21. MOST Ethno-Net Publication Africa At Crossroads Consequently, the vast majority of the indigenous peoples of the colony The immediate cause was the killing by an hausa farmer of a Berom boy whom he http://www.ethnonet-africa.org/pubs/crossroadsibea.htm

MOST ETHNO-NET AFRICA PUBLICATIONS Africa at Crossroads: Complex Political Emergencies in the 21st Century, UNESCO / ENA, 2001 State-Making and Internal Population Displacement: Factoring the State into Forced Migration in Nigeria during Military Rule Okechukwu Ibeanu P.O. Box 3106 Department of Political Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka Nigeria Abstract Introduction Internal population displacement has emerged as a major global problem since the end of the Cold War. In 1998, it was estimated that there were 20-22 million internally displaced people in the world, most of them in Africa (Hampton, 1998: xv; Schmeidl, 1998; Bennett, 1998: 28). The marked increase in this population has, understandably, been accompanied by an increased attention of the international community, policy makers and academics, resulting in a concomitant rise in research on Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) (Ludlam-Taylor, 1998). The predominant inclination in existing knowledge is to see the rising tide of internal population displacement as the fault of the state and the actions of those that run it. Factors such as human rights violation, poor policy choices, political instability, poor social and welfare provisioning and the inability of the state to manage social conflicts are commonly held accountable for the problem (Helle, 1998; McNamara, 1998). Having defined the problem as one of state management, recourse is then made to the establishment of a normative framework to guide state behaviour towards its citizens. It is not surprising that the Secretary-General’s Special Representative on IDPs has focused attention on the development of such a normative framework, culminating in the release of the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement in 1998 (UN, 1998; Deng, 1998).

22. Africa Indigenous Studies Hausa People University http//www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/hausa.html hausa People Origin myths among the hausa claim that their founder, http://www.archaeolink.com/africa_indigenous_studies_hausa_.htm

Hausa Home Africa, African Anthropology General Resources By peoples Akan Akuapem Akye Anyi ... Hausa An overview of Hausa history and culture. "The Hausa Culture is located mostly in northwestern Nigeria and parts of southwestern Niger they call Hausaland. There are several large cities around Hausaland. The population is the largest in West Africa consisting of over 20 million because of their intermarriages and constant interaction with different peoples. While most of the Hausa live in Hausaland, some of the people are found scattered from West Africa all the way to the Congo Republic settled temporarily as traders or sometimes even permanently." - From Minnesota State University - http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/hausa.html Hausa People "Origin myths among the Hausa claim that their founder, Bayajidda, came from the east in an effort to escape his father. He eventually came to Gaya, where he employed some blacksmiths to fashion a knife for him. With his knife he proceeded to Daura where he freed the people from the oppresive nature of a sacred snake who guarded their well and prevented them from getting water six days out of the week." You will find material related to history, culture, political structure and more. - From University of Iowa - http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Hausa.html

23. African Indigenous People Baga africa, african Anthropology General Resources. By peoples Baga People The Baga have lived in their current location since the 14th century. http://www.archaeolink.com/african_indigenous_people_baga.htm

Baga Home Africa, African Anthropology General Resources By peoples Akan Akuapem Akye Anyi ... Baga Art Here you will find a good article and images of Baga arts. - illustrated - From African Museum of Art - http://www.zyama.com/baga/index.htm Baga People "The Baga have lived in their current location since the 14th century. They migrated to this area from the interior highlands in upper Niger accompanied by several other peoples who share linguistic similarities, including the Landuma, Tyapi, and Temne peoples. From the 14th to the early 20th century they were repeatedly invaded by the Nalu, Susu, Djalonke, Maninka, and the Fulbe among others." You will find material related to culture, art, history, religion and more. - From University of Iowa - http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/Baga.html Web archaeolink.com Top of Page

24. KAM Kanem Bornu And The Hausa Kingdoms Near central africa, however, arose another great empire called Kanem around still others that the hausa were the indigenous inhabitants of the region. http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Classroom/9912/kanemhausa.html

