21. Science In India: History Of Mathematics: Indian Mathematicians And Astronomers, Describes Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhatta who modelled the solar system, Bhaskar, Varahamira, and others who made important contributions in the http://members.tripod.com/~INDIA_RESOURCE/mathematics.htm

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod 40 Yr Old Virgin Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY Pages from the history of the Indian sub-continent: Science and Mathematics in India History of Mathematics in India In all early civilizations, the first expression of mathematical understanding appears in the form of counting systems. Numbers in very early societies were typically represented by groups of lines, though later different numbers came to be assigned specific numeral names and symbols (as in India) or were designated by alphabetic letters (such as in Rome). Although today, we take our decimal system for granted, not all ancient civilizations based their numbers on a ten-base system. In ancient Babylon, a sexagesimal (base 60) system was in use. The Decimal System in Harappa In India a decimal system was already in place during the Harappan period, as indicated by an analysis of Harappan weights and measures. Weights corresponding to ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 have been identified, as have scales with decimal divisions. A particularly notable characteristic of Harappan weights and measures is their remarkable accuracy. A bronze rod marked in units of 0.367 inches points to the degree of precision demanded in those times. Such scales were particularly important in ensuring proper implementation of town planning rules that required roads of fixed widths to run at right angles to each other, for drains to be constructed of precise measurements, and for homes to be constructed according to specified guidelines. The existence of a gradated system of accurately marked weights points to the development of trade and commerce in Harappan society.

22. History Of Mathematics Web Sites An annotated collection of sites on the history of mathematics. http://homepages.bw.edu/~dcalvis/history.html

History of Mathematics Web Sites There is a phenomenal amount of material on the Internet dealing with the history of mathematics. Below are listed some of the best sites I know of. If you don't find what you need here, then try a search This page is maintained by David Calvis of the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science of Baldwin-Wallace College "Everything" sites Mathematical MacTutor History of Mathematics This award-winning site is a flagship Internet location for the history of mathematics, and is a "must-see" because of the wealth of information it contains. Here you will find biographies of mathematicians, histories of individual mathematical topics, timelines, search capabilities and much more. Start with the information for new users David Joyce's History of Mathematics Page As a complement to the MacTutor History, here is a wealth of further information on the history of mathematics, including timelines, chronologies, archives, links to other sites and more. As you explore, try Euclid's Elements on-line and Prof. Joyce's home page

23. History Of Mathematics @ SFU Research project by the students in the department of Mathematics. Includes region, timeline, people and topics. http://www.math.sfu.ca/histmath/

- Region - Time - Person or Topic Egypt 1600s BC Ahmes , Ancient Egyptian Fractions China 200s BC Remainder Problem Master Sun 100s BC Jiuzhang Suanshu Jia Xian Qin Jiushao The Ta-Yen Rule ... Counting Board Simulator Program for PC computers India Aryabhata Brahmagupta Bhaskara Europe Blaise Pascal 300s BC Euclid His Works and Influences Ada Byron King The Countess of Lovelace Emy Noether Her life and Work Alan Turing The Man and the Machine Topics Sundials Calendars History of Math Notes

24. COLOR: History Of Mathemathics In Africa Explains the early development of mathematical concepts in astronomical calculations, number systems, calendars and climate studies. http://www.saxakali.com/COLOR_ASP/historymaf.htm

A frican Y outh ... illage Rated as a Site Vote for it History of Mathematics in Africa The Sphinx Introduction For tens of thousands of years, Africa was in the center of mathematics history. From the civilizations of southern, central and northern Africa came contributions which would enrich both ancient and modern understanding of nature through math and science (see Map of Africa ). From the measurement used in the African forest kingdoms, and the mathematics used in building the great stone complexes of Zimbabwe, to the efficient irrigation technologies, central administration, and the great accuracy of the dimensions of the pyramids, the achievements of Africans still give rise to wonder. Despite great achievements, there are still negative images of Africa and Africans worlwide (see Misconceptions About Africa ). In opposing these myths, Nwankwo Ezeabasili (1977) argues that African science is "African account of nature and how it works." He goes on to say that "...the black African has an authentic scientific culture." Africans were among the first humans to raise crops and to domesticate cattle 15,000 years ago ( Van Sertima 1984). "...between 17,000 and 18,500 years ago while ice still covered much of Europe - African peoples were already raising crops of wheat, barley, lentils , chick- peas, capers and dates" (

