41. Virtually Virtual Iceland - Culture, History, Travel, Society, Birds, Landscapes iceland, history, geography, people, vikings, settlers, photos, clickable map, phrases in icelandic, electronic postcards, scifi, humor, humour, http://www.simnet.is/gardarj/iceland.htm

Virtually Virtual Iceland Main Page The Sagas Images Photos Landscape Stamps Birds ... Superstitions The Language Alphabet Runes and Pronunciation Names ... Links Designed by Click on The Seal of Iceland above to look at the story behind The Seal Click on any of The Icelandic Flags below to look at the story behind The Flag Click on the puzzle piece in the Icelandic colours to find out why these pages are here Virtually Virtual Iceland Links to other sites with information on Iceland The indefatigable Ed Jackson of Canada has put together several MUST VIEW pages for those who are interested in Iceland A Collection of Icelandic Photographs Excellent photos from Iceland Presented in a new manner and new photos added 19th Century Iceland A MUST - Lithos and commentaries from travelers to Iceland in the past century and A Gallery of 19th Century Icelandic Landscape Art Photographs of Iceland on the World Wide Web Links to sites featuring photos from the Top of the World Variations on a Theme Your host's mutilation of one of Ed Jackson's photographs from Iceland Can also be sent as Electronic Postcards Lunar Landscape - Photos from Iceland Donna S. Duncan

42. Iceland Books, Icelandic History (book Reviews) Jesse Byock, Gunnar Karlsson, Halldór Laxness, Jóhann Óli Hilmarsson, Terry Lacy, Viðar Hreinsson. http://dannyreviews.com/s/Iceland.html

Danny Yee's Book Reviews Subjects Titles Authors ... Latest Iceland + Icelandic history Icelandic literature Book Reviews Jesse L. Byock Medieval Iceland Society, Sagas, and Power Gunnar Karlsson The History of Iceland - from settlement to the present Halld³r Laxness The Fish Can Sing - an eccentric childhood in early 20th century Reykjavik Halld³r Laxness Independent People - the epic story of an Icelandic sheep farmer J³hann “li Hilmarsson Icelandic Bird Guide - a must for bird-watchers visiting Iceland Terry G. Lacy Ring of Seasons Iceland - Its Culture and History Vi°ar Hreinsson The Complete Sagas of Icelanders - Icelandic tales of Viking Age feuds, legal conflicts, love affairs See also Scandinavia I spent two weeks visiting Iceland in August/September 2003. Subjects Titles Authors Best Books ... Book Reviews by Danny Yee

43. The History Of Iceland (Gunnar Karlsson) - Review Most general surveys of Icelandic history in English are unfortunately either old and dated or written for tourists in a way that will inevitably seem http://dannyreviews.com/h/Iceland.html

Danny Yee's Book Reviews Subjects Titles Authors ... Latest The History of Iceland Gunnar Karlsson University of Minnesota Press 2000 A book review by Danny Yee "Most general surveys of Icelandic history in English are unfortunately either old and dated or written for tourists in a way that will inevitably seem superficial." So writes Gunnar Karlsson in the brief introduction to his own History of Iceland , which fortunately for us fills the gap admirably. It is a professional work, with references, but it is accessible, never dry or dull, and structured so readers can easily find or skip particular topics. The History of Iceland is divided chronologically into four parts, within which short chapters focus on particular topics. Gunnar neatly mixes political, social, cultural, and economic history, with some glances at historiography. And he drops into first person occasionally, sometimes in the plural to reflect an Icelandic viewpoint on events, sometimes in the singular for a personal note. Part I covers medieval Iceland . Gunnar describes the colonization of Iceland, the constitution of the Icelandic Commonwealth, and its attempts to manage honour, revenge and feud through a legal system with no executive and then the increasing concentration of power and levels of violence, leading to the 1262 treaty by which Iceland was annexed to the kingdom of Norway. Other topics covered include the adoption of Christianity (associated with a specific decision of the Althing the assembly in 1000), the development of a separate Icelandic identity, the settlement of Greenland and voyages to North America, and demographics and resources. And there's room for a brief discussion of poetry and

