61. Capoeira - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The homogenization of the African people under the oppression of slavery was the Some historians believe that the indigenous peoples of Brazil also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira

Capoeira From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Capoeira or the Dance of War by Johann Moritz Rugendas, 1835 Capoeira is an Afro Brazilian martial art developed initially by African slaves in Brazil, starting in the colonial period . It is marked by deft, tricky movements often played on the ground or completely inverted. It also has a strong acrobatic component in some versions and is always played with music. The word capoeira has a few meanings, one of which is an area of forest or jungle that has been cleared by burning or cutting down. Alternatively, Kongo scholar K. Kia Bunseki Fu-Kiau thinks that capoeira could be a deformation of the Kikongo word kipura , which means to flutter, to flit from place to place; to struggle, to fight, to flog. In particular, the term is used to describe rooster's movements in a fight. There are two main styles of capoeira that are clearly distinct. One is called Angola , which is characterized by slow, low play with particular attention to the rituals and tradition of capoeira. The other style is Regional (pronounced 'heh-jeeh-oh-nahl'), known for its fluid acrobatic play, where technique and strategy are the key points. Both styles are marked by the use of feints and subterfuge, and use groundwork extensively, as well as sweeps, kicks, and headbutts.

62. Ninemsn Encarta - African Literature more Encarta Search. Search Encarta about African Literature of regularcontact between European settlers or traders and the indigenous peoples, http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555353/African_Literature.html

ninemsn Home Hotmail Search Shopping ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Abrahams, Peter Achebe, Chinua more... Encarta Search Search Encarta about African Literature Advertisement African Literature Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 2 items Article Outline Introduction Pre-19th-Century Literature The Early 20th Century Contemporary Literature I Introduction Print Preview of Section African Literature , works of poetry, fiction, and non-fiction, published in written form in various media (books, journals, manuscripts, inscriptions on public monuments), by writers of direct African descent from countries south of the Sahara. African oral traditions of storytelling mean that the pioneering works of African fiction have been largely unavailable in print. Vast numbers of various peoples across sub-Saharan Africa mainly relied on the oral relaying of stories and styles of storytelling from one generation of a family to the next. This preserved a repertoire of tales peculiar to their culture which was also a record of African history. As such, African literature has traditionally blurred the boundaries of fiction and non-fiction as perceived in the West. It continues to confound these categories in other aspects of style. In traditional society, the business of telling stories was often professionalized. Male children learnt the art from their elders and matured when they acquired an established repertoire of stories and styles. Examples of this are in the traditions of the

63. Discrimination Against Indigenous And Minority Languages In Nigeria for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), recommends African governments The National Language Policy discriminates against indigenous peoples http://www.unpo.org/news_detail.php?arg=43&par=2538

64. Ogoni  rights of indigenous peoples and tribal communities in the country readmore PFII Hears on Demolitions and Forced Evictions of Ogoni People from the http://www.unpo.org/member.php?arg=43

65. Talking About "Tribe" For most people in Western countries, africa immediately calls up the word In Yoruba, hausaspeakers would be referred to as awon eniyan hausa or awon http://www.africaaction.org/bp/ethall.htm

Top: Africa Policy Home Page Up: Table of Contents Talking about "Tribe" Moving from Stereotypes to Analysis Background Paper Published November, 1997 Last updated November, 1997 For most people in Western countries, Africa immediately calls up the word "tribe." The idea of tribe is ingrained, powerful, and expected. Few readers question a news story describing an African individual as a tribesman or tribeswoman, or the depiction of an African's motives as tribal. Many Africans themselves use the word "tribe" when speaking or writing in English about community, ethnicity or identity in African states. Yet today most scholars who study African states and societiesboth African and non-Africanagree that the idea of tribe promotes misleading stereotypes. The term "tribe" has no consistent meaning. It carries misleading historical and cultural assumptions. It blocks accurate views of African realities. At best, any interpretation of African events that relies on the idea of tribe contributes no understanding of specific issues in specific countries. At worst, it perpetuates the idea that African identities and conflicts are in some way more "primitive" than those in other parts of the world. Such misunderstanding may lead to disastrously inappropriate policies. In this paper we argue that anyone concerned with truth and accuracy should avoid the term "tribe" in characterizing African ethnic groups or cultures. This is not a matter of political correctness. Nor is it an attempt to deny that cultural identities throughout Africa are powerful, significant and sometimes linked to deadly conflicts. It is simply to say that using the term "tribe" does not contribute to understanding these identities or the conflicts sometimes tied to them. There are, moreover, many less loaded and more helpful alternative words to use. Depending on context, people, ethnic group, nationality, community, village, chiefdom, or kin-group might be appropriate. Whatever the term one uses, it is essential to understand that identities in Africa are as diverse, ambiguous, complex, modern, and changing as anywhere else in the world.

