html http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/law/acqs/ Academy Science Publishers http://www.oneworld.org/aas/ Adalens Antikvariat (Sweden) antiquarian http://www.angelfire.com/pa/AdalensAntikvariat/afrika.html Adam Matthew Publications (microfilm collections, African studies) http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/ Adams Bookshop (University of Natal, Durban) http://durbanet.aztec.co.za/adamsbooks/index.htm Africa Book Centre (London) online catyalogue www.africabookcentre.com Africa Institute of South Africa (Pretoria) http://www.ai.org.za/ Africa World Press and The Red Sea Press http://www.africanworld.com AfricaWPress@nyo.com African Academy of Sciences asp@arcc.or.ke

83. Nigeria - Government for the selfexpression of its socially and culturally diverse peoples, Nnamdi Azikiwe, an igbo, who had the greatest potential for becoming a http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/67.htm

Government Nigeria Table of Contents THE STORY OF NIGERIA during the postcolonial era has been one of a search for the constitutional and political arrangement that, while allowing for the self-expression of its socially and culturally diverse peoples, would not hinder the construction of a nation out of this mosaic. In this search, the country has experienced cycles of military and civilian rule, civil war, and peaceful reconstruction. If any nation typified political scientist Richard Sklar's characterization of the African continent as a "workshop of democracy," it would certainly be Nigeria. The country has experimented with different federal, state, and local government systems, learning more about its needs, resources, and constraints with each experiment. Despite the predominance of military regimes during the three postcolonial decades, Nigerian society has retained many of the fundamental building blocks of a democratic polity: vigorous entrepreneurial classes, a broad intelligentsia and numerous centers of higher education, a dynamic legal community and judiciary, diverse and often outspoken media, and, increasingly, courageous human rights organizations. Despite the differences in character and composition of the successive governments, it is still possible to identify the major threads of Nigeria's institutional evolution. As the nation finds itself once more on the threshold of transition from military to civilian rule, promised for 1992, examination of these threads is essential for understanding the Nigeria that will become the Third Republic.

84. EDSITEment - Lesson Plan For information on igbo traditions, Nigeria, and africa, see the igbo Information (The confrontations between the white men and the igbo people are good http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?id=382

85. MISSIO IMMACULATAE: Missionary Page Of The Franciscans Of The Immaculate The igbo of southeastern Nigeria traditionally live in small, Nigeria alsohas many independent African churches, such as Cherubim and Seraphim, http://www.marymediatrix.com/mission/kb/kb15/5.shtml

FI MISSION IN NIGERIA List of Articles about Nigerian Mission FACTS ABOUT NIGERIA Introduction History Land and Resources The People ... Culture and Arts FACTS AT A GLANCE Country name: Federal Republic of Nigeria Location: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Population: Ethnic groups: more than 250 ethnic groups; the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Nationality: Nigerian Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population:57.1%

86. African Tribes african tribe list. The lack of overall centralization among the igbospeakingpeoples has been conducive to the development of a great variety of art http://users.pandora.be/african-shop/tribe_info.htm

Collection Tribes Masks museums ... fairs related articles: Home Site map African tribes Auctions Fairs masks statues bookmarks 10 buying tips ... African Antiques e-Newsletter Your email address will only be used to notify you about the African Antiques free e-newsletter. You should join if you want to read the last news and learn everything about the new exhibitions African art fairs auctions , buying tips, tribes stolen pieces , interesting opinions, museums , etc.. It will not be used for any other purpose. Discover a new World ! visit our other site and Discover a new World ! visit our other site and BuyAfricanAntiques David Norden Sint-katelijnevest 27 ANTWERPEN-Belgium Tel +32 3 227 35 40 Join our discussion group: Discussions AntiquesAfricaines en Français (100 membres) var site="sm5african" African tribes in African art. Central Africa South Africa East Africa West Africa ... Yoruba-Ife ADVERTISEMENT: Organized Travels. Discover new Worlds!

87. Emergent Key Issues In The Study Of African Traditional Religion It gave rise to a more determined study of African indigenous religious culture People whose fundamental vision of reality remains at its core, African. http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/ejizu.htm

EMERGENT KEY ISSUES IN THE STUDY OF AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGIONS by Christopher I. Ejizu I. Introduction E.B. Idowu had reacted rather sharply. He criticised the travellers and pioneer writers for disseminating erroneous views and negative impression about Africans and their traditional religious culture. This is only a moot point here. There is however, a small though useful contribution of the pioneers that often tends to escape the attention of many contemporary scholars. The references and observations they publicised helped to wet the appetite of people that came later on the African scene, trained experts and lay alike. It gave rise to a more determined study of African indigenous religious culture. The interest has since grown and matured reaching a peak during the heydays of colonial enterprise in Africa. And contrary to the impression in certain circles that the phenomenal drain on adherents of the indigenous religions might lead to a waning of interest, the study of African traditional religion has continued without any appreciable decline. II. Trends In The Study Of African Traditional Religion