44. History Of Iceland The main source of this early period of icelandic history is one of the Like mentioned in the preceding page, iceland s history has been divided into http://www.iceland.or.jp/Files/iceland/his.htm

Gen Info History Government Economy Tourism Ice/Jap History Period of Settlement (870 - 930 AD) The Icelandic Free-state (930 - 1262 AD) Union with Norway (1262 - 1380 AD) Danish Colonial Rule (1380 - 1945 AD ... The Republic of Iceland (1945 - present) Period of Settlement (870 - 930 AD) Iceland was settled by Norwegian Vikings, believed to have been fleeing the harsh rule of the Norwegian king, Haraldur Harfagri (the Fair-haired). The Vikings arrived from Scandinavia and Viking possessions in the British Isles, bringing a substantial portion of Celts with them. The initial settlement is believed to have occurred during the period 874 - 930 AD, even though the island had been settled by Irish monks before the arrival of the Vikings. Little is known about the monks except that they moved away when the Vikings started to arrive. The Icelandic Free-State (930 - 1262) Top The third event was the composition of the sagas, which include some of the great works of the classical literature of the Middle Ages. Beginning with heroic poetry that depicted the lives of warriors, heroes, and Gods, the sagas eventually turned to a more realistic, nonetheless dramatic, theme, telling grand stories about the early period of settlement, romance, family feuds, kings and history. Many of these national treasures are still preserved. Union with Norway Norwegian rule (1262 - 1380) Top After the prosperous period of independence, a period of steady decline followed. Internal feuds and unrest started to undermine the peace and stability that had lasted for more than three centuries. What had once been a country of law and order, was brought down to its knees by greed, hate, and vengeance. Seizing a window of opportunity during a civil war in the early 1260s, the Norwegian king promptly forced Iceland into a monarchical union, which was nothing more than the surrender of the freedom of self-determination and a national submission to the Norwegian crown.

45. Summer Solstice In Iceland A Tiny Bit About Icelandic History A Tiny Bit About icelandic history. iceland was settled in 874 by a hardy band of prosperous farmers seeking to escape the long arm of the tyrannical King http://www.octavia.net/vikings/icelandhistory.htm

Summer Solstice in Iceland By Octavia Randolph, 2002 Photographs by Jonathan Gilman A Tiny Bit About Icelandic History Iceland was settled in 874 by a hardy band of prosperous farmers seeking to escape the long arm of the tyrannical King Harald Hairfair of Norway. Some of the settlers who crowded the original ships were Norwegians, but others were of Norwegian descent long resident in Ireland and the British Isles. Amongst them were Celtic slaves and servants, who of course contributed to the bloodlines of the new Icelanders. The Icelandic text , the Book of Settlements, lists 400 of the founding families of the new country, 38 of which had been powerful chieftains in Norway. But the settlers did not find the new land completely uninhabited. A small number of Irish monks, seeking complete peace in which to worship their God, had preceded them. Finding their solitude shattered, the monks (" papa ", priest) were unwilling to live amongst the newcomers, and according to an early annal "went away". It is not known whether they set out westward in their hide coracles, or what became of them, but they are recalled throughout Iceland today in place names such as Papey, an island in the east fjords. Although a few of the settling families were Christian upon arrival, their Christianity fell away within a few generations. Rejecting kingship, Iceland was founded as one of the earliest republics. Individual chieftains, who were after all land owning farmers first, were known as

46. Summer Solstice In Iceland : Main Page A Tiny Bit About Icelandic history (Go on and read it – it will be good for you, and it s short, I promise). The Saga of Gudridur a play which brings the http://www.octavia.net/vikings/IcelandEssay.htm

