41. Africa Update Archives indigenous Credit System, the Past and Present, with Implication for Rural hausa is also used by broadcast media, not only in West African countries, http://www.ccsu.edu/afstudy/upd3-1.html

Vol. III, Issue 1 (Winter, 1995-96): Nigeria Revisited HOME ARCHIVES Table of contents Editorial: Nigeria revisited, by Gloria Emeagwali, Chief Editor Abstracts of papers presented at the Conference on African Economic Development, CCSU, 18 November, 1995. Haines Brown, History Dept., C.C.S.U., Africa and the Net. F. Aiyejina, Eligy for my land. A poem. John Edward Phillips, Akita University, Myths of twentieth century Hausa. Adeline Apena, Russell Sage College, Women's cooperatives in Nigeria's food economy. William Thompson, CCSU student, Screening sheet for "La vie est belle" and "Congo." Editorial: Nigeria Revisited by Prof. Gloria T. Emeagwali Chief Editor of AfricaUpdate In this issue of Africa Update we include a few abstracts from the Second Annual Conference of African Studies, CCSU, on November 18th 1995. We are grateful to all those who made the conference possible, including Prof. Ade Obayemi , former Director General of the Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments and the Chief Editor of African Technology Forum, MIT, Mawuli Tse, who gave the Plenary Address. Dr. Tunde Zack-Williams of Central Lancashire University, Dr. Stacey Close of ECSU, Dr. Eudora Chikwendu of SUNY, and Dr. Harvey Feinberg of SCSU served as chairpersons and discussants along with Dr. Walton Brown-Foster, Dr. Peter Os ei, Dr.Timothy Rickard, Dr. Haines Brown, Prof. Sheri Fafunwa-Ndibe and Dr. Gabriel Alungbe. We extend special thanks to Ms Lisa-Marie Fellage for her valuable assistance. Without the support of Dean Clarke of Arts and Sciences and CCSU's financial help, this conference would not have been possible.

42. Creative Conflict In African American Thought - Cambridge University Press They do not publish in hausa with a Nigerian publisher, although hausa is secretly desired to displace the indigenous peoples of Liberia and set up a http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521535379&ss=exc

43. AFRICAN BY NATURE® Presents Open Our Eyes: African People Are Incapable Of M (B) These are Black indigenous African people. past and present, were (orare) not able to migrate to the land of hausa peoples; or Ashanti peoples, http://www.africanbynature.com/eyes/openeyes_migration.html

African People Are Incapable Of Migration by Keith W. Jones African people are incapable of migration. That is an idea that many scholars would still like to have us people of African descent believe. I find it disappointing that even today, as we transition to a new millennium, this concept is still being pushed, taught, and written about. The static African concept, as I call it, is implied in our literature, newspapers, and cinema, and is disseminated during television broadcasts. One possible result of this concept is that, being incapable of movement might be linked to being incapable of accomplishment. That is, if one cannot think well enough to move from one location to a better location, even though all of his or her muscles are fully functional, then how can one possibly think well enough to develop technology, which will make life easier for himself or herself. I believe that what is most psychologically damaging, though, for people of African descent, are the Eurocentric and ethnocentric falsehoods still disseminated in most of the textbooks used in schools today, by our children and young adults. Put another way, when African American children and young adults go to school, they still are taught and they still read about untruths regarding the lack of scientific, intellectual, and technological accomplishments made by people of African descent. These untruths are in addition to what these young people are learning about the so-called mental and intellectual inferiority of African peoples to other ethnic groups. However, I am getting ahead of myself.

