61. Medieval Iceland And The Absence Of Government - Mises Institute When one truly looks at iceland s history objectively, one can see what the real causes of The history of Viking Age iceland has lessons to teach. http://www.mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1121

62. My Response To The Anarchist FAQ Discussion Of Iceland: 7-8/96 Layered on top of that, an imaginary account of Icelandic history by someone who My views on Icelandic history are based on reading a good deal of the http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/My_Posts/Iceland_Anarch_FAQ1_reply.htm

This is a series of posts, by me, made in response to a post by Gary Elkins in which he quoted at length from an anarchist FAQ to attack what he believed to be my views on Iceland. The FAQ has been revised over the months, apparently in response to my criticisms. I also have a post commenting on a more recent version , in which most of the more obvious errors have been removed. Subject: Re: Mythadventures in Iceland: Friedman's Folly From: ddfr@best.com (David Friedman) Date: 1996/07/25 Some ways back in this thread, Gary Elkins posted a bit from an Anarchist FAQ, giving a wholly imaginary account of Icelandic history and institutions, complete with Jarls (Norwegian) and Housecarls (Anglo-saxon), and went on to write: "During the 12th century, wealth and power began to accumulate in the hands of a few chiefs, and by 1220, six prominent families ruled the entire country. It was the internecine power struggle among these families, shrewdly exploited by King Haakon IV of Norway, that finally brought the old republic to an end." I was curious about the quote, so I dropped by the library. The quoted passage is in the encyclopedia, but the article says nothing about a "commual, anarchist" society, nothing about Jarls, Housecarls, or all the rest of the stuff Gary quotednone of it, and nothing like it, is there. The author is simply offering his (entirely possible) explanation for why the old Icelandic system broke down.

63. Refuting My Views On Iceland: Round Two that purported to refute my view of the history of saga period iceland, by someone (or ones) who knew almost nothing about icelandic history. http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/My_Posts/iceland_round_two.htm

Round Two Several years ago, I came across a webbed document that purported to refute my view of the history of saga period Iceland, apparently written by someone (or ones) who knew almost nothing about Icelandic history. The result was an entertaining exchange , in the course of which the document was revised to eliminate the most striking historical (and other) errors, although still without providing any evidence for its central thesis. The second round started in December 2000. I had noticed several posts which asserted that my views on Iceland were conclusively refuted by scholarly work done since I publishedwithout actually providing any cites to back the assertion. I finally decided to answer one of the posts. The result was an exchange in which the poster demonstrated considerable ignorance of Icelandic history and Norse literature, although he seems to know a good deal about Norwegian history. I decided it would be worth webbing it, so here are the relevant posts: Original post by Douglas Muir, asserting that no serious historian accepts my view of Icelandic history any more. My response , pointing out that whether or not my views are true, his claim that nobody takes them seriously any more is contradicted by readily available evidence.

64. 1Up Travel : Iceland - History And Culture Of Iceland. iceland Explore the history and Culture of iceland. Some Irish monks may have reached iceland before AD 800, but it remained largely unsettled until about http://www.1uptravel.com/international/europe/iceland/history-culture.html

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Airline Tickets Car Rentals Cruises Hotels ... Vacations Web 1UpTravel.com You are here 1Up Travel Countries of the World Europe Iceland ADVERTISEMENT Country At a Glance Introduction Topography Life Cuisine ... Newstand Worth a Visit !! Cities Attractions Shopping Eating Out ... Travel Links Country Facts Introduction Geography People Government ... Transnational issues Related Iceland Guide Iceland Maps Iceland Hotels Iceland Flag ... Iceland Travel Warning Iceland History and Culture History Some Irish monks may have reached Iceland before AD 800, but it remained largely unsettled until about 870. Norwegian Viking Ingólfur Arnarson is traditionally considered the first permanent settler; he established his farm at Reykjavík, now the capital. During the next 60 years, other settlers flocked to the island from the Scandinavian countries and the British Isles. In 930 a central organization for the whole island was superimposed on the already existent regional polities in the form of a general legislature called the Althing.