Summer Solstice in Iceland By Octavia Randolph, 2002 Photographs by Jonathan Gilman Cattle die, kinsmen die The self must also die; but glory never dies, for the man who is able to achieve it. - from the (Sayings of the High One) in the Poetic Edda I knew I would one day go to Iceland. Many of us interested in the Anglo-Saxons or Vikings eventually find their way there – it is an inescapable draw. This is because the great literary treasures of Iceland – the Eddas and Sagas – are our most important sources for Old Norse history, religion, and thought. This small country nearly touching the Artic Circle has a thrilling history kept alive in the hearts of Icelanders today. th century, in every imaginable shade; there are close to 100 colour variations. These sturdy little equine beauties with their long manes and tails are everywhere - seeing herds of 50 or 100 together is not at all uncommon. One million white, black, and cocoa brown sheep, at this time of year mostly ewes with their little twins, all nimbly and athletically navigating the steepest ravines and crags. A land where beautiful elves – Huldufolk - the Hidden People – still roam, and where giant trolls, caught by the rising Sun and so turned eternally to stone, dot the landscape. And above all this wonder a Sun that never set! For I had wished to experience the Summer Solstice in Iceland, and was rewarded with the merest dimming of the brilliant Midnight Sun between the hours of midnight and 3 am.

47. The History Of Iceland The history of iceland. Gunnar Karlsson. $19.95 Paper ISBN 08166-3589-7. The only comprehensive history of iceland available in English. http://www.upress.umn.edu/Books/K/karlsson_iceland.html

The History of Iceland Gunnar Karlsson $19.95 Paper ISBN 0-8166-3589-7 The only comprehensive history of Iceland available in English. Iceland is unique among European societies in having been founded as late as the Viking Age and in having a copious written and archaeological sources about its origin. Gunnar Karlsson, that country's premier historian, chronicles the age of the Sagas, consulting them to describe an era without a monarch or central authority. Equating this prosperous time with the golden age of antiquity in world history, Karlsson then marks a correspondence between the Dark Ages of Europe and Iceland's "dreary period," which started with the loss of political independence in the late thirteenth century and culminated with an epoch of poverty and humility, especially during the early Modern Age. Iceland's renaissance came about with the successful struggle for independence in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and with the industrial and technical modernization of the first half of the twentieth century. Karlsson describes the rise of nationalism as Iceland's mostly poor peasants set about breaking with Denmark, and he shows how Iceland in the twentieth century slowly caught up economically with its European neighbors. "It is not easy to tell a thousand years of history in just over 400 pages that also include an index and an extensive bibliography. Gunnar Karlsson however manages quite well, telling us the story of the more than thousand years since Iceland was colonised by Vikings in a reasonably light informative style. "

48. A Short History Of Human Impacts In Iceland A Short history of Climate and Human Impact in iceland In order to understand iceland s environental history we first need to learn something about http://www.casdn.neu.edu/~geology/department/staff/colgan/iceland/history.htm

A Short History of Climate and Human Impact in Iceland by Patrick M. Colgan, Department of Geology, Northeastern University Introduction The environment of Iceland has changed enormously since the country was first settled in the 9th century. The history of human impact involves climate changes, land use, volcanic eruptions, and modern technology. In this section you will learn something about how Icelanders have interacted with their environment, and how they currently are working to solve problems such as soil erosion. When the icelanders settled the country the climate was similar to today's climate. The Earth cooled significantly during the little Ice Age (1300 to 1900 AD) transforming Iceland into truly grim place. This climate change combined with poor landuse practices reduced Iceland to place of misery and death. This is illustrated well in the writings of a priest during the worst times of the 16th century. Formerly the earth produced all sorts of fruit, plants and roots. But now almost nothing grows...