44. The Nigerian Embassy, Moscow, Russian Federation: Nigeria: Culture Many people of nonhausa origin, including the city-based Fulani, In thesouth, indigenous peoples produced their own art long before Europeans arrived. http://www.nigerianembassy.ru/Nigeria/culture.htm

Welcome Address The Ambassador The Staff The Foreign Ministry ... Other sites Site Navigator Embassy Consular Affairs Business Forum Nigeria ... Links Quick Navigator Nigeria Profile Geography History Government ... Sports Culture Tourism Nigeria: Culture Introduction In 2001 Nigeria's estimated population was 126,635,626, yielding an average density of 137 persons per sq km (355 per sq mi). At the last census, in 1991, the population was pegged at 88.5 million. With a birth rate of 39.7 per 1,000 and a death rate of 13.9 per 1,000, Nigeria's population is growing at an average of 3 percent annually. The average Nigerian woman gives birth six times in her lifetime, although among more educated women the rate is somewhat lower. Nearly half of Nigerians are younger than 15 years. By 2025 the population is projected to grow to 204 million, nearly double the current size. The highest population densities are in the Igbo heartland in southeastern Nigeria, despite poor soils and heavy emigration. The intensively farmed zones around and including several major Hausa cities especially Kano, Sokoto, and Zaria in the north are also packed with people. Other areas of high density include Yorubaland in the southwest, the central Jos Plateau, and the Tiv homeland in Benue State in the south central region. Densities are relatively low in the dry northeast and in most parts of the middle belt. Ecological factors, including the prevalence of diseases such as sleeping sickness, carried by the tse-tse fly, and historical factors, especially the legacy of pre-colonial slave raiding, help explain these low densities.

45. Resources For 306 africa peoples Cultures. RESOURCES IMAGES These maps show early settlementsin Liberia, indigenous political subdivisions, and some of the building http://ascc.artsci.wustl.edu/~anthro/courses/306/resources.html

Lenses Point-Counterpoint on Nigeria In The News Angola 1/19/99 Hausa-Yoruba violence in Lagos 11/29/99 Kabila killed in Zaire "Sarah" repatriated 9 Aug 2002 Music Fela Kuti Maps Geology The African plate Gondwanaland breakup The Jos Plateau Rivers ... Countries and another interactive program for learning countries and another one and one with a quiz ... Cities and W African close-up another overall African map Population cartogram Population density Detailed language map ... "The real Africa" ethnic map Climate ITCZ movement (834K animation!) Precipitation The harmattan, central Nigeria, January gorgeous African land cover map Colonial holdings before WWI ... Maps of Liberia at the Library of Congress ( I ncludes examples from the American Colonization Society, organized in 1817 to resettle free black Americans in West Africa. These maps show early settlements in Liberia, indigenous political subdivisions, and some of the building lots that were assigned to settlers. Language Greenberg's classification African Cultures/Peoples Kalahari peoples Image Archive (Documentary Educational Resources) with images by the Marshalls Does Africa really have no history?

46. OneWorld.ca / In Depth / Africa - Full Coverage Africa The Memory Box Program in South africa records family histories of parents World Conference Against Racism logo indigenous peoples have been in the UN http://www.oneworld.ca/article/country/950/20

47. BBC NEWS | Africa | Bushmen Fight For Homeland It s always about profit, not people. Whether they be Bushmen in africa or Research Institute on issues related to the rights of indigenous peoples and http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4480883.stm

News Sport Weather World Service ... Newswatch LANGUAGES Somali French Arabic Swahili ... More Last Updated: Monday, 2 May, 2005, 14:40 GMT 15:40 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version Bushmen fight for homeland By John Simpson BBC world affairs editor If you know anything about the quiet Southern African country of Botswana, the chances are that it will chiefly be because you have read the delightful novels of Alexander McCall Smith. Bushmen are fighting to remain in their Kalahari reserve Botswana is indeed one of the most pleasant and successful countries in Africa. But two important cases which will come before the courts in the capital, Gaborone, next week will hint at the direction Botswana is taking. And many people around the world may feel anxious as a result. Read John Simpson's previous columns The Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) in Botswana is a vast, arid, yet immensely rich area, which for tens of thousands of years has been one of the chief hunting-grounds in southern Africa for the Bushmen. They are small, hardy, intelligent and gentle people, who have eked out a life for themselves while the rest of humanity developed along completely different lines.

