81. Search Results For Islam - Encyclopædia Britannica Malinke Cluster of peoples occupying parts of Mali, Guinea, Côte d Ivoire, Among Muslims, the Sunnite sect is preferred by the indigenous people. http://www.britannica.com/search?query=Islam&ct=gen1&fuzzy=N&iq=5&show=20&start=

82. Ama, A Story Of The Atlantic Slave Trade: Texts And Sources: Slave Resistance In Showing no signs of fatigue, the indigenous peoples emphasized through their chants, During the era of slavery in Brazil, the enslaved African peoples http://www.ama.africatoday.com/resistance_in_brazil_m.htm

SLAVE RE SISTANCE IN BRAZIL AND ELSEWHERE Please click on the bulleted headings below to toggle the full text. Franklin John Hope From Slavery to Freedom AA Knopf 1980 (75 Resistance in Brazil) Republic of Palmares, negro state in Alagoas in NE Brazil, 1603-97 Fleeing the towns and plantations between Bahia and Pernambuco, the negroes penetrated the heavy forests and settled rustic communities in the Rio Mudahu Valley. Harris, J. E., The African Diaspora in the Old and New Worlds (notes) State of Palmares in the 17th c, 1605-95, autonomous African community estimated at 20,000 inhabitants originally Bantu from Congo - Angola. Sought to model their society on their homeland. Resisted both Dutch and Portuguese. The objectives were not merely vengeance or escape to the hills but to establish areas where Africans would have political control and could defend themselves against their enemies. African religions such as obeah and vodum were important as organizing tools. So too was Islam, especially in Bahia where it helped to solidify the Hausa and Yoruba. Sometimes slaves reacted to their plight not by running away or committing suicide but by resorting to violence. With the same shovel, hoe, spade, or knife he used on the job a slave could kill the master or the overseer who was always punishing him or his mother or his friend.

83. JJSProgramme The beginning of literacy among the indigenous people of South africa. 12001230,Flora Veit-Wild (Berlin, Germany) Creation, reception and literary http://www.jahn-bibliothek.ifeas.uni-mainz.de/JJSProgramm.html

8TH JJS PICTURES NEW! PROGRAMME HOME DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND AFRICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF MAINZ Creative Writing in African Languages: Production, Mediation, Reception Programme Wednesday, 17 th November 2004 Registration Welcoming addresses Keynote lecture Alain Ricard (Paris) Creative writing in African languages: production, mediation, reception Opening reception Dinner Thursday, 18 th November 2004 Panel I: Origins and history of individual literatures in African languages (examples from West and Central Africa) Ernest E. Emenyonu (Flint/Michigan, USA) The dynamics of creativity in Igbo language literature: from Pita Nwana to Tonie Ubesie Erika Eichholzer (Hannover, Germany) The first novel in Twi/Akan Crispin Maalu-Bungi (Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Kongo) Written literature in Congolese languages: genesis and principal genres Coffee break Panel I (continued): Origins and history of individual literatures in African languages (examples from southern Africa) Philemon Buti Skhosana (Pretoria, South Africa) Thematic survey of isiNdebele short story writing Daniel Kunene (Madison/Wisconsin, USA)

84. African Studies Review: Islamic-Hausa Feminism Meets Northern Nigerian Romance: contributes to the growing body of indigenous African written literature, The hausa people were quite successful in minimizing the effects of http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4106/is_200304/ai_n9219184

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles African Studies Review Apr 2003 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Islamic-Hausa Feminism Meets Northern Nigerian Romance: The Cautious Rebellion of Bilkisu Funtuwa African Studies Review Apr 2003 by Whitsitt, Novian Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. Abstract: Continue article Advertisement Kano Market Literature In the urban areas of northern Nigeria, a burgeoning corpus of contemporary Hausa popular literature has captured the attention arid concern of the entire Hausa community. The literature can be found in the cities of Kano, Zariya, Kaduna, Katsina, and Sokoto, but given that the majority of the books are written and sold in Kano, the literature's English name is Kano market literature. Avid readers have little difficulty locating booksellers who have strategically positioned themselves in the midst of every direction of foot-traffic. Sidewalk displays, market stalls, and independent book kiosks appeal to onlookers with hundreds of book covers of youthful couples acting out love scenes. This genre of popular romance fiction, known to Hausa speakers as Littattafan Soyayya (books of love), enjoys huge popularity as interested parties voraciously devour books and await the soon-to-be-published works of their favorite writers.