49. Itinerary For Two-day History Trip On this two day trip you focus the history of iceland. We will also look at how the natural geological processes in iceland interact with people. http://www.casdn.neu.edu/~geology/department/staff/colgan/iceland/2dayh.htm

Itinerary for Two-Day History Trip On this two day trip you focus the history of Iceland. We will also look at how the natural geological processes in iceland interact with people. The main objectives of the trip are: - learn a basic outline of Icelandic History since settlement - understand how people have affected the landscape - explore how the climate change has effected Icelanders - explore how the landscape has shaped Icelanders Read the section: Introduction to Iceland's History before beginning your trip Day 1 Reykjavik - Iceland's Capitol Day 2 Laki Gigur - Eruption of 1773 Hella - Saga Sites Vik - southern coastal town Finish up by taking a quiz to Test Your Knowledge "Iðjuleysi er rót alls ills." (trans: Idleness is the root of all evil) Iceland Map Home Plan Your Trip Site List Glossary Icelandic Words ... Test Your Knowledge

50. Iceland icelandic Society Natural history icelandic history icelandic Cities This site lists many topics on the history of iceland from the days of the http://www.cdli.ca/CITE/iceland.htm

Gander Academy Iceland Icelandic Symbols Icelandic Geography Maps of Iceland Icelandic Society ... Volcanoes of Iceland Icelandic Symbols The National Anthem This site has the lyric and an audio file of the Icelandic National Anthem. The national anthem of Iceland was originally composed in 1874 for the millenium celebration of the settlement of Iceland. It was composed by Sveinbjorn Sveinbjornsson and the lyrics are by Matthias Jochumsson. The Coat of Arms of Iceland There are four supporters on the national arms: Bull, eagle, dragon (or a griffin) and giant. The bull and giant are standing on a basement of basalt representing Iceland. Above them are the eagle and dragon. The supporters refer to the guardians of Iceland that are mentioned in a passage in Heimskringla. The story is from the Saga of Olav Tryggvason (chapter 33) and goes like this: Top of Page Icelandic Geography Iceland: Land of Fire and Ice Travel to an island of raging volcanoes, thermal springs, and vast sheets of ice. Iceland is an island of 103,000km2 (39,756 square miles), with an average height of 500m above sea level. Its highest peak, Hvannadalshnúkur, rises to 2,119m, and over 11% of the country is covered by glaciers, including Vatnajökull, the largest in Europe. Country Profile ALMOST EVERYBODY IN ICELAND is on a first-name basis - even the phone books in this country of 270,000 are divided by first names. A land of glaciers, volcanoes and frequent earthquakes, Iceland has the world's oldest parliament - the Althingi, established in 930. Icelanders also have a fondness for the epic tales of explorers who began their journeys from this country's shores in the 10th century.

51. IcelandReview - Online Highest profit in the history of iceland read Saturday s business headlines. Investment company Burdarás, made a ISK 24,5 billion profit in the first 6 http://icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16567&ew_0_a_id=146311

52. Iceland Vacation Iceland Travel Tours Brief history of iceland The first people known to have inhabited iceland were The eighteenth century marked the most tragic age in iceland s history. http://www.scantours.com/iceland_a_brief_history.htm

Iceland Travel Vacation Specialist ICELAND TRAVEL VACATION ICELAND Iceland Vacation Packages Iceland Hotels ICELAND TRAVEL FACTS Vacation in Iceland and you’ll enter a whole new realm of experience. You’ll discover original nature as you’ve never seen it before, and the equally original people for whom timeless nature, ancient heritage and modern lifestyle coexist in harmony. The freedom to roam in the city or the wilds as you please, explore and have fun — this is the key to the Iceland experience. Iceland is an island of 39,756 square miles, about the size of Virginia, with an average height of 500m above sea level. Its highest peak, Hvannadalshnukur, rises to 2,119m, and glaciers, including Vatnajokull, the largest in Europe, cover over 11 percent of the country. Situated on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Iceland is a hot spot of geothermal activity. Thirty post-glacial volcanoes have erupted in the past two centuries, and natural hot water supplies much of the population with cheap, pollution-free heating. Rivers, too, are harnessed to provide inexpensive hydroelectric power. The electrical current is 220 volts, 50 Hz. Of a population numbering just over a quarter of a million, half live in the capital, Reykjavik, and its neighboring towns in the southwest. Keflavik International Airport is located about 50km from the capital. The highland interior is uninhabited (and uninhabitable), and most of the population is situated along the coast.

