61. Caribbean Region history The most southerly island of the Lesser Antilles, grenada In today spolitically charged environment, the Caribbean region now has to put itself http://dominicbascombe.itrini.com/photo.html

Free Web space and hosting from itrini.com if(window.ivnRotate) window.ivnRotate1 = new window.ivnRotate('ivnRotate1',0,document.awsSearch1.Keywords) Popular Searches: Home Page About Page Other Articles Articles ... Contact International Law and the Caribbean Region, 20 years after the US invasion of Grenada Introduction One of the fundamental principles underpinning the realm of international law is a respect for state sovereignty and an undertaking to not undermine that sovereignty. I shall attempt to argue in this paper that the US led invasion of Grenada in October 1983 amounted to a gross violation of international law, showing flagrant disregard for state sovereignty. The illegal nature of the invasion can be seen in the violation of international and regional treaties that specifically cited respect for state sovereignty including the United Nations Charter, the Charter of the Organisation of American States (OAS), the Treaty of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), and the Treaty of Chaguaramas establishing the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Further, I shall argue that the illegal invasion precipitated a level of US involvement in the Caribbean region that begs one to ask the question: Does respect for state sovereignty only refer to non -military intervention? Or does it also encompass political and economic intervention that come burdened with so many conditions, that non- compliance can result in detrimental, if not downright aggressive confrontation?

62. DPU- BVI: Plans Educational Reform Strategy For The OECS Chapter Two Third, the member states of the OECS share a common history among The others,beginning with grenada in 1974 and through to Antigua and Barbuda in 1981 http://dpu.gov.vg/Plans/OECS/EducationOECS2.htm

[text only] Site Map The Development Planning Unit Government of the British Virgin Islands Educational Reform Strategy for the OECS EDUCATIONAL REFORM STRATEGY FOR THE OECS Chapter 2 The OECS: A Brief Synopsis The Formation of the OECS The Organization of Eastern Caribbean States, OECS, came into existence on 18th June 1981 when seven Eastern Caribbean countries - Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia and St Vincent and the Grenadines - signed the Treaty of Basseterre. In signing the Treaty, to which the British Virgin Islands subsequently acceded, the Governments of these Islands declared that they were "inspired by a common desire to strengthen the links between themselves by uniting their efforts and resources and establishing and strengthening common institutions which could serve to increase their bargaining power as regards third countries or groups of third countries." Since 1981 the member states of the OECS have increased functional cooperation among themselves by signing a Memorandum of Understanding with Barbados in 1982 relating to mutual assistance In matters such as threats to national security, national emergencies, prevention of smuggling, search and rescue, fisheries protection, and customs and excise control. Further initiatives have included the establishing of a Sports Desk at the OECS Secretariat to organize sports events in the sub-region and to provide technical assistance and equipment to national associations; the establishment of the Eastern Caribbean Drugs Service to reduce the cost of essential pharmaceuticals through bulk purchasing; and the creation of the Eastern Caribbean Investment Service which is designed to seek and promote investment In the countries of the OECS as a whole.

63. Caribbean Islands - THE REGIONAL SECURITY SETTING With the exception of grenada, the Commonwealth Caribbean islands sided with Because there is no consistent regional consensus on security and other http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3374.html

Country Listing Caribbean Islands Table of Contents Caribbean Islands THE REGIONAL SECURITY SETTING Throughout the period of British rule from the early nineteenth century until the move to independence in the 1950s and 1960s, the Commonwealth Caribbean islands relied on British protection. After independence, however, the islands to some extent went their separate ways and were preoccupied by their own national interests and security and defense concerns. In the late 1980s, these islands were still a largely undefended region; only Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago maintained defense forces, ranging in size from about 100 to 2,100 members (see table 10, Appendix A). Despite their relative unimportance in terms of territorial size, population, and gross domestic product (GDPsee Glossary), the English-speaking Caribbean islands were a factor in the interAmerican system in the 1980s owing in large part to the strength of their voting bloc (a solid one-third of the OAS members). Because of this regional identity, scholars have recognized the Englishspeaking islands as constituting a subsystem of the Latin American system. One specialist on Commonwealth Caribbean affairs has observed that West Indian collective security issues can be understood only within the general dynamics of West Indian politics rather than OAS-based collective security arrangements, such as the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty). This is attributed to the lack of solidarity sentiments between the West Indies and the inter-American system.