48. Newberry Library: Smith Center Publications: Other Titles Liberia, and the hausa States. Notes on Core Map B, “The Partition of africa” The few references to the indigenous people on the 1921 map are shown http://www.newberry.org/smith/k-12plans/africa/africa_notes.html

Lesson Plans for K-12 QUICK LINKS: Lesson Plan Related Resources Notes on the Core Maps Handouts/Worksheets Core Map A - JPG Core Map A - PDF (1 page) Core Map A -PDF (4 pages) ... Core Map B - PDF (2 pages) Notes on Core Map A 1885 was a crucial year for European imperialism in Africa as it marks the year of the Berlin Conference (also see Key Terms). It is important to note that no actual divisions of territory took place at the conference, but it instead served as a watershed for the partition that largely took place from 1885-1900 (with a few changes after World War I). Jeffery Stone articulates this point in A Short History of the Cartography of Africa, page 68: This conference has been seen erroneously as launching the partition of Africa among the European powers. In fact, historians have long been at pains to emphasize that it did not carve up Africa. It was convened because the collaborative arrangements on which Europeans states had hitherto relied were beginning to break down. The objective of the conference was the continued commercial access by European powers to the resources of Africa. The intention was to regulate European rivalries, not to partition Africa. The Berlin Conference failed in its attempt to curb the impending partition of Africa, but recognition of the conference as a meeting of imperialists, not colonialists and the recognition of differing attributes of imperialism and colonialism is important for understanding the cartographic evolution of Africa.

49. Traditional Homosexualities EWS 407 Nigeria woman-woman marriage among hausa imperialist Europe, contact withAsia, Pacific, africa, ME, Americas, even indigenous people of Europe http://www.csupomona.edu/~ddwills/courses/ews407/Traditional Homosexualities.htm

EWS 407 Traditional, indigenous, non-western, pre-colonial sexuality and gender and What happens to them in the European imperialist period and The modern and post-modern setting? EWS 407 May 23, 2002, 1-2:50 3:108, Cal Poly An Anthropological Look at Same-Sex Love When I went to Senegal - goor-jigeen; ceet Nigeria - woman-woman marriage among Hausa - global perspective on homosexuality - considerable literature now; when I was in grad school in the '70s, almost none - important distinction between DESIRE (personal feeling) BEHAVIOR (individual and group acts) IDENTITY (political/social/cultural affiliation) - all of which informed by culture, experience, and heredity (social constructivist perspective - can't understand persons outside of communities) - research perspective: the two most difficult topics: Money and Sex - research problem: local cultural rights vs. universal human rights language, definition, culture - problem with terms like 'traditional', 'indigenous', 'family'(co-opted by fundamentalists) - in anthropology, tradition refers to a long-standing cultural practice, such as Greek boy love or the extended family household in many places, not to any institution of the past (e.g., 1950s TV imaginary nuclear family) that people want to elevate; indigenous refers to a custom, belief, product, etc., of a native or original people, not just anything believed to be primordial or primitive (usually fantasy, such as "killer ape man")

50. Ecoi.net - Schwerpunktländer » Nigeria » Ethnizität (Haussa-Fulani) Bornu, Songhai, and Mali.” » The Living africa Ethnic Groups hausa indigenous people blame some of the attacks on Fulani herdsmen who, they say, http://www.ecoi.net/doc/de/NG/content/7/11674-12272

Haftungsausschluss Home Schwerpunktländer Nigeria ... Ethnizität Inhalt: Ethnizität Überblick Yoruba Igbo (Ibo) Haussa-Fulani Middle Belt Niger-Delta Haussa-Fulani Haussa Hintergrundinformationen Kämpfe Haussa gegen Yoruba ... Haussa gegen Mambila Haussa Hintergrundinformationen Kämpfe Haussa gegen Yoruba Haussa gegen Tiv Hintergrundinformationen 01.06.1991 - Library of Congress: Der Begriff Haussa steht nicht nur für die ethnische Gruppe, sondern bezeichnet darüber hinaus jene Sprache, die in vielen Bundesstaaten Nigerias gesprochen wird Library of Congress: Nigeria - A Country Study The Living Africa: Die Haussa-Bevölkerung wird auf ca. 10 bis 15 Millionen geschätzt The Living Africa - Ethnic Groups: Hausa 03.11.1998 - University of Iowa: Politisches System University of Iowa: Hausa Information 03.11.1998 - University of Iowa: Religion University of Kent - Centre of Social Anthropology and Computing: Die Haussa University of Kent - Centre of Social Anthropology and Computing: The Hausa Kämpfe Haussa gegen Yoruba Haussa gegen Tiv Haussa gegen Yoruba 15.07.2002 - Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN): Neu aufflammende Kämpfe zwischen Christen und Muslimen