66. Africa The revolt against the hausa kingdom was carried out on the grounds that the seems to have been to attempt to teach the people of africa the benefits of http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/~patrick/152/152 Lectures/africa.htm

19th Century Africa Presentation Africa By 1871, Africa had been on the European map for several centuries. Ancient Greece and Rome had maintained trading relations with North African societies, and much of North Africa had been within the boundaries of the Roman Empire. The continent was not new in terms of knowledge of its existence. However, exploration of the limits of the African landmass was not undertaken by Europeans until the 1480’s, when Vasco Da Gama made a successful rounding of the Cape of Good Hope on his way to India. By 1475, the slave trade had begun, and the Portuguese made certain East African ports their own in the early 16 th century. The last leap Europeans made into Africa was to begin exploration of its interior – a project not seriously undertaken by any Europeans until missionaries, then scientists, began to probe beyond the coast in the 18 th century. Africa was, then, though right next door, the great unknown for Europeans. There were reasons for this lack of exploration. First, and possibly most daunting, was the simple difficulty of movement. The Sahara Desert provides a serious barrier to movement into the interior of the continent from the north. Most of the rest of Africa is a high plateau that creates difficulties of its own. Perhaps the most useful transportation of the 16 th th and 18 th centuries was that by boat. Especially for explorers, large, navigable rivers that allowed ship traffic were the favored means for reaching the interior of any new territory. African rivers, with the exception of the Nile, are not suitable to this sort of exploration. Most end in waterfalls or rapids that are nearly impassable only a few miles before they reach the sea. Those few that do afford access are not deep or wide enough for the seagoing vessels the Europeans used for travel. This was thus another barrier to travel. Combined with the likelihood, before quinine, of catching and dying of malaria, and the generally unknown nature of the continent, and fear combined with the barriers to travel mentioned above to discourage exploration by all but the very bravest. (See the movie

67. Nigeria Section Causes And Background Sub-section Displacement Ethnoreligious violence between hausa-Fulanis and other ethnic groups in have occurred this year in parts of the state have pitted indigenous people, http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/IdpProjectDb/idpSurvey.nsf/wViewCountries/EDB

www.idpproject.org Nigeria Section : Causes and Background Sub-section : Displacement related to ethno-religious conflicts Nigeria menu List of sources Maps Ethno-religious violence between Hausa-Fulanis and other ethnic groups in Plateau State displaces thousands, September 2001- 2002 Major displacement caused by the September 2001 clashes between the Hausa-Fulanis (mostly Muslims) and "indigenes" groups (mostly Christians) in the State capital Jos Tensions rooted in disputes between one side seen as "indigenes" and the other as "settlers" After five days of fighting the Red Cross put the total number of displaced in Plateau State at some 60,000 Although calm returned to Jos, violence spread to other parts of Plateau State such as Langtang, Kuru and Pankshin districts New displacement during 2002 because of retaliatory attacks and bandit raids apparently involving Fulani herdsmen and elements from neighbouring Niger and Chad The specific incident that sparked off the violence occurred outside a mosque in the area of Jos known as Congo Russia. On Friday, September 7, a young Christian woman tried to cross the road through a congregation of Muslims outside the mosque. She was asked to wait until prayers had finished or to choose another route, but she refused and an argument developed between her and some members of the congregation. Within minutes, the argument had unleashed a violent battle between groups of Christians who appeared at the scene and Muslims who had been praying at the mosque or who happened to be in the neighborhood.