25. History Of Mathematics In Asia The history of mathematics is a broad subject spanning over 10000 years. Throughout time, women and men in countless cultures have tried to deal with http://www.saxakali.com/COLOR_ASP/history.htm

H istory of M athematics in A sia The Passing of Time.... The history of mathematics is a broad subject spanning over 10,000 years. Throughout time, women and men in countless cultures have tried to deal with problems presented by the passing of day and night, the changing seasons of the year, the flooding cycles of major rivers, and so on. In addition, women and men have attempted to group periods of their lifecycle in order to regulate and celebrate important personal, family and community events. T his measurement of time, of the seasons, phases of the moon, blossoming of trees and plants , and so on, led to the development of calendars recorded in oral memory, and later hand-written on cave walls, clay tablets, scrolls, paper, etc. There are a diverse collection of calendars in Asia, the Chinese calendar , the South Asian calendar the Tibetan calendar and so on. From One Finger To Infinity.... From one finger, a fist or a hand; to personal computers and the Internet, the history of math tells us the human story of problems and solutions, and shows us the on-going connection between math and people's lives. Some of the the first drawings and writings discovered, contained matematical concepts. The need to know "how much?" children, animals or other items one had, led to the introduction of measurements; the need to know direction, and the construction of dwellings and agricluture posed problems in geometry. Some of the earliest examples of the development of mathematics in these areas occured in

26. Links To History Of Mathematics And Science Sites Homepage for Mark S. Cramer. Here you will find links to fluid mechanics, history of science, mathematics, and especially fluid mechanics, http://www.fluidmech.net/msc/hist.htm

Fluid Mechanics My Homepage My Gallery Navier-Stokes.Net Cambridge University Press ... Contact Index Home About This Site Our Sponsor What's New? Professional Info Short Vita Research Teaching On-Site Material My Link Pages JS Boutique Tutorials Related Sites My Gallery Fluidmech.Net Navier-Stokes.Net Click on the above animation to learn a bit more about a few of the best mathematicians and fluid mechanists of history. HISTORY OF SCIENCE SITES These are the history of science, technology, aviation, and mathematics sites which I've collected. I'm always looking for more of these. Drop me a line if I've missed a good one. General History of Math and Science Pages: Mathematicians of the 17 th and 18 th ... Centuries. These are the guys and gals who invented 20 th century engineering. Here's another page on both Galileo and Einstein from UVa. This is a History of Mathematics site The Museum of the History of Science at Oxford has a nice on-line exhibit page Eric's Treasure Trove of Scientific Biographies . This used to be a UVa site, but has since moved to the Wolfram (Mathematica) site. A short list of contributors to science and technology . The level may also be geared to the more general reader. This site appears to be a reasonable list of biographies of Women Mathematicians History of Fluid Mechanics, Aviation, Etc:

27. Teaching With Original Historical Sources In Mathematics Our articles on and about history of mathematics and its role in teaching. history of mathematics with Original Sources; Gary Stoudt, Indiana University http://emmy.nmsu.edu/~history/

TEACHING WITH ORIGINAL HISTORICAL SOURCES IN MATHEMATICS REINHARD LAUBENBACHER Department of Mathematics Virginia Polytechnic and State University Blacksburg, VA 24061-0123 USA 540-231-7506; 540-231-2606 (FAX) reinhard@math.vt.edu DAVID PENGELLEY Dept. of Mathematical Sciences New Mexico State University Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA 505-646-3901; 505-646-1064 (FAX) davidp@nmsu.edu Bienvenidos! Here we offer our experiences and materials from using original historical sources in teaching mathematics. These pages are still under construction, so check back as we add more things. (Some of the links are to .pdf or .dvi or .ps files. If other formats are needed, let us know.) We welcome your comments and suggestions for improvements. We also wish to provide information about others who are teaching with original sources, so we welcome suggestions for other links to include here. Below we provide information on: Our own odyssey on teaching with original sources. Our first book Mathematical Expeditions: Chronicles by the Explorers Our second book : A Capstone Book of Original Sources Our graduate course on The Role of History in Teaching Mathematics.