65. Natural History Of Iceland - Root Page Photo guide to the natural history of iceland. Special sections are dedicated to plants, birds, and landscapes. http://www.iceland-nh.net/

Natural History of Iceland This site deals with the birds of Iceland, the plants of Iceland and the landscape of Iceland. It offers photographic guides to characteristic floral elements of Iceland, the birdlife of Iceland as well as landscape images of this remarkable island: in the top menu choose "entries start". Next to the photo-illustrated guides, in-depth information on vegetation, bird life and geology is presented in the "birds/plants information pages" and the "landscape features of Iceland". Also two internal search programs are included through which you can search directly for information on specific plants or birds. For those who want to use my images or buy prints a policy statement on free use and costs of purchasing images or prints is presented in the "photo order information" page. Miscellaneous other pages are also presented. Links to them can be found in the top menu: choose "more topics". Happy scrolling through the Iceland nature pages

66. FRONTLINE/WORLD . ICELAND - The Future Of Sound . Links & Resources | PBS Presented by the icelandic Tourist Board, the history of iceland page provides the Web Promoting iceland s language, history and cultural heritage, http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/iceland/links.html

makenav(2,1); THE STORY Synopsis of "The Future of Sound" REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK World Music's Global Reach VIRTUAL MUSIC TOUR Sample Sounds From the Edge of the World Learn More about Iceland History, Culture and Unique Approach to Energy MAP REACT TO THIS STORY General Background Icelandic Music ... Media Resources General Background Iceland.org The official site of the Iceland Foreign Service provides visitors with a wealth of background information on the country's people, history, economy and foreign policy. Learn interesting facts about Iceland for example, it has just three people per square kilometer, making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Permanent Mission of Iceland to the United Nations Iceland has been a member of the United Nations since 1946. Its U.N. Web site presents background information about the country's history and people and offers facts about the country's diplomatic relations. A handy flowchart enumerates international organizations to which Iceland belongs, including the Arctic Council (which Iceland is chairing from 2002 to 2004). 2002 CIA Worldfactbook: Iceland A good primer for anyone wanting to learn more about Iceland, the 2002 CIA Worldfactbook's section on Iceland offers concise, easy-to-scroll chapters of information, including a collection of demographic facts, descriptions of political parties and a list of key political leaders. An image of Iceland's flag can be enlarged at a click, and facts about the nation's economy, geography and communications can be gathered at a glance.

67. Icelandic History And Literature The Development of the Commonwealth of iceland and its Influences on the Traditional icelandic Literature. Robert Liebermann, history 212, CMU, April 1992 http://rjl.us/res/hits/iceland.htm

The Development of the Commonwealth of Iceland and its Influences on the Traditional Icelandic Literature Robert Liebermann, History 212, CMU, April 1992 Introduction bla bla bla, etc. You've seen enough! rjl lslbi contact

68. Reviews In History: The early part of iceland s history is rightly regarded by Vésteinsson as its prehistory, although the term favoured in France for the Iron Age, http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/bucklandPaul.html

@import url("../../goodmenus.css"); Institute of Historical Research Skip the menus Site map Site search Home ... About us Resources Partner sites Library The Christianization of Iceland, priests, power, and social change 1000-1300 Oxford: Oxford University Press Reviewed by: Dr Paul Buckland University of Sheffield Thorarinsson 1944 ), is itself reliant upon the historical record for dating, and still leaves grounds for dispute (cf. ). Whilst the actual dates of eruptions should eventually be resolved by annual snow accumulation counts in the Greenland ice cores (e.g. Zielinski et al ), where Icelandic tephra rather than the disputed proxies of acidity peaks actually occur ( Buckland et al. Zielinski et al. ... in press ). Feasting in such halls may have had a quasi-ritual implication ( culdees and ca. Buckland et al ), although Hannon and Bradshaw (2000) Whether Ari Þórgilsson's words or those handed down to his informant Teitr by his grandfather who had been present, Snorri the Lawgiver's riposte to the claim at the Alþing that the old gods' anger was evinced by news of an eruption, " at whom were the gods angry when these stones were erupted", has a strikingly modern ring to it. Much ink has been spilt over the identity of Kristjánshraun, but again foundation myth or truth, it provides a small window on the natural world, a sense of deep time, which is woefully lacking in most contemporary literature from mainland Christian Europe, where accounts of natural phenomena (

69. Travel To Hofn - Iceland - History - WorldTravelGate.net® Travel to Hofn iceland - history - WorldTravelGate.net®-Information about Hofn,iceland,history,Gallery,Photos,restaurants,hotels,car rental,rentals http://www.eurotravelling.net/iceland/hofn_history.htm