88. Encyclopedia: Gullah The cultural heritage of the Gullah people has drawn interest from igbo isa language spoken in Nigeria by about 18 million speakers (the Ibo), http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Gullah

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Gullah" also viewed: African language Chadic languages List of dialects of the English language Languages in the United States ... North American English What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Main Page Zeke One Yuasa Youthanasia ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Gullah Updated 64 days 23 hours 29 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Gullah Gullah is the name of both an ethnic group and its English African creole language The English language is a West Germanic language that originates in England. ... The term African languages refers to the approximately 1800 languages spoken in Africa. ... A Creole is a language descended from a pidgin that has become the native language of a group of people. ... Contents People History Language External links People The Gullah people, who are of African slave ancestry, live in the Sea Islands and the coastal regions of nearby South Carolina Georgia and northern Florida . In Georgia , they are commonly referred to as Geechees.

89. African Languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 than half a million speakers each, but many others are spoken by relativelyfew people. Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages. http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africanlng.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. African languages geographic rather than linguistic classification of languages spoken on the African continent. Historically the term refers to the languages of sub-Saharan Africa, which do not belong to a single family, but are divided among several distinct linguistic stocks. It is estimated that more than 800 languages are spoken in Africa; however, they belong to comparatively few language families. Some 50 African languages have more than half a million speakers each, but many others are spoken by relatively few people. Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages. There are usually two or three tones (based on pitch levels rather than the rising and falling in inflections of Chinese tones) used to indicate semantic or grammatical distinction.

90. LANGUAGES-ON-THE-WEB: BEST XHOSA LINKS ombrarossapiccola.jpg (728 byte) South African Language XHOSA In these warsthe Xhosa, agricultural and pastoral peoples native to the Eastern Cape, http://www.languages-on-the-web.com/links/link-xhosa.htm

languages-on-the-web is now www.lonweb.org The page you are looking for is now HERE

91. GUOSA AFRICAN CULTURAL CENTER However, the language of the Binis (Edo) people continued to undergo Invisible or abstract things are of igbo, Yoruba or other southern Nigeria language http://www.dawodu.net/guosa1.htm

GUOSA AFRICAN CULTURAL CENTER, Richmond, C PROUDLY PRESENTS: The Guosa Language: (A Pan Nigerian and West African Sub-Regional Language) By: Alex G. Igbineweka guosalanguage2@aol.com OR guosa_language02@yahoo.com The Guosa African Cultural Center is a diverse multi-cultural center located temporarily on 647 16th Street, Unit ‘A’, Richmond, California 94801. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of the Guosa Language African Cultural Center is to acquaint Western Civilization and the Asians world with the Guosa Language. A Pan Nigerian and West African Sub-Regional Language , Guosa is one of the world’s oldest language/cultural groups. Resulting from the ever transforming Nigerian, West African Sub-Regional languages. Guosa is influencing the cultures and nations of West Africa as the sub regional countries rise to meet the challenging socio-political global civilization. The Edo language is one of the States capital’s central languages spoken by the Edo people of Edo State in Nigeria. The language dates back to the pre-historic existence of the old Benin Kingdom which swept across the coastal territories of West Africa between the 12 th Century B.C. and 1950s AD

92. Panel 70 as being a partisan to one specific group within the larger igbo people.At the same time, igbo migrants in West African urban centres used his http://www.nomadit.co.uk/~aegis/panels/70.htm

PANEL 70 (AHPS) Acknowledging knowledge: dissemination and reception of expertise in Colonial Africa Dr Dmitri van den Bersselaar, The University of Liverpool; Dr Michel Doortmont, University of Groningen dvdb@liv.ac.uk, m.r.doortmont@let.rug.nl Panel abstract When does knowledge become expertise? The study of the production of colonial knowledge does not explain why some producers of knowledge become recognised experts, and others do not. In an attempt to answer this question, this panel invites contributors to explore the ways in which expertise was disseminated and received in colonial Africa. Panel summary Producing a received view of Gold Coast elite society: C.F. Hutchison’s Pen-Pictures of Modern Africans and African Celebrities Michel Doortmont, University of Groningen m.r.doortmont@let.rug.nl In the late 1920s the Gold Coast businessman Charles Francis Hutchison published the first volume of his book titled The Pen-Pictures of Modern Africans and African Celebrities . The book contains 162 biographical sketches of Ghanaians that were important in business, in society and the church, in government, and in (nationalist) politics, both from Hutchison’s own time and from the nineteenth century. The text of the biographies is in blank verse, and portrait photographs accompany most sketches. Additional photographs of houses and special events, and added biographical information in the form of lists of famous deceased people complete the book. The Pen-Pictures is a well-known source for the history of the Gold Coast, modern Ghana, cited and quoted by both professional historians and interested lay-people. In effect