28. MathWeb History Resources for the history of mathematics from Clark University Web resources; Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Mathematics http://www.ams.org/mathweb/mi-mathhist.html

History of Mathematics [Links verified 04FEB99 by pjl] Sites Resources for the History of Mathematics from Clark University Web resources; Regional mathematics; Subjects; Books and other resources; Chronology; Timelines. Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Mathematics The Canadian Society for the History and Philosophy of Mathematics, founded in 1974, promotes research and teaching in the history and philosophy of mathematics. To this end the Society engages in a number of activities: CSHPM Bulletin; An Annual Meeting, held every May/June with the Canadian Learned Societies; its WWW site; History and Pedagogy of Mathematics Newsletter; Two official journals, Historia Mathematica and Philosophia Mathematica. Links to CSHPM Services; Links to Sites Related to the History and Philosophy of Mathematics. Bibliography of Collected Works of Mathematicians By Steven W. Rockey, Mathematics Library, Cornell University Archiving AMSMAA Joint Archives Committee Mission Membership Activities ... "Why Archive?" (previously published in FOCUS and Notices of the AMS.) Comments: webmaster@ams.org

29. History Of Mathematics Lectures on history of mathematics. G. Donald Allen The history of the Riemann Integral Some thoughts on the history of mathematics http://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/m629_97a.html

Lectures on History of Mathematics G. Donald Allen Aee also http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/masters/index.htm for revised versions of these chapters. Lectures on the History of Mathematics The Origins of Ancient Mathematics Mathematics of American Indians North of Mexico The Scope of Ancient Mathematics ... The History of Infinity Send an e-mail message

30. History Of Mathematics Lectures on the history of mathematics. Mathematics of the Indians North of Mexico. Egyptian and Babylonian Mathematics The Mathematics of Ancient http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/masters/

Lectures on the History of Mathematics by G. Donald Allen Introduction Web resources Print References The Origins of Mathematics ... This History of Infinity (and other delights)

31. SJSU Virtual Museum The history of mathematics, Science, and Technology A Culturally Affirming View. Alphabetical Listing of Scientists http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/aamenu.html

The History of Mathematics, Science, and Technology : A Culturally Affirming View Alphabetical Listing of Scientists A-B C-D E-F G-H ... Y-Z Nominate a Scientist or Mathematician Have we forgotten someone special? Is there a scientist or mathematician that you'd like us to include in future displays? If so, take a minute to nominate that person.Just click on the highlighted word below to give us the name of the person and a few lines to help us locate some information to begin the search process. I nominate.. Send Web Master Suggestions or Comments We welcome your input. If our information is out of date, please let us know. Perhaps, you'd like to send some comments so we can improve the quality of the musuem.Help make this an interactive display by sending us your comments and suggestions. Suggestions and Comments Updated August, 1997

32. History Of Mathematics - Facets Of India : Ancient And Modern history of mathematics in general and wrto India in particular. http://www.geocities.com/dipalsarvesh/mathematics.html

If we, the daughters and sons of the Bharata Mata (Mother India), do not help our other sisters and brothers then who else ? Please click here to help the wounded cradle of civilization. Dear guest, your feedback is very important to us and is more than welcome. Please email or click here to give your feedback. If you are not viewing this page from its parent site, please click here to visit the parent site titled "Facets of India : Ancient and Modern". Obligatory Note: This matter is created/compiled by Sarvesh Srivastava from various authentic resources for the site titled "Facets of India : Ancient and Modern" . Please feel free to link the page as it is, including this note, but strictly refrain from copying it as it may result in appropriate legal action. History of Ganit (Mathematics) Introduction Ganit (Mathematics) has been considered a very important subject since ancient times. We find very elaborate proof of this in Vedah (which were compiled around 6000 BC). The concept of division, addition et-cetera was used even that time. Concepts of zero and infinite were there. We also find roots of algebra in Vedah. When Indian Beez Ganit reached Arab, they called it Algebra. Algebra was name of the Arabic book that described Indian concepts. This knowledge reached to Europe from there. And thus ancient Indian Beez Ganit is currently referred to as Algebra.

