81. Encyclopedia Of North American Indians - - Fur Trade Farther north, the royal chartering of the Hudson s bay company in 1670 By 1932, the HBC s share of the Canadian fur trade had declined to 42 percent. http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_012800_furtrade.htm

Entries Publication Data Advisory Board Maps ... World Civilizations Encyclopedia of North American Indians Fur Trade For as long as people have lived in the Americas, they have sought out the furs and hides of land- and seabased animals. Most were acquired for personal use in clothing, shelter, and watercraft. Even after contact with Europeans, the majority of furs and hides taken by Native Americans from North America's abundant wildlife populations were put to domestic use. Some tribes had better access to fur-bearing animals than others; moreover, some groups were less interested in specializing in hide procurement than in other activities. Furs were but part of the elaborate trade networks that developed from this continent's ancient system of commodity exchange. Most often tribes in linguistic affiliation with each other traded on a regular and continuous basis, sending relatives back and forth between villages or camps. The entry of Europeans into native trade and social systems occurred in stages. The first European-Indian fur trade began as an offshoot of European interest in the cod fisheries of the North Atlantic from the 1490s through the 1580s. To Europeans, whose wildlife had undergone heavy population reductions to serve their own tables and wardrobes, North America appeared a treasure trove. In the early days of the fur trade, European fishermen wanted only "fancy furs," such as sable, mink, otter, and ermine, used for the finest coats and collars or trimmings both back home and in Asia. As the market for these furs expanded, less desirable pelts also grew attractive. By the mid-sixteenth century, itinerant French corsairs sailing along the southern Atlantic seaboard began taking on board large quantities of marten pelts and deerskins, obtained from Coastal Algonquians in exchange for metal hardware, cloth, and what most Europeans thought of as baubles and trinkets.

82. Time Line - A Brief History Of The Fur Trade The Hudson bay company built more posts in the interior because furs were beingtaken at 1867 Canadian confederation. The fur trade slowly collapsed. http://www.whiteoak.org/learning/timeline.htm

Time Line - A Brief History of the Fur Trade Home Page T he fur trade in North America began almost as soon as Europeans began their explorations of the North American mainland. This is a brief description of the most significant events in the 250 years during which the fur trade flourished. This period of time can be roughly divided into three sections, the "French Era" from 1600 to 1760. The "British Era" from 1760 to 1816. And the "American Era" from 1816 to 1850. By 1850, the fur trade had mostly come to an end, but not for the reasons you might assume. You can read through the events in the order they occurred, or you can move to a particular period by clicking on the "Era" that interests you the most. However, you may have trouble following some later events if you haven't looked at earlier ones first. Learning Centre Calendar Workshops Marketplace ... Interpretive Guide The French Era 1600-1760 D uring the 1500's Europeans explored the east cost of mainland North America. They traded with the natives they met. They traded knives, hatchets, and beads to the Indians for fur and meat. Indian trappers brought furs from the interior to the St. Lawrence River and traded there for manufactured goods from Europe. These goods included iron tools, wool blankets, colorful cloth, and guns.

83. The Fur Trade ... The Hudson's Bay And NorthWest Companies The fur trade The Hudson s bay and NorthWest Companies. Consequently,trade with the Hudson s bay company declined dramatically. http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Atrium/4832/hudson3.html

Awards I won Aboriginal People Canada Page (Main) Provinces ... View Guest Book The Metis Nation, in partnership with trading firms in Montreal, established their own company The NorthWest Trading Company 116,000 square miles much of which is now Southern Manitoba. With the arrival of settlers in 1812 tensions began to surface and the Metis asserted their rights within the region. Click here to see a map of fort locations. The profits were so large from the fur trade with many nations vying for their share. On to the American involvement Go to Metis Main Page Go to to previous page Back to Alberta Back to Manitoba ... View Guest Book

84. Ya'Gotta: North Saskatchewan River - Route Of The Fur Trade The Hudson s bay company operated from York Factory, using large, Some ofthe forts served a multipurpose, first as a fur trade and then as a base for http://www.westcanoon.com/archive/saskriver.html

