61. Bite The Mango Film Festival 04 Location Western africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Religions Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% http://www.bitethemango.org.uk/2004/theworld.asp

Home News What's On BTM On Tour ... Search An Insight to the World Bite the Mango provides film fans with an amazing view of the world and its varied cultures. We have collected some further information about a number of countries which are represented during this festival to give you a better insight into their world. Afghanistan Location: Southern Asia, north and west of Pakistan, east of Iran Climate: arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers Natural Hazards: damaging earthquakes occur in Hindu Kush mountains; flooding; droughts Population: Nationality: Afghan Ethnic Groups: Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4% Religions: Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a Muslim 19%, other 1% Languages: Pashtu (official) 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism Capital: Kabul Currency: afghani (AFA) Australia Location: Oceania, continent between the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean

62. African Folklore -- A-Z Entries Northeastern africa ( The Horn ) Overview Nsibidi An indigenous Writing System Rastafari A Marginalized People Rattray, RS Religion african http://www.routledge-ny.com/folklore/african/azentries.html

Please note: List of entries is preliminary and may change prior to publication A B C D ... Z A Algeria Ancestors Angola Animals in African Folklore Arabic Folk Literature of North Africa Architecture Archives of Traditional Music Ashanti Astronomy back to top B Bamana Banjo: African Roots Bao Bascom, William Basketry, Africa Basketry, African American Beadwork Benin Birth and Death Rituals among the Gikuyu Blacksmiths: Dar Zaghawa of the Sudan Blacksmiths: Mande of Western Africa Body Arts: African American Arts of the Body Body Arts: Body Decoration in Africa Body Arts: Hair Sculpture Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi back to top C Callaway, Bishop Henry

63. Center For African Studies | University Of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign Presents a sampling of the people of africa today teachers and students, Interviews and dialogues describe different aspects of indigenous lifestyles http://www.afrst.uiuc.edu/Library/libvideos1.htm

african@uiuc.edu AFRICA-RELATED VIDEOS AND FILMS AT UIUC DECEMBER 2003 Unless otherwise noted, videos are in the Undergraduate Library Media Center. Subject Index Catalog 1- 6000 a Day: An Account of a Catastrophe Foretold Brooklyn, NY, 55 minutes First Run/Icarus Films, 2001 Not cataloged, December 2003 How the failure of key individuals, prominent NGO's, and governments to act allowed a catastrophe to fester a catastrophe that undoubtedly could have been avoided. Since it appeared 20 years ago, AIDS has left a trail of destruction behind it. This film answers the question "Why did the world wait so long to react?" and dissects the key moments in the global response to the epidemic.... (English subtitles provided for narration in French.) About the United Nations see Africa Recovery Al abwab al moghlaka see The Closed Doors 2- Adieu Bonaparte 109 minutes VIDREC 791.4372 Ad45

64. Nigeria (08/05) Religions Muslim, Christian, indigenous african. PEOPLE The most populouscountry in africa, Nigeria accounts for approximately 20 percent of West http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2836.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of African Affairs August 2005 Background Note: Nigeria PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Federal Republic of Nigeria Geography Area: 923,768 sq. km. (356,700 sq. mi.) about the size of California, Nevada, and Arizona. Cities: Capital Abuja (pop. est. 100,000). Other cities Lagos (12 million), Ibadan (5 million), Kano (1 million), Enugu (500,000). Terrain: Ranges from southern coastal swamps to tropical forests, open woodlands, grasslands, and semidesert in the far north. The highest regions are the Jos Plateau 1,200-2,000 meters above sea level and the mountains along the border with Cameroon. Climate: Annual rainfall ranges from 381 cm. along the coast to 64 cm. or less in the far north. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Nigerian(s). Population (2005 est.): 137 million. Total fertility rate (avg. number of children per woman): 6.0. Ethnic groups (250): Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba are the largest. Religions: Muslim, Christian, indigenous African. Languages: English (official), Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba, others.