85. An A-Z Of African Studies On The Internet Nr3 indigenous publishing in africa An overview of accelerated training and research, PUDEMO (People s United Democratic Movement) of Swaziland Includes http://www.lib.msu.edu/limb/a-z/az_nr3.html

An A-Z of African Studies on the Internet Part N-R3 Publishers-Refugees Back to: A-Z of African Studies comprehensive lists] http://www.hanszell.co.uk/aplink.htm http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/publish.html http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/law/acqs/ Academy Science Publishers http://www.oneworld.org/aas/ Adalens Antikvariat (Sweden) antiquarian http://www.angelfire.com/pa/AdalensAntikvariat/afrika.html Adam Matthew Publications (microfilm collections, African studies) http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/ Adams Bookshop (University of Natal, Durban) http://durbanet.aztec.co.za/adamsbooks/index.htm Africa Book Centre (London) online catyalogue www.africabookcentre.com Africa Institute of South Africa (Pretoria) http://www.ai.org.za/ Africa World Press and The Red Sea Press http://www.africanworld.com AfricaWPress@nyo.com African Academy of Sciences asp@arcc.or.ke

86. West Africa Proverbs And Evaluation, 04/01/00 on indigenous Knowledge (IK) initiatives in SubSaharan africa. And theHausa language has two marvelous ways to illustrate the diplomacy and http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/apic-040100.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER West Africa: Proverbs and Evaluation, 04/01/00 West Africa: Proverbs and Evaluation Date distributed (ymd): 000401 Document reposted by APIC +++++++++++++++++++++Document Profile+++++++++++++++++++++ Region: West Africa Issue Areas: +economy/development+ Summary Contents: This posting contains a March 2000 article on participatory management and local culture, citing West African proverbs as a sophisticated and locally owned basis for evaluating the effectiveness of development projects. +++++++++++++++++end profile++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ APIC Announcement In addition to links to Amazon.com and to sources for Africa books such as the African Book Collective, the Africa Book Centre, Africa World Press, and more, the Africa Web Bookshop has recently added links to leading on-line bookstores in Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and UK. Just follow the links at http://www.africapolicy.org/books Indigenous Knowledge Notes World Bank No. 18 March 2000

87. Foundation For Endangered Languages. Home africa is the continent where the least work on the description of all but majorlanguages The papers included are Some Basics of indigenous Language http://www.ogmios.org/1110.htm

Foundation for Endangered Languages Home Manifesto Membership details Proceedings ... Bibliography 10. Publications of Interest Wurm, S.A. (ed.) 1996. Atlas of the world’s languages in danger of disappearing. Canberra/Paris: Pacific Linguistics/UNESCO. A Partial Review by Roger Blench The notion that we need an atlas of the world’s endangered languages is an attractive one; all too frequently we read about some threatened speech-form and have only the vaguest notion of where it is spoken. As Stephen Wurm has been responsible for two major Language Atlases, of the Pacific and of China, I had high expectations of this volume. But unfortunately, for a variety of reasons, it is of limited use. This review will concentrate on Africa, since that is the region with which I am most familiar. The African continent probably is home to some 2000 languages, one-third of the world total, and comparable only to Oceania in terms of diversity. Africa is the continent where the least work on the description of all but major languages has been carried out, and to say (p. 21) ‘A large amount of work on endangered African languages has been carried out by linguists from outside Africa and also by linguists from institutions in African countries.’ is simply false. Compared with Oceania, the amount of work is vanishingly low and the rate of work produced is slowing down. Most endangered African languages are represented in the literature by little more than short wordlists. For crucial languages spoken by small foraging groups, such as Hadza, Dahalo, Ongota, Laal and the Khoisan languages little more than sketches are available. As my reports from Nigeria should show, much of the published information is anyway wrong.

88. CIESIN Information Cooperative - Organizational Guide - CIKARD - Activities And Supporting the International Year for indigenous People, CIKARD has planned to indigenous Knowledge Systems for Sustainable Agriculture in africa. http://www.ciesin.org/IC/cikard/CIKARDactprog.html