"Adventure Tourism Information About Places Ya'Gotta Go To!" Book Adventure Travel to Western Canada With Ya'Gotta Travel Published: June 2005 (Updated: August 28, 2005) Ya'Gotta: North Saskatchewan River - Route of The Fur Trade BY: Bob Kenyon Fur Trading at Ft. Edmonton Image Provided by: Edmonton Tourism Discuss The North Saskatchewan River On Our Ya'Gotta Blog Click Here For Other Western Canadian Adventure Travel Destinations Ya'Gotta Go To Advertise Your Business Here! Visit Our Ya'Gotta Business Directory The Saskatchewan River watershed is approximately 1,223 km (760 mi)long and is the major eastward flowing river of the western Canadian prairies and was the major transportation route for the beaver fur trade, which through Europeans fashion calling for felt hats made from compressed beaver fur, brought European culture to western Canada. The main flow is the North Saskatchewan River, which flows from it's headwaters in the Canadian Rockies to Lake Winnipeg, covering all of Alberta and Saskatchewan and western parts of Manitoba. These waters eventually flow into Hudson's Bay, the huge body of water that is western Canada's ocean connection to the Atlantic Ocean. Whether traveling the river by canoe, or boat, or using the highway system, travelers can follow the North Saskatchewan River and the history of the aboriginal culture and the two competing fur trade companies, that opened up the west during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

85. Hudson's Bay Company (fur trading companies Hudson s bay fur Sales canada Inc. and Hudson s bay NewYork plan to merge) (WWD). Q2 2004 Hudson s bay company Earnings Conference http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0824442.html

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86. Hudson S Bay Company The expedition s success in opening up the fur trade with the Native Americansprompted Prince The Great company, as the Hudson s bay company was known, http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/hudsonbay.html

Hudson's Bay Company corporation chartered (1670) by Charles II of England for the purpose of trade and settlement in the Hudson Bay region of North America and for exploration toward the discovery of the Northwest Passage to Asia. Founding The company was founded as a result of the exploration of the region by Pierre Radisson and the sieur des Groseilliers in 1668–69 under the auspices of London merchants. The expedition's success in opening up the fur trade with the Native Americans prompted Prince Rupert, Charles's cousin, and others to appeal to the king for a charter. A preliminary charter seems to have been granted that year, but it was not until 1670 that the much-discussed permanent charter was granted to these “Gentlemen Adventurers trading into Hudson's Bay.” It conferred on them not only a trading monopoly but practically sovereign rights in the region specified as that drained by rivers flowing into Hudson Bay. The extent of this vast region was not then known, nor was it fully known for about a century. Early Years The company's monopoly was not respected by other English traders. The Great Company, as the Hudson's Bay Company was known, did a highly profitable business, but Hudson Bay was claimed also by the French, who sent expeditions against the posts that recently had been established near the mouths of the Moose, Albany, Severn, and Nelson rivers. Warfare went on, almost regardless of whether there was peace or war between the two nations in Europe, until after the Peace of Utrecht (1713–14). The French on the whole were more successful than the British in the conflict over control of the posts, but ultimately all of Hudson Bay was recognized as British territory. Rivalry, however, continued between the French traders from Montreal and Quebec and the Hudson's Bay men.

87. The Historic Fur Trade The end of the fur trade as an important force in Canadian development came as Three years after Simpson died in 1860, the Hudson’s bay company was sold http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~reak/hist/fur.htm

The Historic Fur Trade The North American fur trade probably began as a supplement to the early shore-based fishing operations. Europeans were impressed by the quality of the furs in the possession of the natives they encountered and saw the potential for marketing such furs in Europe where supplies of good quality fur were becoming increasingly scarce. Native people, for their part, were interested in exchanging furs for European metal and cloth goods. The main impetus for the subsequent development of the fur trade as a major business, however, was a change in men’s headwear fashions in western Europe sometime in the late 16 th century. An enthusiasm for things Swedish led fashion-conscious men to favour a wide-brimmed felt hat of a type worn by Swedish military officers. Although other sources of fibre could be used, beaver fur was particularly well suited for processing into the high-quality felt needed to make this type of headwear. Shortly after 1600, French traders established posts in Acadia and on the St. Lawrence at Tadoussac and Quebec. Dutch traders about the same time began operating in the Hudson River Valley, establishing posts at Manhattan and what is now Albany. Thus began the rivalry between two great economic systems—the one based on the St. Lawrence, the other on the Hudson and the port of New York, soon to be joined by a third, based in London and gaining access to the North American interior by way of Hudson Bay. See