33. AMUCHMA ONLINE - Mathematicians Of The African Diaspora The AMU Commission on the history of mathematics in Africa (AMUCHMA), formed in 1986, has the following objectives. a. to improve communication among those http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amuchma_online.html

AMU MAIN PAGE HISTORY Executive Board Math Sciences Network ... AMUCHMA ISSUES AVAILABLE ONLINE (web pages) AMUCHMA MEMBERS DOWNLOADING AMUCHMA (pdf) OBTAINING AMUCHMA (hardcopy) OBJECTIVES OF AMUCHMA ACTIVITIES OF AMUCHMA THANKS TO SIDA-SAREC SUGGESTIONS TO AMUCHMA AMUCHMA ISSUES AVAILABLE ONLINE: All issues of the newsletter of the African Mathematical Union's Comission on the History of Mathematics in Africa are listed below When clickable, the issues are available below in HTML format, often two web pages per issue However, it is also possible to download each issue in pdf format , this uses the free program Adobe Acrobat . Get Adobe Acrobat Reader ISSUES OF AMUCHMA Online (html version) SEARCH the site in html is in preparation the pdf version is available now OBTAINING HARDCOPY We intend to continue presentation of all issues of the AMUCHMA Newsletter as world wide web pages, and you can print these without charge. In addition, the AMUCHMA Newsletter, published in Arabic, English and French, is available free of charge upon request. Send requests to the Chairman Paulus Gerdes (Fax: 258-1-494504;

34. ICHM to encourage the study of the history of mathematics; and Aim of group is to promote scholarly learning in this area through publications, symposia and http://www.math.uu.nl/ichm/

Members of the Executive Committee of the ICHM Members of the ICHM Rules of Governance of the ICHM and its EC. Links to related organizations. Brief history of the ICHM. Past activities. The Kenneth O. May Prize in the History of Mathematics Table of Contents of Historia Mathematica, volumes 1 - 23(2) World Directory of Historians of Mathematics ... World Directory of Historians of Mathematics Registration Form The International Commission for the History of Mathematics (ICHM) is an inter-union commission joining the International Mathematical Union (IMU) and the Division of the History of Science (DHS) of the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS). The ICHM has the following international aims to encourage the study of the history of mathematics; and to promote a high level of historically and mathematically sophisticated scholarship in the field. The ICHM works toward these goals, first and foremost, through its official journal, Historia Mathematica . Founded in 1974 by Kenneth O. May, Historia Mathematica is currently under the editorship of Craig Fraser (University of Toronto) and Benno van Dalen (J.W. Goethe University of Frankfurt) and publishes original research on the history of the mathematical sciences in all periods and in all cultural settings.

35. History Of Mathematics Boyer, Carl (revised by Uta Merzbach), A history of mathematics, Struik, Dirk, J. A Concise history of mathematics, Dover Publications (1948, 1967), http://www.math.utah.edu/history/

History of Mathematics Mathematicians Alphabetical Chronological Sources Encyclopedia Britannica (1968 Edition). Beckman, Petr, A History of Pi, St. Martin's Press, New York (1971), pp. 200. Boyer, Carl (revised by Uta Merzbach), A History of Mathematics, Wiley 1968, 1991, pp 715. Struik, Dirk, J.: A Concise History of Mathematics, Dover Publications (1948, 1967), pp. 195. Back to Department of Mathematics, University of Utah Comments to webmaster@math.utah.edu

36. History Of Mathematics - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The MacTutor history of mathematics Archive created by John JO Connor and Edmund F Boyer, CB A history of mathematics, 2nd ed. rev. by Uta C. Merzbach. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mathematics