68. Glbtq >> Social Sciences >> Africa: Sub-Saharan, Pre-Independence With reports from hundreds of subSaharan African locales of male-male sexual of African societies written by indigenous people prior to alien contact. http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/africa_pre.html

Encyclopedia Discussion Forgot Your Password? Not a Member Yet? JOIN TODAY. IT'S FREE! Advertising Opportunities Terms of Service Alpha Index: A-B C-F G-K L-Q ... T-Z Subjects: A-E F-L M-Z Africa: Sub-Saharan, Pre-Independence page: The myth of exclusive heterosexuality in indigenous black/sub-Saharan Africa was widely diffused by the 94th chapter of Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1781). Referring to homosexual behavior, Gibbon wrote, "I believe and hope that the negroes in their own country were exempt from this moral pestilence." Gibbon's fond hope was based on neither travel to Africa nor on inquiry of any kind. A century later, Sir Richard Burton, who unlike Gibbon did know something of Africa, reinforced the myth of African sexual exceptionalism by drawing the boundaries of his "sotadic Zone," where homosexuality was supposedly widely practiced and accepted, in such a way as to exclude sub-Saharan Africa. Sponsor Message. Especially where Western influences (notably Christian and Marxist) have been pervasive, there is now a belief that homosexuality is a decadent, bourgeois Western innovation forced upon colonial Africa by white men, or, alternately, by Islamic slave-traders. The belief of many Africans that homosexuality is exogenous to the history of their people is a belief with real social consequencesin particular, the stigmatization of those of their people who engage in homosexual behavior or who are grappling with glbtq identities. These beliefs are not, however, based on serious inquiry, historical or otherwise.

69. The MIA Curriculum Most people are not aware of the exponential growth of stock markets in africa, Only indigenous african languages are eligible to count toward the http://www.columbia.edu/cu/sipa/MIA/afr.html

70. World Civilizations Online Chapter 27 -- Chapter 27 Outline Both Europeans and indigenous peoples were active participants in the commerce, Slavery was an indigenous feature of African culture and economy. http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter27/object

Chapter 27 Outline Africa and the Africans in the Age of Atlantic Slave Trade Introduction With the rise of the West, the traditional alignment of Africa with the Islamic world was altered. External influences exerted both by the West and by Islam accelerated political change and introduced substantial social reorganization. After 1450, much of Africa was brought into the world trade system, often through involvement in the slave trade. Through the institution of slavery, African culture was transferred to the New World, where it became part of a new social amalgam. Involvement in the slave trade was not the only influence on Africa in this period. East Africa remained part of the Islamic trade system, and the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia continued its independent existence. In some parts of Africa, states formed into larger kingdoms without outside influence. The Atlantic Slave Trade Introduction Along the Atlantic coast of Africa, the Portuguese established trade forts and trading posts, the most important of which was El Mina. Forts normally existed with the consent of local rulers, who benefited from European trade. The initial Portuguese ports were located in the gold- producing region, where the Europeans penetrated already extant African trade routes. From the coast, Portuguese traders slowly penetrated inland to establish new trade links. In addition to trade, the Portuguese brought missionaries, who attempted to convert the royal families of Benin, Kongo, and other coastal kingdoms. Only in Kongo, where Nzinga Mvemba accepted conversion, did the missionaries enjoy success.

71. Al-Ahram Weekly | International | In Defence Of Whose Realm? In Ketu, 12 km north of Lagos, Yoruba and hausa traders have been vying for control The indigenous people of the Delta are further aggrieved because the http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/458/in1.htm

Al-Ahram Weekly 2 - 8 December 1999 Issue No. 458 Published in Cairo by AL-AHRAM established in 1875 Egypt Region International Economy ... Letters In defence of whose realm? By Gamal Nkrumah There is no greater irony in the entire post-Cold War scenario than the failure of strong American world-leadership to restore nerve and vigour to the developing world of the South. Indeed, many countries in the South are now not so much developing as stagnating, or even worse, declining. As they thus revert to pre-colonial conditions, they inevitably come to qualify as ripe for re-colonisation. In his recent broadside, The New Military Humanism, Noam Chomsky lays out for all to see the blatant and shameless hypocrisy of US intervention in trouble spots around the globe. The Americans have taken it upon themselves to be the stout-hearted trouble-shooters of this brave new world. Yet, argues Chomsky, their selectivity is nauseatingly Machiavellian. The thesis is immediately engaging, especially for those of us in the so-called Third World, for its refusal to apply itself to such red herrings as: Is socialism still relevant? Is the capitalist system in crisis? Is internationalism dead? Who cares? Well, we the wronged majority do. Africa observed the 12th annual World AIDS Day on 1 December with a terrible trepidation. The number of HIV-infected individuals on the continent now stands at a horrendous 22.5 million. On 9 July 1999, US Vice President Al Gore announced a new Clinton Administration initiative to address the global AIDS pandemic, specifically in Africa and India. Over 95 per cent of all HIV-infected individuals are in the South.