88. CANADIAN HISTORY (eBook, E-Book, E-Books, EBooks) nnnneBooks Canadian History Hudson s bay company Colonization of Vancouver sIsland fur trade; Hudson s bay Co. 1849 Lond. Graphic, n/c, ECO http://www.digitalbookindex.com/_search/search010hstcanadahudsonsbaycoa.asp

D igital B ook I ndex SEARCH BY: n AUTHOR n TITLE n KEY WORD n AUTHOR / TITLE n SUBJECTS n PUBLISHERS HELP: n MAIN HELP n CLASSIC AUTHORS n DOWNLOAD READERS n REFERENCE BOOKS n MAIN n REPORT BROKEN LINKS HERE n NEW TITLE SUGGESTION BOX n CONTACT US n LOGOS/LINKS n HOME CLICK ON A TITLE'S FORMAT TO LINK TO THAT TITLE. ALLOW 5-10 SECONDS TO ALPHABETIZE A SEARCH nn n n eBooks: Canadian History: Hudson's Bay Company AUTHOR TITLE EDITION FORMAT PRICE PUBORG A Select Bibliography of Publications Containing Excerpts of Hudson's Bay Company Archive Records n.d. Html n.c. ManitobaGov British North America [Hudson's Bay Company; northwest] Graphic n/c ECO Colonization of Vancouver's Island [fur trade; Hudson's Bay Co.] 1849 Lond. Graphic n/c ECO 1857] Quebe Graphic n/c UAlberta Aborigines' Protection Soc. 1856 Lond. Graphic n/c UAlberta Aborigines' Protection Soc. 1857?] Lond Graphic n/c UAlberta Aborigines' Protection Soc. 1848 Lond. Graphic n/c UAlberta Aborigines Protection Society Html Graphic n/c ECO Aborigines Protection Society Graphic n/c ECO Ballantyne, Robert Michael

89. Hudson's Bay Company - Exploring Westward - 18th Century - Pathfinders And Passa In their competition with the French traders from canada, the HBC had many advantages.The posts on Hudson bay were closer to the supplies of furs in the http://www.collectionscanada.ca/explorers/h24-1502-e.html

The Hudson's Bay Company Prince Rupert In 1670, and for many years to come, Rupert's Land was a great unknown to the Europeans who extracted furs from it. The HBC established a network of posts around the shores of Hudson Bay, but the Company was not interested in forming a colony, as the French had done beside the St. Lawrence River. It was interested only in trading for furs. The small wooden forts stood at the mouths of the important rivers, down which the Native people came in their canoes, bringing beaver skins to trade. In their competition with the French traders from Canada, the HBC had many advantages. The posts on Hudson Bay were closer to the supplies of furs in the forests of the northern country, and company ships could sail with their cargoes of trade goods right into the heart of the continent. The HBC did not have to spend large amounts of money building a colony, nor did they have to employ a large number of traders to travel inland. For many years company employees were content to remain at the posts waiting for the furs to come to them. Sections of the Saskatchewan River near Cumberland House, 1819

90. The Atlas Of Canada - Aboriginal Peoples Circa 1823 at the height of British rule when the Hudson s bay company dominated the furtrade. Read about the Atlas of canada s Web Accessibility Features. http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/aboriginalpeoples/circa1823/1

Français Contact Us Help Search ... Site Search Our Site Enter your keywords Explore Our Maps Environment Economy History ... Aboriginal Peoples circa 1630, 1740 and 1823 Aboriginal Peoples circa 1823 Aboriginal Peoples circa 1823 View this map Abstract This map shows the distribution of Aboriginal peoples at the height of British rule when the Hudson's Bay Company dominated the fur trade. Ethnohistorical societies are identified on the map by the major linguistic family to which they belong. Ethnohistorical societies are Aboriginal peoples that were known by name and location to Europeans early in the nineteenth century. A linguistic family code identifies each ethnohistorical society on the map and is used to reference specific information for each ethnohistorical society. ABORIGINAL PEOPLES IN CANADA circa 1823 depicts an early nineteenth century European view of the Aboriginal population in Canada. The year 1823 was selected for this map because unusually complete population and locational data are available for a large part of Canada from a census ordered by the Governor and Committee of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1822.