ADVERTISING INFORMATION Höfn History HISTORY OF ICELAND Updated January 1997 Brief History of Iceland The first people known to have inhabited Iceland were Irish monks who settled there in the eight century, but left with the arrival of the pagan Norsemen, who systematically settled Iceland in the period 870-930 AD. Iceland was thus the last European country to be settled. The main source of information about the settlement period in Iceland is the Landnamabok (Book of Settlements), written in the 12th century, which gives a detailed account of the first settlers. According to this book Ingolfur Arnarson was the first settler. He was a chieftain from Norway, arriving in Iceland with his family and dependents in 874. He built his farm in Reykjavik, the site of the present capital. During the next 60 years or so Viking settlers from Scandinavia, bringing some Celtic people with them, spread their homesteads over the habitable areas. In the year 930, at the end of the Settlement period, a constitutional law code was accepted and the Althingi established. The judicial power of the Althingi was distributed between 4 local courts and a Supreme Court of sorts was conducted annually at the national assembly at Thingvellir.

70. Travel To Isafjordur - Iceland - History - WorldTravelGate.net® Travel to Isafjordur iceland - history - WorldTravelGate.net®-Information about Isafjordur,iceland,history,Gallery,Photos,restaurants,hotels,car rental http://www.eurotravelling.net/iceland/isafjordur/isafjordur_history.htm

ADVERTISING INFORMATION I safjördur History Ísafjördur The oldest part of the town rests on a sandbank that juts out into the fjord. It has been the site of a church for centuries and was called "Eyri" by locals, the parish being called Eyrarhreppur. According to "Landnamabok" ("The Book of Settlement"), Helgi Hrolfson was the first to settle in Skutulsfjordur and built his farm there. In the second half of the 16 th century, foreign merchants put up a trading post on the sandbank in Skutulsfjordur, which developed into the main trading centre of the West Fjords. In 1786 Ísafjördur was given municipal status as one of the six official trading centres in Iceland. Three warehouses dating from the 18 th century stand near the harbour, including Tjoruhusid (built 1734), the oldest preserved building in Iceland. click to go back Back to Europe Eurotravelling.net POWERED BY wORLDTRAVELGATE.NET Back to WTG

71. Iceland (08/05) history iceland was settled in the late 9th and early 10th centuries, principally by people of Norse origin. In 930 AD, the ruling chiefs established a http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3396.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs August 2005 Background Note: Iceland PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Iceland Geography Area: 103,000 sq. km. (39,600 sq. mi.); about the size of Virginia or slightly larger than Ireland. Cities: CapitalReykjavik (pop. 113,730). Other townsKopavogur (25,784), Hafnarfjordur (21,942), Akureyri (16,450). Terrain: Rugged. Climate: Maritime temperate. Highest elevation: Hvannadalshnjukur at Vatnajokull Glacier, at 2,111 meters (6,925 ft.). People Nationality: Noun Icelander(s). Adjective Icelandic. Population (December 2003): 293,291. Annual growth rate: 0.96%. Ethnic group: Relatively homogenous mixture of descendants of Norwegians and Celts. Religion: Evangelical Lutheran, 86%. Language: Icelandic. Education: Compulsory up to age 16. Attendance Literacy Health: Infant mortality rate Life expectancy men 78.2 years, women 82.2 years. Work force (2003, 166,600): Commerce manufacturing fishing/fish processing construction transportation and communications agriculture unemployment Government Type: Semi-presidential, parliamentary.

72. Biographical Sketch Of Jónas Hallgrímsson (2) During the first three hundred years of its history13 iceland was independent, 13 The best introduction to icelandic history is the richly illustrated http://www.library.wisc.edu/etext/Jonas/Biography/Biography.2.html