Kanem Bornu and the Hausa Kingdoms Kanem-Bornu In the late 1300's, civil strife within Kanuri territory began to seriously weaken the empire. By the early 1400's, Kanuri power shifted from Kanem to Bornu, a Kanuri kingdom south and west of Lake Chad. When Songhay fell, this new Kanuri empire of Bornu grew rapidly. The Kanuri grew powerful enough to unite the kingdom of Bornu with Kanem during the reign of Idris Alawma (1575-1610). Idris Alawma was a fervent Muslim and set about building a Muslim state all the way west into Hausaland in northern Nigeria. This state would last for another two hundred years, but in 1846, it finally succumbed to the growing power of the Hausa states. Pictured above are Bornu trumpeters sounding the Frum-Frums. The Bornu were well known for their chain-mailed cavalry. These trumpeter may have served to lead the medieval African kingdom's powerful shock troops into battle. (Photo courtesy of WSU) The Hausa Kingdoms Being in close contact with one another, these kingdoms all shared a common language, Hausa. In the late 1300's Islam began to filter into Hausaland through traveling merchants. But the pace was relatively slow. It was not until the 1450's that a group of people from the Senegal River, known as the Fulani, began immigrating in large numbers into Hausaland that a strong Islamic presence took root. The Fulani immigration was driven by the desertification of north and western Africa. A pastoral people, the Fulani were in search of a land that could support their herds. Devoutly Muslim, with a great deal of indigenous beliefs therein, the Fulani not only brought Islam and its books, but also began to set up Islamic schools and learning centers all throughout Hausaland. Pictured above is a 1959 picture of Kano, a city that traces back to one of the early Hausa kingdoms. (Photo courtesy of WSU)

25. Ethnicity In Nigeria The hausa are themselves a fusion, a collection of Sudanese peoples that were They do maintain an indigenous home, however the belt of forest in the http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/nigeria/ethnicity.html

Ethnicity in Nigeria Simon A. Rakov, Vassar College '92 (English 32, Fall 1990) The ethnicity of Nigeria is so varied that there is no definition of a Nigerian beyond that of someone who lives within the borders of the country (Ukpo, p. 19). The boundaries of the formerly English colony were drawn to serve commercial interests, largely without regard for the territorial claims of the indigenous peoples (38). As a result, about three hundred ethnic groups comprise the population of Nigeria (7), and the country's unity has been consistently under siege: eight attempts at secession threatened national unity between 1914 and 1977. The Biafran War was the last of the secessionist movements within this period (3). The concept of ethnicity requires definition. Ukpo calls an "ethnic group" a "group of people having a common language and cultural values" (10). These common factors are emphasized by frequent interaction between the people in the group. In Nigeria, the ethnic groups are occasionally fusions created by intermarriage, intermingling and/or assimilation. In such fusions, the groups of which they are composed maintain a limited individual identity. The groups are thus composed of smaller groups, but there is as much difference between even the small groups; as Chief Obafemi Awolowo put it, as much "as there is between Germans, English, Russians and Turks" (11). The count of three hundred ethnic groups cited above overwhelmingly enumerates ethnic minority groups, those which do not comprise a majority in the region in which they live. These groups usually do not have a political voice, nor do they have access to resources or the technology needed to develop and modernize economically. They therefore often consider themselves discriminated against, neglected, or oppressed. There are only three ethnic groups which have attained "ethnic majority" status in their respective regions: the Hausa-Fulani in the north, the

26. PLAYAHATA.COM Near central africa another great empire called Kanem would rise around 1200AD.Kanem was originally a confederation of Information on the hausa peoples http://www.playahata.com/pages/bhfigures/bhfigures22.html