91. The CLEARWATER RIVER "Great Canadian Rivers" abrupt end to the Hudson bay company s longstanding fur trading monopoly. When the North West company merged with the Hudson s bay company in 1821, http://www.greatcanadianrivers.com/rivers/clearriver/history-home.html

Inside CANOE.CA SLAM! Sports Jam! Showbiz CANOE Travel CNEWS CANOE Money C-Health LIFEWISE AUTONET flirt.canoe.ca Newsstand AllPop Search eBay.ca Find Old Friends Free E-Mail shop.canoe.ca CareerConnection Classified Extra Obituaries Today Restaurants Hotels Weather Horoscopes Lotteries Crossword Scoreboard News Ticker Sports Ticker TV Listings Movie Listings CLIVE Concerts Mutual Funds Stocks Feedback Index Great Canadian RIVERS History Ecosystem ... Economy ClearwaterRiver History Peter Pond and the Mythic Methye Portage At an overgrown landing in a small cove not far from the Saskatchewan-Alberta border, Clearwater River runners will encounter a path leading steeply up to a forested ridge. A short hike into the woodland above reveals an historic trail. Worn down by the feet of countless aboriginal hunters, voyageurs, pack horses and moose, and deeply rutted by the wheels of fur-laden ox-carts, the route extends 20 kilometres over a pine and spruce-covered sandy ridge.

92. History Of CANADA For more than a century the Hudson s bay company, trading furs from northernCanada by the sea route from Hudson s bay, has competed with French traders http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad12

93. Essays On Canadian Studies And Issues - Hudson Bay Company, Fur Trade : Term Pap Thesis Statements, Thesis Statement, Essay, Essay School, Narrative Essay, Thesis,Free Essay, Custom Essay, College Essay, How to write an essay. http://www.amazingessays.com/essays/canadian_studies_and_issues/hudson_bay_compa

Subject Search for: Canadian Studies and Issues / Hudson Bay Company, Fur Trade Every essay and term paper listed below can be purchased and downloaded instantly. If you can't find your exact topic our writers can write one from scratch just for you. Our Web site is open 24-hours so you can order at any time. 1895 A Short History On The Hudson's Bay Company and The North West Company During The Time Period Before 1850. This paper provides a short history of the Hudson' Bay Company and the North West Company. In spite of an aggressive entry in to the market, the North West Company was not able to sustain its initial price advantage when the Hudson's Bay Company responded to this competitive threat. The superior management and financing of the Hudson's Bay Company also contributed to its survival as the primary firm in the Canadian fur trade market after 1850. 16 pgs. 25 f/c. 15b. Pages: 16 Bibliography: 15 source(s) listed Filename: 1895 Hudson Bay.doc Price: US$143.20 1993 The Role Of The Hudson's Bay Company Before 1850. This research analyzes the role of the Hudson's Bay Company before 1850. The company was created in 1670 to extract the furs and other resources that had been found in the Hudson Bay region. In its early years, the company represented the growth and settlement of Canada. Still, even when competition came, most notably from the North West Company, the Hudson's Bay Company rose to this competitive threat and remained after an amalgamation of the two companies to lead western development and solidify its prominent role in Canadian history. 13 pgs. 26 f/c. 5b.

94. Hudson's Bay Company --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia For more than 300 years the Hudson s bay company furtrading stations lay (1784–1857), Canadian employee of Hudson s bay company and pioneer fur trader http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9274969

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Hudson's Bay Company Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Hudson's Bay Company Student Encyclopedia Article Page 1 of 1 Hudson's Bay Company... (75 of 419 words) var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "Hudson's Bay Company." Britannica Student Encyclopedia http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9274969

95. Miscellaneous - Canadian Heritage Gallery Methy Portage on the crucial fur route to Athabaska Country by Hudson s baycompany traders HBC fur Pack A Hudson s bay company fur pack. ID 21676 http://www.canadianheritage.org/galleries/miscellaneous1600.htm

