21. Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany aquatic herbs comprising about http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/alismat.htm

Alismataceae ( including Limnocharitaceae) Taken together, the Alismataceae and Limnocharitaceae are aquatic herbs comprising about 15 genera and 85 species. The leaves are alternate and simple. The flowers are actinomorphic and bisexual or sometimes unisexual. The calyx consists of 3, usually persistent green sepals. The corolla consists of 3 deciduous, generally white or yellow petals. The androecium comprises mostly 6 to many distinct stamens. The gynoecium is apocarpous, comprising 3-many, more or less distinct simple pistils, each with a superior ovary containing a single locule with 1 basal ovule or less frequently several to many parietal ovules. Nectaries may be found on the base of the pistils or on the receptacle. The fruit is an achene or less frequently a follicle. Each "thumbnail" image below is linked to a larger photograph. Hydrocleys nymphoides , water poppy (Limnocharitaceae). One of the three yellow petals has been removed to reveal two of the three green sepals. This is an herbaceous, aquatic plant with many stamens and six distinct, reddish pistils. Alisma triviale = A. plantago-aquatica

22. Medical Botany. References on Indoles and Medicinal herbs. Lewis, WH and ElvinLewis, MPF Medicalbotany plants affecting man s health. New York John Wiley Sons, 1977. http://www.vitaletherapeutics.org/vtlrefwl.htm

References on Indoles and Medicinal Herbs GO TO: Home Overview People Journal ... e-mail us

23. Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany Photos and information on perennial herbs. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/lili.htm

Liliaceae All but the first four entries below are now often treated in more homogeneous, segregate families (indicated in parentheses). Each "thumbnail" image below is linked to a larger photograph. Cli ntonia uniflora , queen's cup, 1 - Mt. Seymour, B.C, 2 - vic. Tokatee Falls, OR, 2003. Erythronium grandiflorum , yellow fawn lily, 1,2 - Mary's Peak, OR, 2002, 3 - Mt. Rainier, WA. Note the 6 tepals, 6 stamens, and 3 stigmas. Erythronium hendersonii , Henderson's fawn lily, vic. Siskyou Mts., SW OR, April, 2004. Erythronium montanum , alpine fawn lily, avalanche lily, Mt. Rainier, WA. Erythronium oregonum , giant fawnlily, 1-3 - Mary's Peak, OR, 2002. Erythr onium oregonum , giant fawnlily, 1- 4 - OR, 2003. Fritillaria affinis , rice root, WA. Fritillaria gentneri , Gentner's fritillary, vic. Jacksonville, OR, Mar. 2004. Fritillaria pudica , yellow bell. Fritil laria recurva , scarlet fritillary, vic. Jacksonville, OR, Mar. 2004. cf. Fritillaria , loculicidal capsule, common fruit type for Liliaceae Lilium columbianum , tiger lily.

24. Ethnobotanical Leaflets Worldwide Economic botany Resources. * herbs and Herb Gardening, Resource Guide* American Botanical Council HerbalGram * The Amazon Conservation Team http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/

Edition 2005 WELCOME to Ethnobotanical Leaflets . The aim of this journal is to expedite publication. Papers must be appropriate in subject matter and submitted in electronic form. All articles are reviewed by the editor Take time and enjoy our Web Journal. Contributions from our readers are always welcome ( see instructions International Web Journal All Articles Are Archived on the Internet Wayback Machine: Click for details Quality and Harvesting Specifications of some Medicinal Plant Parts Set Up by some Herbalists in the Eastern Region of Ghana by Y. Ameyaw, F.A. Aboagye, A.A. Appiah and H.R. Blagogee ... Dr. Amrit Pal Singh, MD Back Issues of Ethnobotanical leaflets and Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Fall 1997 Winter 1998 Summer 1998 ... Edition 2004 Book Review Corner The Wealth of India by K.S. Krishnan Marg, editor. Medicine Quest by Mark Plotkin ... Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants Research Notes Starch Research Page The Inclusive Herbarium by Edgar Anderson How to Define a Species? Preparing Herbarium Specimens of Vascular Plants by C. Earle Smith, Jr. ... Botany: Internet Resources Galleria Botanica EBL Featured Artist Keith Harrison EBL Featured artist Rebecca Brown Discover Domestication, Paris

25. Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany perennial herbs from rhizomes, bulbs or corms. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/irid.htm

Iridaceae The Iridaceae are perennial herbs from rhizomes, bulbs or corms comprising about 80 genera and 1,500 species. The leaves are distichous and have a sheathing, equitant base and a generally ensiform or linear blade with parallel venation. The flowers are bisexual, usually showy, and are actinomorphic or zygomorphic. The perianth consists of 6 petaloid tepals in two differentiated or undifferentiated whorls. Commonly all 6 tepals are united into a perianth tube or epigynous zone. The androecium consists of 3 distinct or connate stamens positioned opposite and often adnate to the outer tepals. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of 3 carpels, a single, commonly 3-branched style, and an inferior ovary with 3 locules, each containing few to numerous axile ovules. The fruit is a loculicidal capsule. Each "thumbnail" image below is linked to a larger photograph. Belamcanda chinensis , leopard flower. Notice the distichous, equitant, ensiform lea ves. The lower photo shows perianth of 6, poorly differentiated petaloid tepals, 3 stamens, inferior ovary, and capsular fruit. C rocosmia x crocosmiiflora , montbretia. This is a species with zygomorphic flowers. Note the petaloid tepals, 3 stamens, and inferior ovary.

26. Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany General description and images of the family of epiphytic herbs or terrestrial xerophytes comprising about 45 genera and 2,000 species. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/bromeli.htm

Bromeliaceae Each "thumbnail" image below is linked to a larger photograph. Aechmea gamosepala , cultivated, Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu, HI, May, 2004. Alcantarea imperialis , specimen with rather deformed inflorescence, cultivated, Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu, HI. Ananas comosus , pineapple. The pineapple is still an important cash crop in Hawaii. Note the troughlike, strap-shaped leaves and the reddish bracts associated with the flowers. In this species the ovaries and perianth segments of adjacent flowers become coalesced into a multiple accessory fruit. Billbergia x windii , note bright bracts, 3-merous perianth in two whorls, and 6 stamens. Bromelia sp. Note the 3-merous perianth in two distinct whorls, and 6 stamens. The whitish scurfy substance is made of peltate scales. The stigmas are spirally twisted together. Bromelia sp. Neoregelia compacta , blushing bromeliad. Compact, erect herb to about 1 foot tall. Neoregelia spectabilis , fingernail plant. Erect herb from Brazil with red-tipped leaves about one foot long and one and a half inches wide; flowers blue. Tilla ndsia usneoides , Spanish moss. The trimerous perianth and peltate scales are very evident in the close-up photo.

27. Cyberbotanica: Bibliography And Related WWW Links The Honest Herbal A Sensible Guide to The Use of herbs and Related Remedies . A truly massive list of botany sites; browsable by subject category or http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/botany/cite.html

Works Cited Botany Links Chemotherapy Links Works Cited M uch of the information included in this site was extracted from the following books. All are excellent reference sources, and all are definitely worth purchasing if you're ever in a position to do so. Budavari, Susan, ed. 1989. The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals Dobelis, Inge N., ed. 1989. Magic and Medicine of Plants . Pleasantville, NY, Reader's Digest Books. Duke, James A., and Edward S. Ayensu. 1985. Medicinal Plants of China . Algonac, MI, Reference Publications, Inc. Duke, James A., and Steven Foster. 1990. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants of Eastern and Central North America . New York, NY, Houghton Mifflin Co. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1993. Flora of North America . Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press. Goodman, Louis Sanford, Alfred Gilman, and Alfred Goodman Gilman, eds. 1990. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , 8th Edition. Elmsford, NY, Pergamon Press. Heywood, V.H., ed. 1993. Flowering Plants of the World . New York, NY, Oxford University Press.

28. Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany rhizomatous or tuberous herbs comprising about http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/ar.htm

Araceae Each "thumbnail" image below is linked to a larger photograph. Aglaeonema sp., a common houseplant. Alocasia macrorrhiza , Araceae, 'ape. Giant herb from South and SE Asia, with huge arrowhead-shaped leaf blades up to thr ee feet long. Closely related to taro and sometimes cultivated for the edible (after cooking) underground stem. Amorphophallus titanum . This aroid has a giant inflorescence. This particular spadix attained a height of 1.37 m. Anthurium andreanum , anthurium. Small, herbaceous plant from tropical America, grown for the long-lasting flowers (and associated bracts), which are very popular in floral arrangements. A significant commercial crop, especially of the island of Hawaii. Caladium sp., caladium. Ornamental species grown mainly for the colorful foliage. Colocasia esculenta , taro, kalo. Herbaceous plant from old world tropics, with thick tuber (underground stem) containing much starch; cultivated for food for many centuries. Taro was brought to Hawaii by early migrating Polynesians as the main food source. They had perhaps 300 varieties taro under cultivation at one time. The leaves of many varieties were also eaten. Taro must be cooked to destroy the acrid crystals of calcium oxalate found in all parts of the plant. Taro was so important that it had great influence on the social and individual activities of the community. One obvious ramification of taro cultivation involved water utilization. Such was the importance of taro that it was considered the plant form (kino-lau) of the great god Kane, the giver of life.

29. Mandragora: Magic Or Botany? Mandragora magic or botany? not what was said to be there by earlier writers.Friar Lawrence on herbs*. More on herbals and herbal medicine*. http://ise.uvic.ca/Library/SLT/ideas/herbs.html

Book: Chapter: Mandragora: magic or botany? Images of the mandrake root, on the left from a medieval herbal, on the right from Gerarde's Herbal The mandrake, with its branching roots, was thought to resemble a human figure, and to scream* when it was uprooted. Since the plant does contain a natural narcotic, it attracted much superstition* . The difference between the medieval and Renaissance illustrations here shows how the artist's eye learned to look at what was really there* , not what was said to be there by earlier writers. Friar Lawrence on herbs* More on herbals and herbal medicine* The background of ideas: New Knowledge. Page 12 of 20. Map Search Further reading Comments and questions ... University of Victoria

30. Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany herbs or rarely subshrubs comprising about 75 genera and http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/caryophyll.htm

Caryophyllaceae The Caryophyllaceae are herbs or rarely subshrubs comprising about 75 genera and 2,000 species further characterized by p-plastids and usually swollen nodes. The leaves are simple, nearly always opposite and decussate, and are estipulate or sometimes have scarious stipules. The flowers are actinomorphic and mostly bisexual. Although the corolla rarely may be absent, the perianth typically consists of a calyx of 5 connate sepals and a corolla of 5 distinct, frequently clawed petals. The stamens are in one or two whorls, either equaling or twice the number of petals. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of 2-5 carpels, usually with an equal number of styles and with a superior ovary that has a single locule with numerous free central ovules. In some cases the ovary is 3-5 loculed with axile placentation basally and l-loculed with free central placentation above. Occasionally, there may be a single basal ovule. The fruit most commonly is capsular. Each "thumbnail" image below is linked to a larger photograph. Arenaria sp, sandwort.