1. Introduction Biography (Contents) 3. Childhood 2. Iceland larger image larger image larger image Hjaltadalur. larger image larger image larger image Hveravellir. Dettifoss. larger image Iceland is a large island in the North Atlantic Ocean (see map It is volcanic in origin and still highly active geothermically. Its first settlers arrived in the ninth and tenth centuries, mostly from Norway. Their descendants speak Icelandic, a Germanic language which is in some respects quite archaic and thus of considerable interest to linguists. Since the country is relatively small, it is quite easy to familiarize oneself with it and to get around in it. It is also exceptionally beautiful, containing spectacular and dramatic natural scenery - volcanos, glaciers, waterfalls, seacliffs - as well as scenery of the more human kind described so movingly by the English traveller John Coles, en route to Hekla in 1881: As we came in sight of Hruni, the weather cleared up, and the sun shone out brightly, lighting up the green hills on which a party of men and women were hard at work haymaking. We could just hear their voices, singing at their work; and I think that, with the little church and homestead close to us, the sheep on the hills, and the cattle in the valley, it was as charming a picture of peaceful rural life as I have ever set eyes on, while the surrounding verdure seemed to protest against this country being called by such an uninviting name as Iceland. ( STI In Iceland today the haymaking is mechanized and people travel by car along excellent roads, not on horseback over the miserable tracks (sometimes tracklessnesses) cursed so roundly by Coles and his companions. But it is still the same beautiful country, and the same beautiful people.

73. Iceland Today - What's On In Iceland - Archeologists Discover Two Skulls Belongi icelandic archiology skull reykjavik history.gif The most famous Icelandic Saga is the saga of Njal´s burning. Around 800 years old, it tells the tale of http://www.whatson.is/default.asp?web_id=0&news_id=134

74. Iceland - Flag History In 1897 the poet Einar Bendiktsson proposed arms and flag for iceland. William Crampton claims in his The World of Flags A Pictorial history (Rev. http://fotw.fivestarflags.com/is-hist.html

Iceland - Flag History Last modified: by rob raeside Keywords: iceland island europe cross ... scandinavian cross Links: FOTW homepage search write us mirrors by Edward Mooney, Jr. From 1350 to 1896 Alternate proposal of 1914 The flag of 1915 See also: Iceland Coat of arms of Iceland Governmental flags of Iceland Royal flags of Iceland From 1350 to 1896 From about 1350 Iceland's arms were on a red field a silver stockfish (a split and dried cod) with a golden crown. These arms were incorporated into the arms of the Kings of Denmark, and so were a part of the Danish Royal standard until this century. Incidentally, it was also part of several Greek royal flags, since the Greek royal family was related to that of Denmark. As Iceland went with Norway in union with Denmark, the Danish flag was used also in Iceland. Jan Oskar Engene , 6 January 2001 There was no need for an Icelandic flag during this period, since its only use would have been on sea, but ships used the Danish flag. The first idea regarding an Icelandic flag was put forward in 1809. In that year a Danish adventurer, Jörgen Jörgensen, captain of a British ship, became an usurper in Iceland for a few weeks. He declared himself king and soon afterwards announced a new flag, blue with three stockfish (see: http://www.ismennt.is/not/ggg/fani1.htm

75. Time For Kids | Go Places | Iceland Homework Helper Go Places. iceland. Back to iceland Home. history Timeline. Travel through our timeline of major events in iceland s history. http://www.timeforkids.com/TFK/hh/goplaces/article/0,20343,1018535,00.html

adSetTarget('_blank'); htmlAdWH(magic_array[1], '728', '90'); Travel through our timeline of major events in Iceland's history. The first Viking settlers arrive, bringing Irish slaves with them. Chieftains from across Iceland gather in Thingvellir to form the Althing, the world's first parliament, or congress. Icelanders begin to write down the Old Norse sagas for the first time. Until now, the epic poems, legends and historical tales were memorized and recited. After many attempts, Norway takes control of Iceland. The move ends bloody civil wars between settlers. Norway and Iceland come under Denmark's control. The Black Death plague devastates Iceland. Pirates from England, Spain and Algeria raid the coasts and ruin Iceland's trade economy. The Althing, the world's first parliament, is abolished. Iceland gets its current flag. It is a blue flag with a red and white Scandinavian Cross. Women get the right to vote in national elections. Iceland becomes a self-ruled state, but is still in a union with Denmark. After Icelanders vote to end the union with Denmark, Iceland is proclaimed an independent republic on June 17. Sveinn Bjorrnsson is the first president.