51. Facts On File, Inc. the history and culture of its indigenous peoples, and brief biographic detailson major political peoples of africa Set, 3 Volumes, $84.00, $71.40 http://www.factsonfile.com/newfacts/FactsDetail.asp?PageValue=Books&SIDText=0816

52. ROUTLEDGE/Major Works: Opere Di Consultazione Con Sconto Speciale Fannie Lou (AfricanAmerican); Hani; Harari (Andare); hausa; Hawaiians; Shor; Siberian indigenous peoples; Sidama; Sierra Leone; Sikhs; Sindhis; http://www.burioni.it/libri/news/routledge5/minorities.htm

Il vostro fornitore di libri stranieri Home Titoli esauriti Carta dei servizi Clienti in linea ... E.S.Burioni ROUTLEDGE Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities Edited by: Carl Skutsch here was a time when minority populations around the globe were often overlooked, their histories forgotten, their needs ignored. With globalization and conflict, social and political changes in the last decades has given rise to the need to understand the world's minorities, the diversity they represent, the challenges they face, the modes of coexistence that have evolved and the frictions that must be addressed. This resource is a three-volume, A-Z encyclopedia, with some 600 essay entries that provides a quick and clearly-written introduction to minority groups and the themes and concepts that help students understand the issues. Entries, ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 words, fall into four main categories for ease of use. Each entry is followed by a list of selected futher readings. The four categories are: Minority entries; Topic entries; Biographical entires; and Country entries. Contents: 3 vols. ISBN: 157958392X

53. MOST Ethno-Net Publication: Anthropology Of Africa noted that the incorporation of the various indigenous african peoples intomodern states, Murdock, GP (1959) africa Its People and their Culture. http://www.ethnonet-africa.org/pubs/p95modo.htm

MOST ETHNO-NET AFRICA PUBLICATIONS Anthropology of Africa and the Challenges of the Third Millennium - Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts, PAAA / APA, 1999 An Anthropologist’s View of Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts in Africa I.V.O. Modo Department of Social Anthropology/Sociology National University of Lesotho P.O. Roma 180 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Ethnicity denotes an extreme consciousness of and loyalty to a particular linguistic and cultural group unidentified with any other group (Udoh 1998:38). Such groups usually possess myth of origin, traceable to an epical ancestor or ancestress. With a strong ruling house such ethnic groups like the Yoruba, Edo, Fante were able to organize themselves into Empire or Kingdoms, conquering and incorporating other lesser ethnic groups as vassals. With the coming of colonial masters, treaties were signed with such kingdoms wherever they existed; especially during the 17th and 18th centuries (Bradbury et al 1965; Igbafe 1972). Origin of ethnicity in Africa Ethnicity in post-colonial Africa is principally a response to the new social structure the indigenous people found themselves in during the colonial era and at independence. The cultural upbringing is seriously at variance with the social processes of the modern era. Bohannan (1957) speaks of the philosophy of limited good among the Tiv of Nigeria. All goods are communally owned and so the possession of a good by one person is the loss of that good by another. This concept is applicable to every tribe in most circumstances. Ethnic discrimination has its root in the favouritism shown to kin group members as could be seen from the principle of segmentary opposition among the Tiv of Nigeria (Bohannan 1969) or Nuer of Southern Sudan (Evans-Pritchard 1940).