Figures in Black History Courtesy of Morpheus Ghana, Mali and Songhai had come and gone on the African stage. Near central Africa another great empire called Kanem would rise around 1200AD. Kanem was originally a confederation of various ethnic groups, but by 1100AD, a people called the Kanuri settled in Kanem and in the thirteenth century the Kanuri began upon a conquest of their neighbors. They were led by Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (1221-1259), the first of the Kanuri to convert to Islam. Dibbalemi declared physical jihad (holy war) against surrounding minor states and so began one of the most dynamic periods of conquest in Africa. At the height of their empire, the Kanuri controlled territory from Libya to Lake Chad to Hausaland. These were strategic areas, as all the commercial traffic through North Africa had to pass through Kanuri territory. As a result of the military and commercial growth of Kanem, the once nomadic Kanuri eventually turned to a more sedentary way of life. Pictured here is a painting of the king of Bornu in royal procession arriving at one of his provincial residences around 1850AD. Pictured here are Bornu horsemen trumpeters sounding the Frum-Frums.

27. Africa Book Centre Ltd Minority Rights And Indigenous Issues A global history of the indigenous peoples of the world. Includes short descriptionsof a variety of peoples such as the San of Southern africa, http://www.africabookcentre.com/acatalog/Minority_Rights_and_Indigenous_Issues.h

Quick search Online Catalogue BROWSE BY SUBJECT Law and Human Rights Minority Rights and Indigenous Issues 2004 157958392X Hardback 2005 190458425X Paperback GLOBAL HISTORY OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 2004 Paperback 2004 Paperback 2002 Paperback THE PERMANENT FORUM ON INDIGENOUS ISSUES 2003 Paperback Online Catalogue BROWSE BY SUBJECT Law and Human Rights Minority Rights and Indigenous Issues

28. The Mistake Of 1914 Even indigenous preIslamic hausa-Fulani culture was not much different from that of religious pre-conditions) with other neighbouring African peoples. http://www.nigerdeltacongress.com/marticles/mistake_of_1914.htm

The 'mistake' of 1914 by Mallam Bamaguje Katsina State, Nigeria Many Nigerians especially southerners seem to believe that the amalgamation of northern and southern protectorates by the British in 1914 was a colossal mistake. They contend that northern and southern Nigeria are too different to make a workable nation, hence they attribute much of Nigeria’s problems today to that historic ‘error’. As an Nkrumaist Pan Africanist who believes in the unification of black Africa, I find such notion disturbing. Even in pre-colonial Africa, multi-ethnic nations existed. The Benin empire comprised Edos,Urhobos, Yorubas and some Igbo speaking peoples. The influence of the Oyo Empire extended into modern day Ghana. The Sokoto caliphate was multi-ethnic, in fact most of the great African empires Mali, Songhai, Ashanti, Zulu etc were composed of more than one ethnic group. Around the world today multi-ethnic nations are the norm rather than exception. Even Britain our erstwhile colonial master is an amalgam of English, Welsh, Scots, Norrnans, Saxons, Angles, etc. It is therefore likely that even without colonialism multi-ethnic nations would have emerged in Africa today. On closer scrutiny the apparently irreconcilable dichotomy is actually between the core North and the rest of the country. In culture and way of life most Middle Belt peoples have more in common with the South than with the core North. In fact many Middle Belters have strong historic and ethnic affiliation with the South — the Kwara/Kogi Yorubas and their south western cousins; Idomas of Benue and Yalas of Cross River; the Igalas had more historical interaction with the Igbos and Edos than their fellow Hausa ‘northerners.’

29. National Geographic News Photo Gallery: Faces Of Africa: Photo Gallery Two Faces of africa Pictures Nigerian hausa dancers whirl with billowing pants UN Decade of indigenous People Ending to Mixed Reviews african Bushmen http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/photogalleries/africa_faces2/pho