31. Mandragora: Magic Or Botany? One of Shakespeare s specialists on herbs is Friar Lawrence, Though there issome doubt about the exact meaning of the various herbs Ophelia distributes http://ise.uvic.ca/Library/SLTnoframes/ideas/herbs.html

Home Life Stage Society ... Next Mandragora: magic or botany? Images of the mandrake root, on the left from a medieval herbal, on the right from Gerarde's Herbal The mandrake, with its branching roots, was thought to resemble a human figure, and to scream* when it was uprooted. Since the plant does contain a natural narcotic, it attracted much superstition* . The difference between the medieval and Renaissance illustrations here shows how the artist's eye learned to look at what was really there* , not what was said to be there by earlier writers. Friar Lawrence on herbs* More on herbals and herbal medicine* [Notes] A mandrake's best friend The scream was so intense that it could kill those who heard it. The proper technique was to tie a dog to the plant (preferably at night, when the plant's powers were at their height), then call the dog from a distance, thus pulling it up. (Return) An aphrodisiac Amongst other things, it was considered to be an aphrodisiac, and to increase fertility: "Take of this herb [wild teasel] and temper it with the juice of mandrake, and give it to a bitch, or other beast, and it shall be great with a young one . . . and it shall bring forth the birth . . . of the which young one, if the tooth be taken and dipped in meat or drink, every one that shall drink thereof shall begin anon battle" (From The Book of Secrets of Albertus Magnus (Return) The mandrake's legs Though even the Renaissance engraving on the right shows the mandrake with roots that look suggestively like human (if somewhat hairy) legs.

32. Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany herbs, shrubs, or trees comprising about http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/verben.htm

Verbenaceae The Verbenaceae are herbs, shrubs, or trees comprising about 100 genera and 2,600 species that are further characterized by the common occurrence of quadrangular twigs and/or aromatic herbage. The leaves are nearly always opposite or whorled, mostly simple; stipules are lacking. The flowers are nearly always bisexual and zygomorphic. The calyx is synsepalous and most commonly 5-merous. The corolla is sympetalous, usually unequally 5-lobed, and sometimes strongly 2-lipped. The androecium most commonly consists of 4 didynamous stamens adnate to the corolla tube or perigynous zone, alternate with the lobes. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of nearly always 2 carpels, a single terminal or subterminal style, and an unlobed or shallowly lobed ovary, usually with 4 locules (by false septation), each with a single axile ovule. A weakly developed annular nectary disk occurs around the base of the ovary in many species. The fruit is usually a drupe or nutlets. Each "thumbnail" image below is linked to a larger photograph.

33. Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany herbs, shrubs, or rarely small trees comprising http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/campanul.htm

Campanulaceae Each "thumbnail" image below is linked to a larger photograph. Comparison of subfamilies Campanuloideae and Lobelioideae. On the left a cross section of a typical ovary in the subfamily Lobelioideae shows 2 locules and numerous axile ovules. On the right is a typical ovary of the Campanuloideae with 5 locules and numerous axile ovules. The cut surfaces show some evidence of milky sap. Campanula sp. (Campanuloideae) Platycodon grandiflorum , balloon flower (Campanuloideae). Notice the actinomorphic, 5-merous nature of the open flower and the inferior ovary of the old flowers in the background. This is a good example of a protandrous flower, one that has the androecium maturing before the gynoecium. The stamens that were earlier connivent around the style have now spread apart and are beginning to shed pollen. The stigmatic lobes are still firmly pressed together with the receptive surfaces unavailable for pollination. These lobes would spread apart and expose the receptive surfaces in the next phase of maturation of the flower. Protrandry is one mechanism that inhibits self pollination in plants. Wallenbergia ? (Campanuloideae). The stigmatic lobes have separated in this flower. Notice the withered stamens and the actinomorphic nature of the flower.

34. Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany mostly tropical herbs or http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/lythr.htm

Lythraceae The Lythraceae are mostly tropical herbs or occasionally shrubs or trees comprising about 24 genera and 500 species. The leaves are simple, usually opposite or whorled; stipules are minute or absent. The flowers are strongly perigynous, actinomorphic or sometimes zygomorphic, commonly 4-,6-, or 8-merous. The sepals appear as lobes of the perigynous zone, the petals are distinct and usually crumpled. The stamens commonly are twice the number of petals, and are usually in two whorls, one with the filaments longer than the other. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of usually 2-4 carpels, a single style and stigma, and a superior ovary with usually 2-4 locules, each with numerous axile ovules. The fruit is commonly capsular. Each "thumbnail" image below is linked to a larger photograph. Cuphea hyssopifolium . Note insertion of petals near summit of perigynous zone. Cuphea ignea, cigar flower. Note bilateral symmetry and the exceptional lack of corolla in this species. Cuphea sp.

35. The Educational Encyclopedia, Botany The educational encyclopedia, educypedia, botany. Botanical.com a modernherbal home page, 800 varieties of herbs plants, 44 plants that are listed as http://users.pandora.be/educypedia/education/botany.htm

EDUCYPEDIA The educational encyclopedia Home Electronics General Information technology ... Science Science Automotive Biology Biology-anatomy Biology-animals ... Space Social science Atlas - maps Countries Dinosaurs Environment ... Sitemap Botany Algemeen overzicht - Nederlands Botany topics General overview: English Plant and flower images Arboretum: Enghlish Aquatic and invasive plants the world's largest information resource Aromatic herbs Botanical.com Botanical glossary encyclopedia of flowers and plants, down? Botany the encyclopedia of flowers and plants British trees reference material for all those interested in native british trees Carnivorous plant database eNature.com nature guide: over 4800 plants and animals Flori database landscape, garden and house plants Flowering plant gateway Flowering plants families DATABASE Fruits of warm climates Gardenweb covering more than 90 different plants, regions and topics, glossary Grass genera of the world DATABASE plant nomenclature, names of plants, plant classification, meaning and origin of plant names, vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens

36. Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany herbs, shrubs, or trees comprising about http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/melastomat.htm

Melastomataceae Each "thumbnail" image below is linked to a larger photograph. Arthrostema ciliatum. The left photo clearly shows the palmate-parallel leaf venation so charistic of the family. Clidemia hirta, Koster's curse. Though small and with short filame nts the stamens still have the claw-like appearance typical of the family. In this case the flowers are nearly actinomorphic and the ovary appears to be inferior. Dissotis rotundifolia. Not all of the stamens develop fully in this genus Note that the functional stamens have pink anthers with terminal pores and have a knee-like joint with a yellow appendage where the filament attaches to the connective of the anther. Heterocentron subtriplinervium , pearl flower. Medinilla magnifica , note claw-like anthers with terminal pores. Medinilla sp., note the claw-like, appendaged anthers with terminal pores. Melastoma candidum. Note the leaf venation. Miconia calvescens , miconia. This is one of several species of Melastomataceae that threatens the native Hawaiian flora. Pterolepis glomerata , false meadowbeauty.

37. Non-Timber Forest Products - Medicinal Links Botanical Resources of Economic and Medicinal botany Extensive list of King s American Dispensatory - Information for over 700 herbs includes botany, http://www.sfp.forprod.vt.edu/sfp_link/medicinal.htm

- Medicinal Related Web Sites Medicinal Associations/Organizations Research/University/Government Agencies Markets/Vendors References ... Media/Legislation More information can be found under " General " links. Associations/Organizations Appalachian Ginseng Foundation - Committed to bettering the lives of Appalachian people by teaching about ginseng growing, and encourage the preservation of the Appalachian forest. Herbworld Online - Herbal business tools. Medicine Trail Research Center Expeditions - Offers short-term volunteer vacations to assist with research or conservation projects in the Rainforest, the Caribbean, or with Missionary Projects helping the Mayan Indians of Belize and Central America. MedPlant Network - A global network whose members are committed to the sustainable and socially equitable use of medicinal plants. United Plant Savers - An organization that aims to protect native medicinal plants and their native habitat while ensuring an abundant renewable supply of medicinal plants for generations to come. Research/University/Government Agencies Bastyr University - Academic center for advancing knowledge in the natural health sciences.

38. Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany shrubs or herbs comprising about http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/viol.htm

Violaceae The Violaceae are shrubs or herbs comprising about 16 genera and 800 species. The leaves are alternate or rarely opposite, and are simple; the stipules are minute or leafy. The flowers are bisexual, zygomorphic or sometimes actinomorphic, and sometimes cleistogamous. The perianth is differentiated into 5 distinct or nearly distinct imbricate sepals and 5 imbricate petals, the lowermost of which is commonly spurred. The androecium consists of 5, nearly sessile, distinct or connate stamens with anthers that are weakly coherent around the gynoecium. The two lowermost anthers commonly have nectariferous appendages that project backward into the spur of the lowermost petal. The gynoecium consists of a single compound pistil of 3-5 carpels, a single style, and a superior ovary with one locule containing 1-numerous ovules on each of 3-5 parietal placentae. The fruit is a capsule or berry. Each "thumbnail" image below is linked to a larger photograph. Viola glabella , wood violet, 1- Mt. Spokane, WA, 2002, 2 - Alsea Falls, OR, 2002. Viola pedunculata

39. SAIN Resources About Herbs The Department of Systematic Biology botany in the Plant production,Plant resources, botany, Flora, Ferns, herbs, Vines, Shrubs, Trees,...... http://sain.nbii.org/phpqueries/herbs.php

Use the 'text only' version of this web page for browsers not JavaScript enabled. Link to 'text only' contained in page footer. Use the 'text only' version of this web page for browsers not JavaScript enabled. Link to 'text only' contained in page footer. Use the 'text only' version of this web page for browsers not JavaScript enabled. Link to 'text only' contained in page footer. Use the 'text only' version of this web page for browsers not JavaScript enabled. Link to 'text only' contained in page footer. Listings of online resources about Stingers (Cuidaria) Spiny Skinned (Echinodermata) Mollusks (Mollusca) Arthropods (Arthropoda) Vertebrates (Vertebrata) Jellyfish and similar Star Fish and similar Snails (Gastropods) (Bivalves) (Cephalopods) Chitons and related (Chitons, Scaphopods, Neopilina) Crustaceans (Crustacea) Insects (Insecta) Arachnids (Arachnida) Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds ... Mammals Catalog of Online Resources Periodicals Federal Government State Governments Multimedia Images Sound Video Parks ... Teacher Resources Catalog of Online Resources Viruses Bacteria Protists (Mycology) Plants (Botany) Algae Mosses Ferns Herbs ... Visualization and Analysis Tools Evaluations and Methodologies Partners Infrastructure Contact Us Catalog of Online Resources Species Conservation Invasive Species Ecosystems Farmlands ... Water Quality SAIN Resources about Herbs

40. Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany trees, shrubs or sometimes herbs, usually with http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/apocyn.htm

Apocynaceae Each "thumbnail" image below is linked to a larger photograph. Alyxia oliviformis, maile. The bark and leaves of this native Hawaiian vine are used to make a fragrant lei. Allamanda cathartica , allamanda, lani-ali'i. Climbing ornamental shrub from Brazil, with large yellow tubular flowers to about 3 inches in diameter. The leaves contain a cathartic. Allamanda schottii , allamanda. Small shrub from Brazil, with yellow tubular flowers smaller than preceding species. Fruits globose, prickly, burlike. Alstonia scholaris , devil tree. Native from India to Solomon Islands. UH Campus, Honolulu, HI, February, 2005. Beaumontia jerdoniana. This species has a very broad corolla tube which makes it possible to easily see the anthers adhering to the stigma. Carissa macrocarpa, Natal plum. In this species the tube of the 5-lobed corolla is very narrow. In the first image note the paired red fruits that have developed from the separate ovaries of the single pistil. They diverged during the maturation period following abscission of the unifying style (one ovary often aborts). Cascabela thevetia

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