Canadian Heritage Gallery Home Page Galleries Miscellaneous Previous Page ... Next Page Miscellaneous Click on the thumbnail to view the image, and for information about ordering reproductions. Coureur de Bois Coureur de Bois in typical dress. With a new style, these Frenchman became involved in the 1650s in the fur trade and were as much at home in the bush as the Indians. Woodcut by Arthur Heming. ID #20061 Beaver Hats Eight beaver hats for Europeans, a lasting market for Canadian fur. ID #10082 Fur Trader Race Rival fur traders racing to an Indian camp. ID #10108 Sieur de la Vérendrye Sieur de La Vérendrye, the celebrated fur trader who led the French into the western plains during the 1730s. ID #10114 Moose Factory Early 19th century photograph of Moose Factory, Ontario, established in 1671 and rebuilt in 1730 and remains as one of the oldest Hudson's Bay trading forts in Ontario. ID #20384 Cumberland House Established in 1774 on the Saskatchewan River, Cumberland House was part of the Hudson's Bay Company's effort to move inland and meet the mounting competition of Montreal-based traders. ID #10188 Samuel Hearne As part of the Hudson's Bay Company's push inland from Hudson Bay, Samuel Hearne reached the Arctic coast overland, and was given charge of Cumberland House on the Saskatchewan in 1774.

96. Mountain Men Rendezvous Indian Fur Trade Facts Maps Pictures fur traders from the American and Canadian fur trading companies did all of By the time David Thompson, a fur trader and a surveyor for Hudson’s bay http://www.thefurtrapper.com/rendezvous.htm

Click on Thumbnail to enlarge Frio Point 200 B.C. to 600A.D. Mountains of Stone Mountain Man North West Token Beaver Pelt Bead Work Snow Owl Backrest Wampum Cooking Pot Horn Spoon North West Coat of Arms Hudson's Bay Coat of Arms Stone Hammer Seed Beads Plainview Atlatl Point 8150-8010 B.C Oregon Country Rendezvous Sites Page 1 of 3 History of the North American Fur Trade Early North America history centers around the European fur trade. North of present day Mexico, the vast territory that would become the United States and Canada was explored, wars were fought, and Indian cultures destroyed in the pursuit of the Mountain Man Indian Fur Trade. Canadian fur traders and Mountain Men in search of beaver were the major explorers of North America. In addition to the economic benefits of the fur trade, the Mountain Man Indian Fur Trade was a major factor in determining the present boundaries of the United States, especially the Pacific Northwest. Fur traders from the Mountain Man-Indian Fur Trade era not only discovered the Oregon trail , they provided the guides for America's western expansion over the Oregon Trail.

97. Urban Legends Reference Pages: Business (Fur The Queen) This charter effectively established the Hudson s bay company and gave them What began as a simple furtrading enterprise evolved into a trading and http://www.snopes.com/business/alliance/hudson.asp

E-mail this Print this Advanced search Home ... Corporate Alliances > Fur the Queen Fur the Queen Claim: In accordance with a requirement of their original Royal Charter, the Hudson's Bay Company of Canada makes annual payments of elk and beaver pelts to the Queen of England. Status: False. Origins: In 1670, Charles II of England granted a Royal Charter to Prince Rupert and seventeen associates (known collectively as "The Company of Adventurers") giving them the rights to "sole trade and commerce" within the entrance of Hudson Strait in North America. This charter effectively established the Hudson's Bay Company and gave them control over all lands whose rivers and streams drained into Hudson Bay, an enormous area designated "Rupert's Land," which encompassed most of Northern Ontario and Northern Québec, all of Manitoba, most of Saskatchewan, the southern half of Alberta, a large part of the Northwest Territories, and much of what is now the U.S. states of Minnesota and North Dakota altogether about 40% of modern day Canada. As described in the The Hudson's Bay Company archives What began as a simple fur-trading enterprise evolved into a trading and exploration company that reached to the west coast of Canada and the United States, south to Oregon, north to the Arctic and east to Ungava Bay, with agents in Chile, Hawaii, California, and Siberia; a land development company with vast holdings in the prairie provinces; a merchandising, natural resources and real estate development company and, today, Canada's oldest corporation and one of its largest retailers.