72. Consulate General Of Nigeria, Atlanta, Georgia This culture reflects African, and in some areas, Islamic influences. In thesouth and nonMuslim parts of the north, indigenous peoples produced their http://www.nigeria-consulate-atl.org/index.php?option=displaypage&Itemid=62&op=p

73. Western And Central Sudan, 1800-1900 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metrop The hausa kingdoms are conquered by 1817, and consolidated as the Sokoto caliphate . early 19th century The agrarian Lobi peoples migrate into the Upper http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/10/sfw/ht10sfw.htm

Encompasses present-day Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Niger, and eastern Chad See also Central Africa Eastern Africa Guinea Coast , and Southern Africa Jenne and Timbuktu . By the end of the century, Senegal emerges as France's most productive and populous colony, with important mercantile centers located at Dakar and Saint-Louis along the coast. Building on Islamic Fulani The Mossi kingdoms of Yatenga and Ouagadougou, in what is today Burkina Faso, disintegrate. The agrarian Lobi peoples migrate into the Upper Volta region from present-day Ghana. Due to the British- and French-enforced ban on the international slave trade, slave exports in the region of Senegambia (present-day Senegal and the Gambia) are replaced by local products such as gum, gold, hides, ivory, beeswax, and groundnuts. By the 1830s, the average annual value of gum exports is five times what the slave trade was at its peak. Political stability resulting from the establishment of Islamic states in the Futa Jallon region allows Sudanic peoples access to the West African coast in Senegambia and what is today Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, influencing coastal peoples such as the Baga and Nalu. Sculptural forms and styles associated with inland cultures are integrated into the artistic practices of local peoples. Reflecting the presence of foreign populations are masks such as dimba created by the Baga and Nalu peoples that appear to represent Fulbe women originating from the Futa Jallon area. Other works by Baga and Nalu sculptors exhibit stylistic elements associated with Bamana art in present-day Mali such as horizontally oriented masks representing composites of animal forms.

74. Inventory Of Biocoagulants/indigenous Methods Of Purifying Water In Africa. | IO 2004 africa use of biocoagulants for water clarification shall focus onhow indigenous people in africa, over the years have treated and used water. http://www.iobbnet.org/drupal/node/view/264/2005

@import url(misc/drupal.css); home forum groups image galleries FAQ User login Username: Password: Create new account Request new password Navigation recent posts search members Who's online There are currently users and 4 guests online. Who's new mdmbadia Luke Collins pm avn suresh ... Krishen Rana Forum topics Active forum topics: The Role of Aqua Farming in Feeding African Cities UA-Africa: Speakers Corner CONFERENCES - 2005 EDUCATION / TRAINING COURSES ... Blog New forum topics: UA-Africa: Speakers Corner The Role of Aqua Farming in Feeding African Cities Blog GM plant produces non-GM watermelon ... 2004: Africa: use of biocoagulants for water clarification Inventory of biocoagulants/indigenous methods of purifying water in Africa. Submitted by Kenneth-Yongabi... on Tue, 28/09/2004 - 15:01. e-forum that will focus on traditional methods in the use of biocoagulants for water clarification in Africa.">2004: Africa: use of biocoagulants for water clarification Dear All, Furthermore, the twientieth century approach to water purification is proving faulty today with a number of environmental hazards, so the outcome of our effort could lead to a switch or turn around in the current water purification and standards set by the World Health Organization some years ago. I therefore invite participants to come on board with their ideas on indigenous knowledge on water purification using biocoagulant in Africa.