65. African Arts: Commercial Transactions And Cultural Interactions From The Delta T The seller identified herself as Suwu, an indigenous ethnic group of the Limbe and And finally the formal conventions present in Duala, Ijo, ibibio, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0438/is_1_35/ai_90331353

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles African Arts Spring 2002 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Commercial transactions and cultural interactions from the Delta to Douala and beyond African Arts Spring, 2002 by Rosalinde G. Wilcox Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. Like others who do research in Africa, I frequented local and regional markets during my stay in Cameroon, from November 1988 through July 1989. The large markets draw traders from all over the country as well as from Nigeria, Ghana, and the Republic of Benin. Many are women selling local goods; men sell furniture, electronic equipment, and automotive products. On one trip to the market in the coastal town of Limbe, I saw a woman offering fabric she described as "George" cloth (1) obtained in nearby Nigeria. The seller identified herself as Suwu, an indigenous ethnic group of the Limbe and Bimbia regions of Cameroon's Southwest Province. After Limbe, her venues included small markets on the way to Bimbia. Since our itineraries coincided, I offered to take her by car, but she declined, preferring her canoe. I then left to visit villages bordering the neighboring creeks formed by the Mungo and Tiko rivers, especially Mabeta, Bimbia, and unmapped Ijo fishing settlements.

66. Mobolaji E. Aluko: In Praise Of “Zik Of Africa” On His 100th Birthday City indigenous Group % of Ibos in nonindigenous population Although the Ibopeoples constitute no more than 17 percent of the total population of http://www.nigeriavillagesquare1.com/Articles/mobolaji_aluko/2004/11/in-praise-o

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=7462236"); The Nigerian Village Square …a marketplace of ideas Home The Square NEWS Features ... Print this article Tuesday, November 16, 2004 In Praise of “Zik of Africa” On His 100th Birthday (Posthumously) Burtonsville, MD, USA INTRODUCTION If Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe had been alive today, he would have turned 100 on this blessed day of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Posthumous birthday felicitations to him! So I use the occasion to rise to toast Zik and once again reflect on him – on his contribution to Nigeria, but particularly to the Igbos, right from when Zik allegedly stowed away to the United States in 1925, returned to Africa in 1934 and to Nigeria in 1937, and became Nigeria’s first indigenous Governor-General in 1960, and its first (non-executive) President in 1963. I fully assert that next to God Almighty himself, Zik gave the Igbos the self-esteem that they rightly have today, for without Zik's personal assertiveness and inspiration in education, I fear that the Igbos would not be where they were today! God may have raised some body else up for the Igbos, but He chose to raise Zik up, and Zik did a darn good job of it. THE EARLY YEARS I will begin by "cutting and pasting" a little. While reading, please recall that Zik was born in 1904 and Obafemi Awolowo in 1909, to give context to the chronological and cultural milieu into which they were both born: they are both inextricably tied up with each other in the context of Nigeria’s history.

67. Declarations D) TO THE indigenous PEOPLE OF BAYLESA in the United Nations UniversalDeclaration on Human Rights and the African Charter on peoples and Human Rights, http://www.ndwj.kabissa.org/Declarations/declarations.html

NDWJ Home Who we are Declarations Press Release ... Links Niger Delta Women for Justice Beginning with the Ogoni Bill of Rights in 1990, the ethnic nationalities of the Niger Delta have declared the intention and determination, to reclaim their human dignity and fundamental rights. These declarations, The Ogoni Bill of Rights, The Kaiama Declaration, Aklaka Declaration of the Egi People, The Oron Bill of Rights, The Warri Accord, Resolutions of the First Urhobo Economic Summit, form the basis for the struggle for self-determination and control of resources by each nationality. Ethnic Declarations of the people of the Niger Delta The First Niger Delta Indigenous Women's Conference for Women of Bayelsa State The Oron Bill of Rights The Ogoni Bill of Rights The Aklaka Declaration ... The Ikwerre Declaration Demands of the First Niger Delta Indigenous Women's Conference for Women of Bayelsa State held at Yenagoa, 25-27th November 1999 A) TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Conference notes that the Niger Delta People ought to be able to develop themselves and the inability of the people to do this, is as a result of certain inimical laws exiting in Nigeria's various constitutions and other statute books, and the lack of will by the federal government to plough back our resources for our development. Conference therefore calls for:

68. 93.03.09: The Role Of The African* Playwright As A Griot The continent, culture and people of africa have been invaded for an It isquite possible to trace indigenous african drama all the way to antiquity. http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1993/3/93.03.09.x.html

Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute Home The Role of the African* Playwright as a Griot by Gerene L. Freeman Contents of Curriculum Unit 93.03.09: I. Introduction II. Antiquity-Indigenous African Theater II. Slavery in the United States A. Overview IV. (1920-39) The Harlem Renaissance ... To Guide Entry I. Introduction In accordance with the African oral tradition, the griot is the guardian of his tribe’s history. A station prohibited to females, this was a responsibility delegated exclusively to males . . . and then only the son of a griot. However, the role of the griot is significant since it is with him that we mark the beginning of African literary tradition as we know it. The tradition of recording one’s perspective of his political, social, economic and physical environment is still very much alive and vibrant. The intent of this creative writing curriculum is multi-faceted. First, and most obviously, it is designed to hone the writing skills of inner city African, Latino and white high school juniors and seniors. As a creative writing instructor at the Cooperative High School for the Arts and Humanities, I am developing a writing component which encompasses some aspects of African history to meet needs expressed by students themselves. Additionally, this unit of study is structured to enhance the African students’ sense of self. It will provide them with an understanding of the evolution of African history on the continent and in the United States as well as influences/impacts on and from cultures abroad. Simultaneously, Latino and white students will be sensitized to the history of the African.

69. JAR Index- C Conflict Resolution among the ibibio of Nigeria, article by Daniel A. Offiong,53423 Conservation and indigenous people in Latin America, 55317 http://www.unm.edu/~jar/indexC.html

Journal of Anthropological Research Online Index - C Return to JAR Home Page Return to Main Index Page Cacao in colonial Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico, 52:385 "Cacao and Economic Inequality in Colonial Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico," article by Janine Gasco, 52:385 Caddoans, archaeology of, 53:480 Caiuby Novaes, Sylvia, review of book by, 54:430 Calendar, in Mesoamerica, 54:125 California: and archaeological linguistics and Wintun invasion, 48:322; archaeology in, and Franz Boas, 48:319; archaeology in, and R.F. Heizer, 48:320; archaeology in, and A.L. Kroeber, 48:319, 321; basket making among Lower Klamath, 56:247; central interior, gender and authority among Yokoch, Mono, and Miwok, 54:49; language, culture, and anthropology in, 48:318; linguistic prehistory and archaeology in, 48:317; reservation system in, 53:247. See also Yurok Indians "California Archaeology and Linguistic Prehistory," article by Richard E. Hughes, 48:317 Calliope's Sisters: A Comparative Study of Philosophies of Art, by Richard L. Anderson, review of, 47:116 Cambodia, Khmer kinship in, 51:247

70. MUNDUS: Dundee City Council, McManus Galleries: After training in Edinburgh Slessor set sail for africa, arriving in Calabar at in the territory of the ibibio people, where Mary Slessor pursued her http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search?coll_id=1043&inst_id=57&keyword=Calabar

71. THESIS - Chapter I Introduction This may be explained by the impact on indigenous African cultures of the two They are roughly bounded in the east by the ibibio people, in the north by http://www.ub.uib.no/elpub/1996/h/506001/korieh/chima-Chapter.html

Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background and Objectives 1.2 Theories and Methodology of African Women's history. 1.3 The Setting. 1.3.1 The Igbo- General background: ... 1.5.4 Previous Research 1.1 Background and Objectives The study of women as a vital and autonomous social force, as well as the treatment of their weal and woes as an intrinsic part of overall social dynamics, is a child of very recent birth indeed (Afigbo 1989:7). M. I. Finley (1968:129) drew in the, 'The Silent Women of Rome ', attention to the fact that The Roman World was not the only one in history in which women remained in the background in politics and business'. The women of mid-Victorian England were equally without rights, equally victims of double standards of sexual morality. Equally, they were exposed to risk and ruin when they stepped outside the home and the church. C. Obbo (1980:1) referred to the invisibility of African women in any serious study of history and society; in spite of the fact that anthropology has not been an exclusive male preserve. If the state of African women's studies is as bad as these and other authorities suggest, it is not surprising that even now when the world appears to be waking to its responsibility in this regard, there are still segments of the field which continue to be in a state of some neglect. While topics such as marriage and family, the economic role and political rights of women have received a fair measure of attention, a subject like widowhood practices remains largely neglected. Many of such books have no entry whatever under the term 'widowhood' in their indexes. For the most part what passing references made to the institution are made under such subjects as 'burial' or 'funeral rites' and 'death'.