53. Icelandic - History - Of Iceland. The first people known to have inhabitated iceland were Irish monks or hermits who came in the eighth century, but left with the arrival of the pagan http://www.icelandexport.is/icelandexport2/english/about_iceland/history_of_icel

Menu. About Iceland - History of Iceland Home Icelandic Companies A-Z CPV Categories Iceland Export Categories ... Iceland Export Directory The source material comes from: History of Iceland The first people known to have inhabitated Iceland were Irish monks or hermits who came in the eighth century, but left with the arrival of the pagan Norsemen, who systematically settled Iceland in the period 870 - 930 A.D. Iceland was thus the last European country to be settled. The main source of information about the settlement period in Iceland is the Landn¡mab³k (Book of Settlements), written in the 12th century, which gives a detailed account of the first settlers. According to this book Ing³lfur Arnarson was the first settler. He was a chieftain from Norway, arriving in Iceland with his family and dependents in 874. He built his farm in Reykjav­k, the site of the present capital. During the next 60 years or so, viking settlers from Scandinavia, bringing some Celtic people with them, spread their homesteads over the habitable areas. In the year 930, at the end of the Settlement period, a constitutional law code was accepted and Al¾ingi established. The judicial power of Al¾ingi was distributed between four local courts and a type of a Supreme Court held annually at the national assembly at žingvellir.

54. How And Why Is The History Of Iceland Divided Into Periods? Á Vísindavef Háskóla Íslands svara fræðimenn spurningum almennings á öllum sviðum vísinda og fræða. http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=4785

55. MSN Encarta - Related Items - Iceland Vikings, role in icelandic history icelandic Language icelandic Language, language of the people of iceland. icelandic is a member of the North http://encarta.msn.com/related_761551693/Iceland.html

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56. MSN Encarta - Related Items - Iceland Icelandic Literature Reykjavík, capital Vikings, role in Icelandic history geography and environment government and politics history language http://encarta.msn.com/related_761551693_3/Vikings_role_in_Icelandic_history.htm

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57. Iceland S History Of Whaling The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS) is the leading international charity dedicated solely to the worldwide conservation and welfare of all http://www.wdcs.org/dan/publishing.nsf/allweb/36FBBB89C0EF9A2980256F350055152D

SEPTEMBER 22nd 2005 WDCS Home Latest News Adopt a Dolphin Adopt a Whale ... Whale Watching - Quick Links About WDCS Adopt a Dolphin Adopt a Whale Captivity Contact WDCS get ACTIVE Get sponsored! News Report a Sighting Sightings Species Guide Strandings WDCS Mastercard WDCS (Japanese) Whale Watching Whaling and Dolphin Campaigns Whaling and Dolphin Hunts Whaling International Whaling Commission (IWC) ... Icelandic Whaling Iceland's history of whaling Historical whaling records demonstrate that Iceland has an infamous history of over-exploitation of whales. Between 1883 and 1939, Iceland killed 2,294 blue whales, 1,541 fin whales, 213 humpbacks, 98 sperm whales, 10 sei whales and 13,502 more unspecified whales (mostly blue and fin whales). Finally, in 1982, following years of over exploitation and poor regulation of whale stocks by many countries including Iceland, the IWC agreed an indefinite moratorium on commercial whaling. Iceland opposed the ban but unlike Norway and Japan, did not lodge an Objection to the decision. Iceland stopped commercial whaling just before the ban came into effect in 1986. However, Iceland, like Japan, saw the potential offered by a clause in the ICRW that permits whales to be killed for scientific research. In 1986, Iceland began to engage in so-called "scientific whaling" in order to avoid the moratorium on commercial whaling. By 1989 it had killed 292 fin whales and 70 sei whales for so-called ‘research’. Despite claims that it was conducting important science on these animals, more than 15 years later, most of the data collected from them has still not been published. However, a significant proportion of meat from the whales caught was exported to Japan for profit, illustrating the clear commercial motivation of this operation.