Top 15 Most Popular Stories Faces of Africa: Photo Gallery Two Photograph by Carol Beckwith and Angela Fisher 8 of 10 Hausa Dancer, Nigeria "Wearing billowing pantaloons and covered with protective leather talismans, Hausa dancers called Gardi whirl along the processional route of the Sallah ceremony to clear a path for the emir. Resembling small hurricanes, the dancers leap and spin round and round, gathering momentum as they whirl past the crowds. Their voluminous pants fill with air and puff out like balloons as they perform." —photographers Carol Beckwith and Angela Fisher, writing in the book Faces of Africa Read an interview with Carol Beckwith and Angela Fisher. See today's top stories from National Geographic News. Photo gallery by Chelsea Lane-Miller National Geographic News TODAY'S MOST POPULAR STORIES Stem Cells Repair Damaged Spinal Cords in Mice Human stem cells injected into mice can repair damaged spinal cords and help par... Are Wormholes Tunnels for Time Travel? The mystery of time and the possibilities of traveling through it raise some of ... Photo Gallery: NASA's New Mission to the Moon NASA's illustrated mission plan gives you a glimpse into the next generation of ...

30. Ethnic Groups hausa is a lingua franca in Muslim populations in much of West africa, between african states and minority groups, and indigenous people s rights. http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/cm/africana/ethnicit.htm

African Ethnicities Please note that I have a separate page available on African languages A number of Web pages have been produced by members of indigenous minority and majority ethnic groups world-wide. Rather than primarily serving as academic, encyclopedic, or anthropological resources, they are often self-promotional, but several provide excellent information and rigorous documentation. This is a small collection of such pages produced primarily by Africans, along with some material produced by others. Most often, these African ethnic group home pages are a direct expression of individual members of the group, but in several cases represent an academic, official, or institutional point of view. If you are looking for an "objective" presentation, these links may not be the best sources for your work. Nevertheless, most have very good cultural, historical, and other background information, and many provide links to related sites that you may also find useful. Below the list, there is a collection of Other sites with information on African ethnic groups with different kinds of resources, for example, with a national, cultural anthropological, or linguistic focus. Finally, because this is an area that is not well represented on the web, a

31. MISSIO IMMACULATAE: Missionary Page Of The Franciscans Of The Immaculate In the south, indigenous peoples produced their own art long before Europeans from the North Africaninspired mud houses of the hausa to the sprawling http://www.marymediatrix.com/mission/kb/kb15/6.shtml

FI MISSION IN NIGERIA List of Articles about Nigerian Mission FACTS ABOUT NIGERIA Introduction History Land and Resources The People ... Culture and Arts FACTS AT A GLANCE Country name: Federal Republic of Nigeria Location: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Population: Ethnic groups: more than 250 ethnic groups; the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Nationality: Nigerian Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population:57.1%

32. Encyclopedia Of The World's Minorities Hamer, Fannie Lou (AfricanAmerican) Hani Harari (Adare) hausa Hawaiians (indigenous) Taiwan s indigenous peoples Tajikistan Tajiks Tamil Tigers http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/minorities/azentries.html

(List is not final and is subject to change prior to publication.) A B C D ... Z A Aborigines Acehnese Achebe, Chinua (Nigerian) Adams, Gerry (Northern Ireland Catholic) Afar Affirmative Action Afghanistan Africa: A Continent of Minorities? African-American Nationalism and Separatism Africans: Overview Africans: Europe Afrikaners Afro-Brazilians Afro-Caribbeans Afro-Cubans Afro-Latin Americans Afrocentricity Aga Khan (Ismaili) Ahmadiyas Ainu Alawis Albania Albanians Alevis Algeria Ali, Muhammad (African-American) Alsatians Altai (Altaians) Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (Dalit)

33. Len Milich: Hausa Coping Options indigenous Knowledge and Household Options in 19th Century Hausaland Evidence of diaspora refugee communities from northern peoples fleeing the famine http://ag.arizona.edu/~lmilich/afoodsec.html