72. Map & Graph: Countries By People: Ethnic Groups Map Graph People Ethnic groups by country Liberia, indigenous Africantribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/peo_eth_gro

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #154 Central European men don’t teach. In Hungary , the Czech Republic , and Slovakia , over 75 percent of lower secondary teachers are female Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 50 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Disasters Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Industry Internet Labor Language Lifestyle Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Related Stats People who viewed "People - Ethnic groups" also viewed: Ethnic groups - A note Divorce rate Sex ratio - 15-64 years Jews ... People : Ethnic groups by country Scroll down for more information Show map full screen Country Description Definition: This entry provides a rank ordering of ethnic groups starting with the largest and normally includes the percent of total population Sierra Leone 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed

73. Titles Are Sorted Into Publication Date Order Up Catalogue Challenges for Anthropology in the African Renaissance The ibibio peopleof Nigeria have an intense belief in the supernatural in ancestral and http://www.africanbookscollective.com/acatalog/Online_Catalogue_Anthropology_23.

74. Ethnicity And Race By Countries Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Venezuela,Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0855617.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 22, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Texas Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Ethnicity and Race by Countries Afghanistan Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians (1989 est.) Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998) Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua and Barbuda black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian Argentina white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%; mestizo, Amerindian, other 3%

75. Nigeria The Kanuri, Hausa, and Fulani peoples subsequently migrated there. During WorldWar I, native troops of the West African frontier force joined with http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107847.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 22, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Texas Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Nigeria Infoplease Atlas: Nigeria Federal Republic of Nigeria President: Olusegun Obasanjo (1999) Area: 356,667 sq mi (923,768 sq km) Population (2005 est.): 128,771,988 (growth rate: 2.4%); birth rate: 40.6/1000; infant mortality rate: 98.8/1000; life expectancy: 46.7; density per sq mi: 361 Capital (2003 est.): Abuja, 590,400 (metro. area), 165,700 (city proper) Largest cities: Lagos (2003 est.), 9,529,700 (metro. area), 8,349,700 (city proper); Kano, 3,329,900; Ibadan, 3,139,500; Kaduna, 1,510,300 Monetary unit: Naira Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and more than 200 others

76. Nigeria Travel Products And Edo, Efik, English (UK), Fulani, Hausa, Ibibio, Ibo, Ethnic groups Nigeria, which is africa s most populous country, is composed of Political parties and leaders All People s Party or APP leader NA; http://www.worldlanguage.com/Countries/Nigeria.htm

view this site in Microsoft Authorized Education Reseller, call for quotes Home Help Contact Us Privacy ... Checkout Super Bargains Computers / Notebooks Dictionary ESL-English as Second Language Games Gift Items! Handheld Dictionary Karaoke Keyboard Stickers Keyboards Kids Learn Microsoft Office Microsoft Windows Movies/Videos Software - Mac Software - Windows Spell Checking Translation More... Nigeria Send this page to a friend! Products One product specific to Nigeria is available in one category. Travel Languages 14 languages are spoken in Nigeria. We have 162 products available for 13 of those languages. Edo Efik English (UK) Fulani ... Yoruba Capital: Abuja Population: Play the National Anthem Geography Location: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Geographic coordinates: 10 00 N, 8 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 923,770 sq km land: 910,770 sq km water : 13,000 sq km Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of California Land boundaries: total: 4,047 km border countries: Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km Coastline: 853 km Maritime claims: continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone : 200 nm territorial sea: 30 nm Climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north

77. Le NigériaVoyage Products And Anglais (GB), Edo, Efik, Fulani, Hausa, Ibibio, I Location Western africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Political parties and leaders All People s Party or APP leader NA; http://www.worldlanguage.com/French/Countries/Nigeria.htm