54. WEST AFRICA IRIN Update 470 For 24 May [19990524] The conflict between members of the hausa ethnic group and indigenous people The convoy travelled through Voinjama, where gunmen took 24 people hostage http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw470.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER WEST AFRICA: IRIN Update 470 for 24 May [19990524] U N I T E D N A T I O N S Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Integrated Regional Information Network for West Africa Tel: +225 21 73 54 Fax: +225 21 63 35 e-mail: irin-wa@ocha.unon.org IRIN-WA Update 470 of events in West Africa (Monday 24 May) SIERRA LEONE: Ceasefire violations The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and ECOMOG, the West African peacekeeping force that backs Sierra Leone's government, on Monday accused each other of breaking a ceasefire just hours after it entered into effect. Omrie Golley, the RUF's legal spokesman, told IRIN that ECOMOG helicopter gunships fired on RUF troops in Magbas, near Magburaka, some 150 km northeast of Freetown and, in the east of the country, near the Tongo-Moyamba junction. ECOMOG spokesman Lieutenant Colonel Chris Olukulade told IRIN ECOMOG troops had come under "a massive rebel attack around Magburaka between two and five o'clock this morning". He said troops along the main highway between Freetown and the eastern town of Kenema had also come under rebel attack. The ceasefire came into effect on Monday.

55. CSOC208.htm Center For World indigenous Studies (CWIS) points to the Fourth World Cultural Atlas of africa DT 14 M84 Ref; Encyclopedia of the peoples of the World, http://library.ups.edu/instruct/bachmann/csoc208.htm

Peoples of Africa Comparative Sociology 208 Dr. Karen Porter University of Puget Sound Collins Memorial Library Librarian Donna Bachmann Popular Press Sources via the Web Africa News provides fairly comprehensive to current news from and about Africa it links to reporting from more than 40 African news organizations. Search by topic, country, or region Channel Africa presents a collection of news items from Africa, compiled from shortwave,satellite, and Internet radio broadcasts by Channel Africa. Read, listen, and/or watch: Video, audio, and text files about music, sports, money markets, and news are available. To go directly to English language resources, click on Programmes in English . (RealPlayer is required for media files. If you don't have it, Download RealPlayer from Sun Microsystems.) Browse the list of all newspapers in Africa, or search by the following countries: Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Electronic Journals and Newspapers on Africa is a directory of links to electronic journals and newspapers about Africa on the Internet, arranged alphabetically and presented by the Department of African Studies at Columbia University. A short description of each journal and newspaper is included.

56. Tribes Of The Niger hausa a Chadicspeaking people of Nigeria and Niger. They are intensive farmers, hausa traders are found throughout West africa. Most hausa were http://schools.4j.lane.edu/spencerbutte/StudentProjects/Rivers/tribe.html

Tribes of the Niger River BAMBARA : a Mande-speaking people of Mali. Today sedentary farmers, they are divided inti many small chiefdoms, and known for their elaborate cosmology and religion. Earlier they had founded two important states at Seguo, on the Niger. Population 1.2 million. EDO : a Kwa-speaking people of southern Nigeria, the population of the kingdom of Benin; whose political and religious ruler, the , lives in Benin City. The ruling dynasty is historically closely linked with the Yoruba. They are famed for they carving, metal-casting and other arts. Population 1.3 million. FULANI ( FULBE, PEUL) : a people speaking a West Atlantic language, dispersed across the Sahel zone of West Africa from Senegal to Cameroon. They are predominantly Muslim, and coprise both transhumant cattle keepers and also sedentaery agricultural groups. Both are typically minority elements living among other peoples. The pastoralist groups are egalitarian, the sedentary ones having chiefs in some areas, such as northern Nigeria, where they overthrew the Hausa rulers of existing states in the early 19th century, established kingdoms by the conquest of indigenous peoples. population 7 million HAUSA : a Chadic-speaking people of Nigeria and Niger. They are intensive farmers

57. Sudan The Muslim Peoples - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resou Sudanese saw the Jaali as primarily indigenous peoples who were gradually Nearly 60 percent of people included in the West African category were said to http://www.photius.com/countries/sudan/society/sudan_society_the_muslim_peoples.