93. The Folk Art Messenger: Cheering The Ancestors Home At that time, the igbo people comprised approximately 70 percent of the Hence, few examples of African ideograms still exist in the United States. http://www.folkart.org/mag/cemetery/cemetery.html

The religious traditions of Africans forced to journey to America can be seen in the objects and symbols that remain in African American cemeteries today. These artifacts suggest the strong and vibrant history of a people, who, in spite of the adverse conditions of slavery, found ways to perpetuate their heritage. They were able to retain their family traditions and religious commitments to the deceased, either by iconography or by more direct representation. This aesthetic developed from combining (or creolizing) writing systems, the particular use of color and asymmetric forms, and the making of objects for daily use. Content was associated with religious beliefs. Marks and objects in cemeteries that look merely decorative to the uninformed eye may be African signs and symbols. This iconography in cemeteries can be divided into three categories: 1) sign systems of African origins, 2) secular objects as surrogates for ideograms and 3) revival of African traditions, interpreted in new ways. Examples of such African retentions (subconscious transmissions from prior generations) exist in burial grounds and established cemeteries, particularly in the Southern United States. The stones were probably engraved between 1770 to 1830, when the Igbo Diaspora was at its height in Virginia. At that time, the Igbo people comprised approximately 70 percent of the blacks in Virginia, a larger percentage than in any other Southern state.

94. H-Net Review Brian Fagan Brian@brianfagan.com On African The remarkable igboUkwo burial and Connah s own researches in the depths of aBenin well And for people without African expertise, it is without rival. http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=191431055743974

95. Chinua Achebe Prominent igbo (Ibo) writer, famous for his novels describing the effects of Nanga, the man of the people, and teacher Odili, an African Lucky Jim, http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/achebe.htm

Choose another writer in this calendar: by name: A B C D ... Z by birthday from the calendar Credits and feedback Chinua Achebe (1930-) - in full Albert Chinualumogu Achebe Prominent Igbo (Ibo) writer, famous for his novels describing the effects of Western customs and values on traditional African society. Achebe's satire and his keen ear for spoken language have made him one of the most highly esteemed African writers in English. In 1990 Achebe was paralyzed from the waist down in a serious car accident. "I would be quite satisfied if my novels (especially the ones I set in the past) did no more than teach my readers that their past - with all its imperfections - was not one long night of savagery from which the first Europeans acting on God's behalf delivered them" (from Morning Yet on Creation Day Chinua Achebe was born in Ogidi, Nigeria, the son of a teacher in a missionary school. His parents, though they installed in him many of the values of their traditional Igbo culture, were devout evangelical Protestants and christened him Albert after Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria. In 1944 Achebe attended Government College in Umuahia. Like other major Nigerian writers including Wole Soyinka, Elechi Amadi, John Okigbo, John Pepper Clark, and Cole Omotso, he was also educated at the University College of Ibadan, where he studied English, history and theology. At the university Achebe rejected his British name and took his indigenous name Chinua. In 1953 he graduated with a BA. Before joining the Nigerian Broadcasting Company in Lagos in 1954 he travelled in Africa and America, and worked for a short time as a teacher. In the 1960s he was the director of External Services in charge of the Voice of Nigeria.

96. VOICES: The Wisconsin Review Of African Literatures (Issue 3) This has, above all, to do with two phenomena igbolexification and that theindigenous culture survives and remains strong among the people even as it http://african.lss.wisc.edu/all/voices/abstr03.shtml

ISSUE 3: Abstracts June 2000 Susan Arndt "Igbo-in-English: Relexification and Igbo-lexification in Igbo Women's Literature" The Africanisation of the English of African literatures is explored, with a specific focus on the various innovations in English as a result of its contact with Igbo in Nigeria, a centre of African literatures. As former studies dealing with similar issues looked nearly exclusively at men's literatures, the focus here is on Igbo women's literature, namely the novels and short stories of Flora Nwapa, Buchi Emecheta, Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo, Ifeoma Okoye and Bridget Nwankwo. All of these women write in an English that betrays traits of Igbo. This has, above all, to do with two phenomena: Igbo-lexification and relexificiation. The paper discusses and explores these two phenomena in detail, focusing on their forms and manifestations as well as their aesthetic implications for Igbo women's literature. Do they impair or strengthen the artistic flair of a literary text? Finally, the "igboisation" and decolonizing influence that these two phenomena have on English are discussed. Return to Issue 3 Remy Roussetzki Return to Issue 3 Patrice M. Wilson

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