Visualiser ce site en Microsoft Authorized Education Reseller, call for quotes Accueil Aide Contactez-nous Confidentialité ... Valider ma commande Super Bargains Anglais comme une langue deuxième Apprentissage Claviers Ordinateurs Computers / Notebooks Correction Orthographique Dictionaires portables Dictionnaires Enfants Films/Vidios Gift Items! Jeux Karaoke Keyboard Stickers Microsoft Office Microsoft Windows Software - Windows Software - Mac Traduction Suite... Le Nigéria Email cette page à un ami! Produits One product specific to Le Nigéria is available in one category. Voyage Langues 14 languages are spoken in Le Nigéria. We have 162 products available for 13 of those languages. anglais (GB) edo efik fulani ... yoruba Capitale: Abuja Population: Hymne Nationale Geography Location: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Geographic coordinates: 10 00 N, 8 00 E Map references: Africa Area: total: 923,770 sq km land: 910,770 sq km water : 13,000 sq km Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of California Land boundaries: total: 4,047 km

78. Culture-Based Negotiation Styles As detailed in other essays, indigenous people in North America combine a In other African contexts, a range of indigenous processes exist in which http://www.beyondintractability.org/m/culture_negotiation.jsp

79. FRONTLINE/WORLD . NIGERIA - The Road North . Facts & Stats | PBS Nigeria is africa s most populous nation, accounting for onequarter of West africa s The country has a population of more than 120 million people from http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/nigeria/facts.html

makenav(2,1); THE STORY Synopsis of "The Road North" MISS WORLD'S WOES A Chronicle of the Pageant's Troubles THOUGHTS OF A FAVORITE SON Interview With Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka NIGERIAN WOMEN SPEAK OUT Five Diverse Voices Learn More about Nigeria Sharia Law, Human Rights, the Role of Women MAP REACT TO THIS STORY General Background Government ... Culture General Background Twice the land size of California, Nigeria is a large West African nation bordered by the Gulf of Guinea and wedged between Benin and Cameroon. Nigeria is Africa's most populous nation, accounting for one-quarter of West Africa's people. The country has a population of more than 120 million people from hundreds of ethnic groups. The most populous and politically influential ethnic groups include the Hausa-Fulani, 29 percent; Yoruba, 21 percent; Igbo (also "Ibo"), 18 percent; Ijaw, 10 percent; Kanuri, 4 percent; Ibibio, 3.5 percent; and Tiv, 2.5 percent. More than 250 languages are spoken. English is the official language.

80. “Nigerian Federalism In The 21st Century” Nigeria exists, or subsists on the suppression of indigenous languages, Can a people, an entire nation, in fact hope to attain the height of their group http://www.yoruba.org/Magazine/Summer97/F6.html

"Nigerian Federalism in The 21st Century" Keynote address by Chief (Dr.) Anthony Enahoro, C.F.R. to the 5th Yoruba National Convention held at Houston, TexasS, USA on Saturday, 26th April, 1997 Mr. chairman of the 5th Yoruba National Convention, Honorable delegates, Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen, May I begin by expressing my appreciation of the honor done to me in inviting me to deliver the keynote address in this convention. I assume that the invitation may be in part in recognition of the opinions I have espoused in recent years on the crisis of nationalities in our country and its pertinence to the future of the Yoruba people; in part in acknowledgment of my involvement in the pre- and immediate post-Nigerian independence affairs of Yorubaland; and in part in acceptance of my on-going presence in the fall-out from the annulment of the June 12, 1993 presidential election. If the latter appears the most cogent or current of these reasons, I must say at the very outset of my remarks this morning that it is not in my view the most fundamental, being in itself but an expression and manifestation of the nationalities crisis in our country, indeed in much of Africa. I will not bore you with a recapitulation of the history of our part of the African continent before the advent of European colonialism. You know it as well as I do-our different nations with their separate identities, histories, languages, religions, cultures and stages of civilization, and some with their own empires. You know the countries - the combinations and amalgamation- created, contrived or arranged by European nations to serve their own interests, and the subsequent emergence of new nationalism on the basis of these new countries and amalgamation. You know the endorsement of these creations by the Organization of African Unity in the nineteen sixties, and the consequent absurdity, as we can now see it, of seeking to construct and develop new nation-states and civilizations on the basis of the destruction of the indigenous languages, political cultures and national identities which in some cases had existed and flourished for a thousand years and more.

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