76. Alþingi - Althingi's Homepage Parliament of iceland. history, working information, sessions, and pictures. http://www.althingi.is/vefur/upplens.html

Í nærmynd Hjálmar Árnason 6. þm. SU, F, HjÁ Althingi's homepage Welcome to Althingi's English home page where you will find some basic information about the Icelandic Parliament. Working and History Introduction Contact with members group secretaries and staff Íslensk heimasíða Danske sider Upplýsingafulltrúar og þingverðir taka á móti gestum sem vilja skoða Alþingishúsið. Öllum fyrirspurnum, ábendingum og tillögum um vef Alþingis skal beint til ritstjóra vefs Alþingis.

77. Research Plan And Background University of iceland Instructor Autobiographies and history (fall 1995) o Research Grant from the Institute of history, University of iceland 1989. http://www.akademia.is/sigm/ensk1.html

Biography and Academy Research Plan and Background My Research Plan for the Next Few Years Research Project in USA (spring 2002): The Methods of Microhistory ... Home Biography and Academy Contents: Curriculum vitae Research Plan and Background My Research Plan for the Next Few Years (1998- ) Research Project in USA (Spring 2002): The Methods of Microhistory ... Summaries € Books Pieces and Molds. On Microhistory and Lost Time Education, Love and Grief Modes of living in Reykjavík 1930-1940 Away! Faraway! - And to Another Continent. € Articles "I am 479 days younger than Nilli" "Modern Fairy Tales?" " The Contours of Social History" Curriculum vitae Dr. Sigurður Gylfi Magnússon The Reykjavik Academy Hringbraut, 121, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland Tel: +354 562 2908 (home); +354 562 2989 (work); 847 1190 (mobil) sigm@akademia.is www.akademia.is/sigm Degrees B.A., History and Philosophy, University of Iceland, - 1984. M.A., History, Carnegie Mellon University, USA, - 1987. Ph.D., History, Carnegie Mellon University, USA, - 1993. Societies: Chair of the Icelandic Historical Association 1997-2000.

78. AriadNe/Culture & Recreation/Iceland/History - Ariadne The European and Mediterranean link resource presents /Culture Recreation/iceland/history - history of iceland. http://ariadne.iief.de/index.php3/Culture & Recreation/Iceland/History

The European and Mediterranean link resource for R esearch, S cience and C ulture Search Submit News Help Find: Match: Any of the words All the words AriadNe services provide links to a variety of European and Mediterranean WWW servers mainly focussed on research, science and cultural information. Benefits from AriadNe You find a resource regarding a special topic quickly (sorted by category and country). You can rely on regularly checked links (no stale resources). In contrast to national directory services AriadNe presents all results for all countries in English language. This Information Society WebRing site owned by IIEF GmbH Previous 5 Sites Previous Next ... List Sites

79. General Information About Iceland/Reykjavik iceland s history The first people known to have inhabited iceland were Irish The eighteenth century marked the most tragic age in iceland s history. http://www.marathon.is/index.jsp?ib_page=324&iw_language=en

80. History Of Iceland - MavicaNET The only comprehensive history of iceland available in English. iceland Brief history of iceland A part of Randburg - English http://www.mavicanet.com/directory/eng/24320.html

selCatSelAlt="Deselect category"; selCatDesAlt="Select category"; selSitSelAlt="Deselect site"; selSitDesAlt="Select site"; MavicaNET - Multilingual Search Catalog MavicaNet Lite - Light version Catalog Belarusian Bulgarian Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian (cyr.) Serbian (lat.) Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Ukrainian Culture Science Historical Sciences History: By Region ... History of North Europe History of Iceland Sites Sister categories ... Archaeology of Europe Cities and Towns: Iceland Economy: Iceland Education: Iceland European Dynasties German Empire (1871-1945) Great Northern War (1700-1721) Historical Maps: Europe Historical Persons: Europe History of Albania History of Andorra History of Austria History of Belarus History of Belgium History of Bosnia and Herzegov... History of Bulgaria History of Croatia History of Cyprus History of Czech Republic History of Denmark History of Estonia History of Faroe Islands History of Finland History of France History of Germany History of Gibraltar History of Greece History of Hungary History of Ireland History of Italy History of Latvia History of Liechtenstein History of Lithuania History of Luxembourg History of Macedonia (FYROM) History of Malta History of Moldova History of Monaco History of North Europe History of Norway History of Poland History of Portugal History of Romania History of Russia History of San Marino History of Slovakia History of Slovenia History of Spain

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