58. Fiske Icelandic Collection iceland Economic history (H-class) 4/4W iceland- history auxiliaries (multi-class) 4/4W North European history- iceland- Law history(DL-class) 4/4W http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/cdicelandic.html

Fiske Icelandic Collection As one of the three largest repositories of Old Norse and Icelandic materials in the world and the largest in the Americas, the Fiske Icelandic Collection meets the needs of local and international scholarly communities. The composition of these scholarly communities has remained substantially the same over the years. University professors and scholars affiliated with research institutions are foremost among patrons, followed by graduate students, undergraduate students and finally by lay people, including visitors from Iceland. The collection circulates in the neighborhood of 400 out of its more than 37,000 volumes per annum, a higher average than that of the Olin stacks. These circulations include items paged from the non-circulating part of the collection for use in the reading room of the Rare and Manuscript Collections. Communication with clientele for reference purposes has endeavored to keep pace with contemporary technology, especially the Internet. Collection Analysis Cartographic materials (G-class) 4/3 Law- Foreign law (K-class) 2Y/0 Iceland- History of education (L-class) 4/4W Iceland- Constitutional history (J-class) 4/4W Iceland- Left-wing politics (multi-class) 4/4W Iceland- Social history (multi-class) 4/4W Iceland- Economic history (H-class) 4/4W Iceland- History auxiliaries (multi-class) 4/4W Iceland- History of religion (B-class) 4/4W North European history- Iceland (DL-class) 4/4W North European history- Iceland- Law history(DL-class) 4/4W

59. Birth Of A Nation - Medieval Icelandic History . history of iceland iceland in the middle ages. Settlement in the late ninth century, the worlds first natinal assembly, loss of independence at the end of http://www.randburg.com/is/vaka/nation.html

A history of Iceland is from the settlement in the late ninth century until the end of the Old Commonwealth in 1262. Chapter headings are; Translator's Foreword, Ancient Iceland, The Discovery and Settlement of Iceland, Constitution and Division of Power, Seafaring and Geographical Discoveries, Religion and Church, The Struggle for Power and the Fall of the Commonwealth, Chronological Summary, Literary References. Books about Iceland: Iceland´s Nature Geological books Photo Album Series Icelandic horses ... Saga Series History Capital city Reykjavik Icelandic Gourmet Miscellaneous Service ... think about this site? 100% Secure Transaction! Quick Delivery - Worldwide! A Birth of a Nation. The book is written by Njördur P. Njardvík and the English translation was done by John Porter. 96 pp, soft cover; 15 x 21 cm. In English. A Birth of a Nation Back to page with history of Iceland. OTHER CATEGORIES IN THE ICELANDIC SHOPPING CENTER Woolen Goods Hand made Viking Jewelry Calendars and Playing Cards Maps of Iceland ... About Randburg var DOCUMENTGROUP='Vrandburg'; var DOCUMENTNAME='Randburg'; //var ACTION='';

60. Iceland Add Today in history or Today s Birthdays to Your Site it s Easy! 1811 Jon Sigurdsson, born in iceland, leader/collects icelandic legends http://www.brainyhistory.com/topics/i/iceland.html

Atlas Dictionary Encyclopedia Geography ... Add "Today in History" or "Today's Birthdays" to Your Site - it's Easy! Web brainyhistory.com Iceland Iceland Encyclopedia Links Iceland Quotations Laxness, Iceland's Nobel Literature laureate, dies at 95 Iceland recognizes Lithuania's independence ... History Home About Us Inquire Privacy Terms

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