Household Coping Options in Hausaland, West Africa Hausaland's Climatological Factors Hausaland contains three distinct ecological zones, defined by differences in the mean growing season (May to October) rainfall. From south to north (and from subhumid to arid), these are the Guinean, Sudanian, and Sahelian zones . All Hausaland has a distinct summer rainy season that is linked to the migration of the equatorial trough (the land segment of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone) toward the thermal equator (well north of the geographic equator during the northern hemisphere summer). There is a pronounced unimodal rainfall maximum in August, with a seasonal length of four to six months' duration. Mean annual rainfall ranges from less than 400 mm in the extreme northeast to greater than 800 mm in the south. The coefficient of interannual variation in rainfall is at most 40 percent in the far north, but is closer to 20 - 30 percent in the remainder of Hausaland. (A coefficient of variation of 30 percent is a measure of uncertainty; it implies that during any one year, a mean annual rainfall of 600 mm may be expected to be as low as 360 mm or as high as 960 mm.) Famine in Hausaland Rainfall is the critical limiting factor in peasant rainfed agriculture (Watts, 1983). Drought and famine are certainly no strangers in Hausaland, but it is dangerous to ascribe

34. Democracy In Africa The differences between peoples such as the Yoruba and hausaFulani (an Perhaps one or another of scholarly associations focused on africa can pool its http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/30/063.html

Documents menu Date: Mon, 27 Nov 1995 20:36:28 GMT-5 Organization: East Tennessee State University Subject: QUERY: Democracy in Africa Democracy in Africa A dialog on the H-Africa list 27 November 1995 Date: Mon, 27 Nov 1995 This article reinforced my awareness that traditional African societies had important democratic features, albeit not the representative democratic forms touted in Western cultures, but democratic nevertheless. I also am aware that colonialized and poverty stricten peoples in Asia have been able to find their way toward contemporary democratic governments. Furthermore, eastern European poeples have struggled through to democratic structures is spite of pressures from their former Soviet neighbor. Romania is an example of where this took place against a repressive dictatorship. My musings went deeper into the Nigerian situation. I am aware that the old Habe kingdoms were always subject to the tempering effects of their princes; Habe kings could not be tyrants, at least not until they began to come into possession of guns and other weapons. It was then that they became tyrannical, and it was then that they faced the challenged of the Fulani revolt. So why do Africans, in spite of traditional patterns of democracy and in spite of 30 to 35 years of independent rule, have so much difficulty? More importantly, what are the prospects that they will be able to do it in the near future?

35. AFRICA: PEOPLE IN INDIGENOUS COSTUMES africa PEOPLE IN indigenous COSTUMES. Set Number 207 PURCHASE SET 207 by GWARI PEOPLE Catalog Number 9358; Schoolteacher, Ara by hausa PEOPLE http://www.davis-art.com/artimages/slidesets/slideset.asp?setnumber=207

36. The Standards Site: African Roots: Where Did Most Black Americans Originate? about the differences between various indigenous African peoples about differentindigenous groups, eg Ibo, hausa ask pupils to establish links between http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/schemes2/secondary_history/his15/15q2?view=get

37. Africa: Definition And Much More From Answers.com The terms to the indigenous peoples eventually came to describe a persons Roughly 20% of Africans primarily follow indigenous African religions. http://www.answers.com/topic/africa

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Geography WordNet Wikipedia Translations Best of Web Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Africa Dictionary Af·ri·ca ăf rÄ­-kə The second-largest continent, lying south of Europe between the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Africa has vast mineral resources, many of which are still undeveloped. var tcdacmd="cc=edu;dt"; Encyclopedia Africa ăf rÄ­kə ) , second largest continent, c.11,677,240 sq mi (30,244,050 sq km) including adjacent islands; 1997 est. pop. 743,000,000. Broad to the north (c.4,600 mi/7,400 km wide), Africa straddles the equator and stretches c.5,000 mi (8,050 km) from Cape Blanc (Tunisia) in the north to Cape Agulhas (South Africa) in the south. It is connected with Asia by the Sinai Peninsula (from which it is separated by the Suez Canal) and is bounded on the N by the Mediterranean Sea, on the W and S by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the E and S by the Indian Ocean. The largest offshore island is Madagascar; other islands include St. Helena and Ascension in the S Atlantic Ocean; S£o Tom©, Pr­ncipe, Annob³n, and Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea; the Cape Verde, Canary, and Madeira islands in the N Atlantic Ocean; and Mauritius, R©union, Zanzibar, Pemba, and the Comoros and Seychelles in the Indian Ocean. Geology and Geography The continent's largest rivers are the Nile (the world's longest river), the Congo, the Niger, the Zambezi, the Orange, the Limpopo, and the Senegal. The largest lakes are Victoria (the world's second largest freshwater lake), Tanganyika, Albert, Turkana, and Nyasa (or Malawi), all in E Africa; shallow Lake Chad, the largest in W Africa, shrinks considerably during dry periods. The lakes and major rivers (most of which are navigable in stretches above the escarpment of the plateau) form an important inland transportation system.