History of mathematics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. See Timeline of mathematics for a timeline of events in mathematics. See list of mathematicians for a list of biographies of mathematicians. The word " mathematics " comes from the Greek m¡thema ) which means "science, knowledge, or learning"; μαθηματικός ( mathematik³s ) means "fond of learning". Today, the term refers to a specific body of knowledge - the rigorous, deductive study of numbers, shapes, patterns, and change. Every modern science depends on basic mathematics at the most fundamental level, including such operations as counting addition and subtraction Contents Fundamentals Developing the concept of "number" through equations Complex numbers Indian contributions ... edit Fundamentals In addition to recognizing how to count concrete objects, prehistoric peoples also recognized how to count abstract quantities, like time days seasons years . With counting established, then, the ideas of addition and subtraction naturally followed. See arithmetic Mathematics undoubtedly could not have developed out of simple counting and arithmetic, however, without writing . Perhaps prehistoric peoples first expressed quantity by drawing lines in the ground or scratching wood. (See

37. Wikipedia:Rouse History Of Mathematics - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia From `A Short Account of the history of mathematics (4th edition, You will find these dates on the MacTutor history of mathematics website, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouse_History_of_Mathematics

Wikipedia:Rouse History of Mathematics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Rouse History of Mathematics See also: wikipedia:history One of Wikipedia's public domain resources There are a series of articles transcribed by Dr. David R. Wilkins (dwilkins@maths.tcd.ie) School of Mathematics Trinity College, Dublin at http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/ They all start with a line: From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball. Are they fair game to grab as source material for our wikipedia? I know we are scarfing stuff from the 1911 encyclopedia, this is from 1908, so it should be under the same lack of restrictions.... discussion about sending an email, email is written, time elapses Dr Wilkins just responeded. (10-2-01) Here's the reply sounds good, no? E These are great! I'll kick things off by putting a tracking index here: Mathematicians of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries from A Short Account of the History of Mathematics by W. W. Rouse Ball (4th Edition, 1908). see http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/RBallIndex.html

38. History Of Mathematics Home Page Includes classic texts by Hilbert and Euclid (a Java enhanced version of the Elements) a chronology, and links. http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/

Every culture on earth has developed some mathematics. In some cases, this mathematics has spread from one culture to another. Now there is one predominant international mathematics, and this mathematics has quite a history. It has roots in ancient Egypt and Babylonia, then grew rapidly in ancient Greece. Mathematics written in ancient Greek was translated into Arabic. About the same time some mathematics of India was translated into Arabic. Later some of this mathematics was translated into Latin and became the mathematics of Western Europe. Over a period of several hundred years, it became the mathematics of the world. There are other places in the world that developed significant mathematics, such as China, southern India, and Japan, and they are interesting to study, but the mathematics of the other regions have not had much influence on current international mathematics. There is, of course, much mathematics being done these and other regions, but it is not the traditional math of the regions, but international mathematics. By far, the most significant development in mathematics was giving it firm logical foundations. This took place in ancient Greece in the centuries preceding Euclid. See

39. History Of Mathematics Department Offers graduate study and research, and courses in Akkadian, historiography, and ancient scientific texts. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/History_Mathematics/

History of Mathematics at Brown Department of History of Mathematics Wilbour Hall Box 1900 2 Prospect Street, Providence Brown University Providence, RI 02912, USA hmath@brownvm.brown.edu Faculty Prof. David Pingree, Chair Graduate Students Clemency Williams Micah Ross Toke Knudsen Others affiliated with the Department Dr. Alice Slotsky, Yale University (Visiting Assistant Professsor at Brown) Dr. Peter Scharf, Senior Lecturer in Sanskrit, Classics Department Joseph Leichter , Doctoral Candidate, Classics Department Dr. Kim Plofker, Visiting Scholar Further information A brief history of the Department Courses, 2003/2004 Information on applying to the Department's graduate program (and other programs in history of mathematics) American Committee for South Asian Manuscripts This page was last updated 12 September 2003.

40. History Of Maths Maths History Topics history of mathematics Home Page Women Mathematicians history of mathematics Babylonia Mathematical Museum History http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/university/scit/maths/history.htm

Welcome to the History of Maths Page! Sites of interest: Maths History Topics History of Mathematics Home Page Women Mathematicians History of Mathematics: Babylonia ... Mathematicians of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Maths Home Page note that this is an old web site and is no longer maintained

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