Activities and Programs Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development Acting as a Global Clearinghouse for Indigenous Knowledge Systems The documentation unit and library of the Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD) has so far collected, catalogued, and preserved more than 4,000 documents pertaining to indigenous knowledge systems from all over the globe. Most of the documents are unpublished 'gray literature' and are not available in libraries. A recent publication of the U.S. National Research Council (1992: 10), supporting this role of CIKARD, states that "Development agencies should place greater emphasis on, and assume a stronger role in, systematizing the local knowledge baseindigenous knowledge, 'gray literature,' anecdotal information. A vast heritage of knowledge about species, ecosystems, and their use exists, but it does not appear in the world literature, being either insufficiently "scientific" or not "developmental." Designing Training Manuals on Methodologies for Recording Indigenous Knowledge Systems A consortium of Iowa Institutions of Higher Education, representing three state universities and the state's largest community college, with their Nigerian counterpart institutes, has been awarded a Co-operative Agreement by USAID under the University Development Linkage Project (UDLP). The purpose of the UDLP is to strengthen institutional capacities for research and training in several key areas of development planning and management. CIKARD at Iowa State University is one of the member institutions in the consortium. The program objectives of the UDLP focus on eight principal areas of which indigenous knowledge systems is a central one. Workshops are currently being conducted in the eight institutions to gain an understanding of and an appreciation for the role of indigenous knowledge systems in agriculture, rural development, and natural resource management.

89. Project MUSE The introduction of Islam in hausa populated areas of West africa around the What is certain is that the conversion of hausa people to Islam did not http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/research_in_african_literatures/v033/33.2alidou.htm

How Do I Get This Article? Athens Login Access Restricted This article is available through Project MUSE, an electronic journals collection made available to subscribing libraries NOTE: Please do NOT contact Project MUSE for a login and password. See How Do I Get This Article? for more information. Login: Password: Your browser must have cookies turned on Alidou, Ousseina "Gender, Narrative Space, and Modern Hausa Literature" Research in African Literatures - Volume 33, Number 2, Summer 2002, pp. 137-153 Indiana University Press Excerpt The view adopted here is that tradition and modernity are coexisting modes/ways of (re)inventing and (re)interpreting culture within a given space. As such they must not be dichotomized as referential corollaries to precolonial and postcolonial, respectively. In this regard, I am embracing Kwame Gyekye's argument: The concept of modernity may give the impression that modernity represents a break with tradition and is thus irreconcilable with it; such an impression would clearly be false. For one thing, every society in the modern world has many traditional elements inherited and accepted from... Search Journals About MUSE Contact Us

90. Captive Passage The Transatlantic Slave Trade And The Making Of The resistance of the indigenous peoples to slavery only increased the demandfor Africans to replace them. African slavery gradually became dominant. http://www.mariner.org/captivepassage/introduction/int001.html

Captive Passage has been made possible in part by: Recognition of additional sponsors for this exhibition can be found by clicking on ExhibitionSponsors Slavery dates back to beyond recorded history when mankind went from hunting and gathering to farming for subsistence. From the earliest periods of recorded history, slavery has been found in the world's most "advanced" regions. It was known in Shang-dynasty China (c. 1500-c. 1066 BC) and ancient Egypt and is recorded in the Babylonian code of Hammurabi (c. 1750 BC), the Code of the Nesilim (Hittites)(1650 - 1500 B.C.) and in the Bible (Genesis 9:25-27). The legal codes of Sumer provide documentary evidence that slavery existed there as early as the 4 th c. millennium BC. The Sumerian symbol for slave, in cuneiform writing, suggests "foreign," indicating that the slave is somehow different from the master. The first true slave society in history emerged in ancient Greece between the 6 th and 4 th centuries BC. In slave markets of Athens, Rhodes, Corinth, and Delos, a thousand slaves might change hands in an afternoon. After a major battle, as many as 20,000 captives might go on the block. Aesop, the legendary teller of fables, is alleged to have been a freed Greek slave of the 6

91. MISSIO IMMACULATAE: Missionary Page Of The Franciscans Of The Immaculate Many people of nonhausa origin, including the city-based Fulani, Nigeria alsohas many independent African churches, such as Cherubim and Seraphim, http://www.marymediatrix.com/mission/kb/kb15/5.shtml

FI MISSION IN NIGERIA List of Articles about Nigerian Mission FACTS ABOUT NIGERIA Introduction History Land and Resources The People ... Culture and Arts FACTS AT A GLANCE Country name: Federal Republic of Nigeria Location: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Population: Ethnic groups: more than 250 ethnic groups; the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Nationality: Nigerian Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population:57.1%

92. «Conversion» In African Traditional Religion The concept of conversion is as relevant to African indigenous religions as it is to 1) And this for many people, is another way of saying that African http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/conversion.htm

IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGIONS By Christopher I. Ejizu Introduction The concept of conversion is as relevant to African indigenous religions as it is to many other religions of humankind. This may sound something of a surprise to some people. After all, the indigenous religions of Africa do not fall within the category of religions generally referred to as universal or missionary religions. They are rather, classed within the family of traditional or folk religions of the world.(1) And this for many people, is another way of saying that African traditional religions admit of little or no change. They thrive in stable and homogenous ethnic societies. They have no founders, reformers, or prophets, and are handed on much in the same form from one generation to the next. In the words of Mbiti, African traditional religions "have no missionaries to propagate them". As folk religions, they are said to be community-based. "People simply assimilate whatever religious ideas and practices are held or observed by their families and communities"(2). This viewpoint assumed that African traditional religions were more or less fossil reality. Against that backdrop, the discussion of the subject of religious conversion made sense for the protagonists only within the context of the encounter of the indigenous religions with the missionary religions that are available now in the Continent, mainly Christianity and Islam (3). While this later contemporary stage in the religious history of Africa is important and of relevance to us in this paper, our discussion of the theme of conversion in African religions proposes to focus on the type of change brought about by dynamic impulses in the differing religious experience of indigenous African groups prior to the encounter, as well as on the phenomenal movement of former adherents as converts to the missionary faiths. This later development clearly amounts to a religious revolution. Both strands of religious change are signalled by and implied in the topic of conversion in African religions. We shall therefore, be handling the two dimensions in this paper. But first, the key concepts ought to be clarified and the scope delimited.

93. Dictionary - Ethnic Groups - English Gbandi, Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people http://www.exxun.com/enpp/dy_ethnic_groups_20.html

exxun.com america europe africa ... world Evolving xxlarge UNion - thousands of windows on the world - constantly updated Home Countries Flags Maps ... Notes and Definitions Ethnic groups Dictionary A B C D ... Z Translation word Country Ethnic groups English Gibraltar Spanish, Italian, English , Maltese, Portuguese, German, North Africans English Ireland Celtic, English English United Kingdom white ( English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh 4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani 1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census) entered Portugal homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal Equatorial Cameroon Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African less than 1% escaped Suriname ... 15%, "Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior) 10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2

94. LANGUAGES-ON-THE-WEB: BEST XHOSA LINKS ombrarossapiccola.jpg (728 byte) South African Language XHOSA In these warsthe Xhosa, agricultural and pastoral peoples native to the Eastern Cape, http://www.languages-on-the-web.com/links/link-xhosa.htm

languages-on-the-web is now www.lonweb.org The page you are looking for is now HERE

95. Ethnicity And Race By Countries Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Venezuela,Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0855617.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 22, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Texas Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Ethnicity and Race by Countries Afghanistan Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians (1989 est.) Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998) Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua and Barbuda black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian Argentina white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%; mestizo, Amerindian, other 3%

96. Archaeopress Search Results BAR S1308 2004 Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 61 An BAR S9042000 Museums, Archaeologists and indigenous People Archaeology and the http://www.archaeopress.com/searchBar.asp?title=Categories&id=2&sql=[Category ID

97. Embassy Of The Federal Republic Of Nigeria Much has been said and written about Nigeria, her people and culture, Ibadan was until recently the largest indigenous African city. http://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/history.shtml

HISTORY AND PEOPLE NIGERIA Much has been said and written about Nigeria, her people and culture, economy and politics, that sheds light on the tremendous potential of this African Giant. However, little is known to the outside world about the many exciting tourist attractions available in Nigeria: Historic sites nestled amid rivers and rain forests, breathtaking mountain vistas, remote creek villages, miles of pristine beaches and exotic national wildlife reserves. There are also museums, festivals, music and dance, a rich cultural melange right down to everyday traditional markets. These are just some of the spectacular sights and sensual delights awaiting the traveler to Nigeria. Nigeria has the largest population of any country in Africa (about 120 million), and the greatest diversity of cultures, ways of life, cities and terrain. With a total land area of 923,768 sq. km. (356,668 sq. mi.) Nigeria is the 14th largest country in Africa. Its coastline, on the Gulf of Guinea, stretches 774 km (480 mi.). Nigeria shares its international border of 4,470 km (2513 mi.) with four neighbors: Chad, Cameroon, Benin, and Niger. Until 1989 the capital was Lagos, with a population of about 2,500,000, but the government recently moved the capital to Abuja. CLIMATE AND WEATHER Nigeria lies entirely within the tropics yet there are wide climactic variations. In general, there are two seasons, dry and wet, throughout Nigeria. Near the coast, the seasons are less sharply defined. Temperatures of over 900F are common in the north, but near the coast, where the humidity is higher, temperatures seldom climb above that mark. Inland, around the two great rivers, the wet season lasts from April-Oct. and the dry season from Nov.-March. Temperatures are highest from Feb-April in the south and MarchJune in the north; they're lowest in July and Aug. over most of the country.

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