75. SIM Country Profile: Mauritius A. There are no indigenous peoples; all ethnic groups immigrated within African People Groups ? Asian People Groups ? South American People Groups ? http://www.sim.org/country.asp?cid=32&fun=2

76. SIM Country Profile: Zimbabwe Meanwhile, mass migrations of indigenous peoples took place. African PeopleGroups ? Asian People Groups ? South American People Groups ? http://www.sim.org/country.asp?cid=52&fun=1

77. USA/Africa No. 228: Indigenous Values I derived from their own indigenous African institution the village issue waslaid before the people to debate and reach a consensus. http://www.utexas.edu/conferences/africa/ads/228.html

George Ayittey clarifies and develops further some of his points: In my original posting, my task was to craft a viable "African" solution to the political crises in Ivory Coast, Sudan and other African countries in 1,200 words or less. My contention is that the basic cause of most of these crises is the "politics of exclusion" and can be resolved through an independent and sovereign "national conference." This vehicle was used successfully by Benin, South Africa, Zambia and other African countries to chart a new political dispensation for their respective countries. Delegates to these conferences themselves assert that these national conferences were derived from their own indigenous African institution - the village meeting, variously called ama-ala, asetena kese, pitso, ndaba, and kgotla by certain African ethnic groups. Hence, reaching back to African roots and crafting an "African solution to an African problem." I posted my write-up for comments unfortunately, right from the get-go, many commentaries veered way off mark. I protested and indicated that

78. ELandnet Africa/General/Language africa Language links to sources about unrepresented nations, indigenous peopleand national minorities. Afrika Taal links naar bronnen over naties http://www.elandnet.org/links/en/Africa/General/Language/index.shtml

79. OneWorld.ca / In Depth / Africa / Southern Africa / Botswana - Full Coverage: Bo Historic Case Awards Land Rights to indigenous People Moving with Purpose have farreaching consequences for indigenous people globally, South africa s http://www.oneworld.ca/article/country/72/20

OneWorld.ca In Depth Africa Southern Africa ... Botswana Search for OneWorld.ca Unseulmonde.ca rabble.ca International Africa South Asia SouthEast Europe United Kingdom United States América Latina en Catalunya España maailma.net Nederland Österreich Unimondo.org AIDSChannel Digital Opportunity Itrainonline.org Kids Channel LearningChannel OneWorld Radio OneWorld TV NEWS IN DEPTH PARTNERS GET INVOLVED ... EDITIONS Southern Africa Botswana Bouvet Island Heard and McDonald Islands Lesotho ... Francais Full Coverage: Botswana To dig deeper into a topic, fill out the search criteria below or select from the menu on the left. Keyword Topic Select Development Capacity Building Children Cities Agriculture Aid Education Emergency Relief Energy Fisheries Food Intermediate Technology International Cooperation Labour MDGs Land Migration Population Poverty Refugees Social Exclusion Tourism Transport Volunteering Water/Sanitation Youth Economy Consumption Corporations Credit and Investment Debt Finance Microcredit Business Trade Environment Climate Change Conservation Environmental Activism Forests Genetics Animals Nuclear Issues Atmosphere Oceans Pollution Biodiverisity Renewable Energy Rivers Soils Health Disease/treatment AIDS Infant Mortality Malaria Narcotics Nutrition/Malnutrition Human Rights Civil Rights Disability Gender Indigenous Rights Race Politics Religion Sexuality Social Exclusion Communication Culture Freedom of Expression ICT Internet Knowledge Media Science

80. BBC NEWS | World | Africa | SA Herders Win Back Diamond Land An indigenous South African community evicted from diamondrich land in the Proper enough to get land back for the Richtersveld people after nearly half http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3192000.stm

Home TV Radio Talk ... Newswatch LANGUAGES Last Updated: Tuesday, 14 October, 2003, 20:48 GMT 21:48 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version SA herders win back diamond land The land has been mined for around 70 years South African herders evicted from diamond-rich land in the 1920s could be in line for huge compensation. South Africa's highest court said the Richtersveld community had been removed under racist laws and was entitled to have land and mineral rights returned. The ruling ends a five-year battle with the state mining company Alexkor. Campaigners say the decision could have repercussions in other countries where tribal lands are exploited for mineral wealth. Lawyers for the state told local media that the ruling could leave a 10bn-rand ($1.4bn) hole in the government budget. In its judgement, the Constitutional Court said: "The Richtersveld Community is entitled... to restitution of the right to ownership of the subject land (including its minerals and precious stones) and to the exclusive beneficial use and occupation thereof." Nomad eviction The Richtersveld area in the Northern Cape includes a narrow stretch of mineral-rich land along the Orange River that forms the border between South Africa and Namibia.

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