38. Tertiary - History 4 Historical Maps of africa Kanem Bornu and the hausa Kingdoms Brazil, Historyof a history of Brazil from the indigenous people to the present. http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/aussieed/terthistory4.htm

Home Site Map Policy Suggestions History Go back to the Tertiary Learning Links Page. Related Pages Aboriginal Australia Archaeology Anthropology World Information African History Africa Research Central African Leaders Amin, Idi Annan, Kofi Guei, Robert Mandela, Nelson ... Wonders of the African World Asian History China A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization Great Wall of China Great Wall of China Links International Dunhuang Project ... Franck Goddio Site Japan ABC of Modern Japanese History A Chronology of Japanese History Examining the Japanese History Textbook Controversies Japansese History ... WWW Sites for Japanese History Korea Ancient Korean History Korean History Project History of The Americas Canada An Overview of Aboriginal History in Canada Canada History Canada Online Canada, The History of ... Civilization Canada brilliant Early Canadiana Online Explorers of New France [Canada] Columbus Navigation Homepage, The Latin American Studies, Internet Resources for ... Map Collections Mexico Ancient Aztecs, The Aztec Empire Palenque South America Argentina Argentine Factbook Argentine Legal System and Structure Historical Texts Archive Brazil Brazil, History of

39. University Of Alabama Journalism Through College Of Communication ANT 414 peoples in africa 12 hrs /permission; ANT 418 Development in In addition, there are sizable hausa speaking communities in every major city of http://www.ccom.ua.edu/apr/undergrad/cultural.html

APR Home College of Communication Cultural Studies Minors The Department of Advertising and Public Relations offers its students opportunities to earn tailored cultural minors in African culture studies, Eastern culture studies, Latin culture studies, multiculture studies, and Western culture studies. African Culture Studies (24-26 hours with at least 6 hours above 299) 4 courses in Portuguese, Arabic, or French or proficiency and 4 courses from the following list OR 2 courses in SWA and 2 courses in another related language (from the above list) or proficiency and 4 courses from the following list ANT 414 Peoples in Africa 12 hrs /permission ANT 418 Development in non-western cultures (indigenous institutions) 12/p ANT 430 Archaeology of Africa 12/p EH 348 Afro-American Lit I(significance of lit thru slavery and folktales) 12 hrs. GY 244 Geography of Africa GY 101 REL 122 Black Religious Experience in America (Africa roots) And/or courses offered at Stillman College.

40. World Regional Geography 200 - Africa Mandates (South West africa, Togo and parts of Tanzania and Cameroon) This change takes place when indigenous peoples come into contact with a http://www.newark.osu.edu/rklingensmith/Africa/

Jump to module in this page: Africa: Module 10: Colonialism Objectives and Policy ^Go to Top^ I. Colonialism Defined "In the broadest sense, colonialism is the application of the international designs of imperialistic powers, whereby the peoples of weaker states or territories are subjected to the rule and control of the governments of these more powerful states, for the purposes of exploitation of resources, imposition of alien values, and the safeguarding of the colonizing power's national interest. Whether this national interest demands involvement in distant lands or adjacent ones in really immaterial; the objectives and the methods are much the same." De Blij, 1971. II. Colonial Policies and Objectives A. Portugal - Mercantilism B. Germany C. Belgium - Paternalism D. France - France D'Outre Mer E. United Kingdom - Indirect Rule 2. Protectorates (e.g., Bechuanaland)

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