98. Fort Vancouver: Cultural Landscape Report (Introduction, Volume 2) Natives came to these posts to trade furs for beads, blankets, and other imported To counter moves of the Canadian firms, the Hudson s bay company, http://www.nps.gov/fova/clr/clr2-0.htm

Fort Vancouver Cultural Landscape Report INTRODUCTION The Hudson's Bay Company "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay" was chartered in 1670 by King Charles II, under the governorship of Prince Rupert, the king's cousin. Under the terms of the charter, the Company was granted a trade monopoly over one and one-half million square miles of territory comprising much of today's Canada. That license to what came to be called Rupert's Land included today's provinces of Ontario, Manitoba, north and west Quebec, most of Saskatchewan, south Alberta, and most of the North West Territories. Although royally-chartered companies had been accepted trading organizations for over a century, by the seventeenth century such creatures came to include monopoly privileges and imperial powers: the East India Company, which swelled to such significance in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in India, had its roots in an early seventeenth century charter. The original charter established an executive body, located in London, comprised of a governor and a committee who were responsible to the investors, an organizational structure that lasted over three hundred years. Soon after its establishment, the Company appointed a governor, responsible to London, who was required to oversee operations in North America. Much later, in the early nineteenth century, commissioned gentlementhe men who directed fur-trading operations in the fieldbecame partners, with a percent of the profits and shares in the company, and, through a North American council, wide powers in the operation of the company.

99. The Hudson Bay Company: An Historical Overview Of Canada's Oldest Company Hudson s bay company is the oldest chartered trading company in the world. A chain of Hudson s bay company stores sprung up across canada and continue http://www.canadianaconnection.com/cca/hudsonbayco.htm

for Canuck Quips, Trivia EH?, and updates... Name Email Address Confirm Email Radisson and Des Groseilliers were the initial men behind the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company. they were French but unhappy with France's pursuit of furs. They switched sides more than once through the years. Early indoor winter clothing consisted of a large moose skin lined with several other pelts, a layer of flannel, and three inner layers of cut up blankets. When the two trading companies merged they created the most powerful and expansive fur trading company in the world. Hudson Bay Company Hudson's Bay Company is the oldest chartered trading company in the world. Amazing to think it is still operating today. Of course a few things have changed over the years. The buyers don't have to travel in canoes and befriend and trade with Indians. The CEO doesn't have to oversee an operation that sends ships, people and supplies to a remote and dangerous new world. Somehow this retail giant has survived the challenges presented a hundred years ago and the economic ones faced in the past two decades of retail closures in Canada. Hudson Bay Company just keeps renewing and reinventing itself. In 1670, King Charles II granted a Royal Charter to a group of adventurers, bestowing the right to 1.5 million square miles of land. This was the birth of the Hudson's Bay Company. The company then set off to establish homes in the new world in order to protect their land, stop infringement by other companies on their furs and to appoint a Governor for all this land.

100. The Beaver The trade of beaver pelts proved so lucrative that the Hudson s bay company It is still found on the crest of the Canadian Pacific Railway company. http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/cpsc-ccsp/sc-cs/o1_e.cfm

Minister's page Minister of State (Sport) Minister of State (Multiculturalism) Location: Home Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols The Symbols of Canada Subjects ... Agencies and Corporations The beaver The beaver The maple tree The maple leaf National colours ... The Great Seal After the early Europeans explorers had realized that Canada was not the spice-rich Orient, the main mercantile attraction was the beaver population numbering in the millions. In the late 1600s and early 1700s, the fashion of the day demanded fur hats, which needed beaver pelts. As these hats became more popular, the demand for the pelts grew. King Henry IV of France saw the fur trade as an opportunity to acquire much-needed revenue and to establish a North American empire. Both English and French fur traders were soon selling beaver pelts in Europe at 20 times their original purchase price. The trade of beaver pelts proved so lucrative that the Hudson's Bay Company honoured the buck-toothed little animal by putting it on the shield of its coat of arms in 1678. Sir William Alexander, who was granted title to Nova Scotia in 1621, had been the first to include the beaver in a coat of arms. The Hudson's Bay Company shield consists of four beavers separated by a red St. George's Cross and reflects the importance of this industrious rodent to the company. A coin was created to equal the value of one beaver pelt.

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