Country Ranks INDEX for Sudan History ... Feedback Sudan The Muslim Peoples http://www.photius.com/countries/sudan/society/sudan_society_the_muslim_peoples.html Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook Back to Sudan Society In the early 1990s, the largest single category among the Muslim peoples consisted of those speaking some form of Arabic. Excluded were a small number of Arabic speakers originating in Egypt and professing Coptic Christianity. In 1983 the people identified as Arabs constituted nearly 40 percent of the total Sudanese population and nearly 55 percent of the population of the northern provinces. In some of these provinces (Al Khartum, Ash Shamali, Al Awsat), they were overwhelmingly dominant. In others (Kurdufan, Darfur), they were less so but made up a majority. By 1990 Ash Sharqi State was probably largely Arab. It should be emphasized, however, that the acquisition of Arabic as a second language did not necessarily lead to the assumption of Arab identity. Despite common language, religion, and self-identification, Arabs did not constitute a cohesive group. They were highly differentiated in their modes of livelihood and ways of life. Besides the major distinction dividing Arabs into sedentary and nomadic, there was an old tradition that assigned them to tribes, each said to have a common ancestor.

58. Encyclopedia Of The World's Minorities Hakka Chinese Hani Harari (Adare) hausa Hawaiians (indigenous) Taiwan s indigenousPeoples Tajiks Tamils Tatars Tharu Tibetans http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/minorities/thematic.html

(List is not final and is subject to change prior to publication.) Biographies Groups Nations Topics Biographies Achebe, Chinua (Nigerian) Adams, Gerry (Northern Ireland Catholic) Aga Khan (Ismaili) Ali, Muhammad (African-American) Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (Dalit) Arafat, Yasser (Palestinian) Bhindranwale, Jarnail Sant (India-Sikh) Bonner, Neville Thomas (Aborigine) Chavez, Cesar (Mexican-American) Dalai Lama (Tibetan) De Klerk, F.W. (Afrikaner) Du Bois, W.E.B. (African-American) Fanon, Frantz Omar (Algerian) Farrakhan, Louis (African-American) Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (India) Garang, John (Sudanese) Garvey, Marcus (Jamaican) Gheorghe, Nicolae (Roma Romania) Grant, Bernie (United Kingdom)

59. West African Kingdoms 500-1590: Religion And Philosophy History Study Guide This list of states and peoples is not exhaustive, but it does provide a indigenous African cultures—especially ritual arts and music—were suppressed. http://www.bookrags.com/samphist/

West African Kingdoms 500-1590: Religion and Philosophy Literature Summaries Study Guides Essays Study Guides ... History Study Guides Biographies Research Topics Essays History eBooks History Guide Navigation Download the PDF Home History Study Guides West African Kingdoms 500-1590: Religion and Philosophy (World History) Jump to: Overview Topics In Religion And Phil... Significant People Download the PDF This is an online sample of a complete History Guide. West African Kingdoms 500-1590: Religion and Philosophy History Study Guide Overview Historiographical Context. Rejecting Classifications. The Rise of Christian Europe (1965), "Undergraduates, seduced, as always, by the changing breath of journalistic fashion, demand that they should be taught the history of black Africa. Perhaps, in the future there will be some African history to teach. But at present there is none, or very little: there is only the history of Europeans in Africa. The rest is darkness . . . and darkness is not a subject of history." Views such as this one are the result of too much reliance on Arabic and European sources and not enough primary research in West African sources. By the final decades of the twentieth century, historians and archaeologists had learned much about the complex civilizations that existed in West Africa between 500 and 1590, cultures whose religious and philosophical traditions have deep indigenous roots. Geographical and Cultural Backgrounds.

60. Islam In Sudan - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Sudanese saw the Jaali as primarily indigenous peoples who were gradually Living in Sudan in 1990 were nearly a million people of West African origin. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Sudan

Islam in Sudan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sudan is a religiously mixed country, although Muslims have dominated national government institutions since independence in . Accurate figures are unavailable due to poor census data and the last 2 decades of civil war, but most estimates put the Muslim population at approximately 65 percent, including numerous Arab and non-Arab groups; Christians at approximately 10 percent; and traditionalists at 25 percent. Muslims predominate in the north, but there are sizable Christian communities in northern cities, principally in areas where there are large numbers of internally displaced persons. It is estimated that over the last 40 years, more than 4 million southerners have fled to the north to escape the war. Most citizens in the south adhere to either Christianity or traditional indigenous religions (animists); however, there are some Muslim adherents as well, particularly along the historical dividing line between Arabs and Nilotic ethnic groups. The Muslim population is almost entirely Sunni but is divided into many different groups. The most significant divisions occur along the lines of the

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