64. Caribbean Islands - Regional Security Threats, 1970-81 Revolutionary activities in grenada in early 1979 stunned Commonwealth A precedent for regional security cooperation was set in early September 1979, http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-3376.html

Country Listing Caribbean Islands Table of Contents Caribbean Islands Regional Security Threats, 1970-81 The relative stability characterizing the Westminster-style democracies of the Commonwealth Caribbean began to crumble in the late 1960s and early 1970s when Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago were shaken by political violence. Until they began achieving independence, the Commonwealth Caribbean islands had been relatively immune from subversion because of the efficient protection provided by British security and defense guarantees. The Black Power movement (see Glossary) was behind much of the social disorder, although criminal violence also rose to unprecedented levels. Black Power activists almost succeeded in overthrowing Prime Minister Williams in Trinidad and Tobago in 1970, but government troops finally suppressed the revolt with the assistance of a planeload of arms and ammunition purchased from the United States and Venezuela (see Political Dynamics, ch. 3). Another small Marxist group continued to carry out terrorist attacks on the island for a few years. The leaders of most of the Marxist-Leninist-oriented opposition groups in the region were known to have had close contact with Cuba. Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago were particularly concerned about Cuban involvement in the indigenous Black Power movement. Virtually all of the Commonwealth Caribbean islands had at least one small extremist group that was an occasional security threat.

65. Against Empire the US empire is the most formidable in history, far greater than Great Britain our leadership or even aspiring to a larger global or regional role. http://members.aol.com/bblum6/parenti.htm

66. Center Of Concern: Resources A steering committee with regional representation, a research coordinator and a In grenada, the participants in the seminar witnessed both realities. http://www.coc.org/resources/articles/display.html?ID=61

67. Reader's Companion To American History - -LATIN AMERICA-U.S. RELATIONS the region thereupon declined, except for Nicaragua and grenada where leftist In 1982, the United States invaded tiny grenada, and Nicaragua was http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_051700_latinamerica.htm

Entries Publication Data Advisory Board Contributors ... World Civilizations The Reader's Companion to American History LATIN AMERICA-U.S. RELATIONS The histories of the United States and Latin America are intimately related. Consider both that St. Augustine (the oldest city in the United States), Pensacola, New Orleans, San Antonio, Santa Fe, and many others were once Spanish towns and that citizens of Hispanic background now form the second largest minority in the United States. The relationship has been accompanied by cultural and demographic exchanges that have profoundly influenced all of its participants. British colonization after 1607 was part of a "grand design" to wrest all the New World realms from Spain. The British soon converted their Caribbean colonies into sugar plantations worked by African slaves. The North American colonies were of less economic significance to this mercantilist development, participating mainly as suppliers of foodstuffs and lumber to the Caribbean and as its competitors in the production of cotton and tobacco. Continental militia, sharing the same goals as the British, took part in wars with Spain. One of the benefits was the conquest of Spanish Florida in 1763, resolving years of border struggles with Georgia. But when the British continental colonies declared independence, it was with Spanish aid, and independence inspired Spanish colonials to revolt later. There were several uprisings, largely fueled by resentment over taxes levied to pay for Caribbean defense. The desire of Spanish colonial elites to separate was attenuated, however, when the 1791 Haitian Revolution was captured by its slaves. The loss of the strategic Haitian ports forced Napoleon Bonaparte to sell Louisiana for a trifle to the United States. The Americans, far from acknowledging their Haitian benefactors, joined the other slave powers in refusing to recognize Haitian independence.

68. Grenada Travel Holidays Hotels Resorts St George Saint George http//www.skyviews.com/grenada/ Getting To - history - General Info - Places to World Time Zone Map - http//www.travel.com.hk/region/timezone.htm - http://www.budgettravel.com/grenada.htm

Countries Messages Site Map Activities ... Data Base!! Travel Information for Everyone Grenada Travel Grenada Holidays St. George's - Saint George's - Grenville - Grand Anse - Sauteurs - Carriacou - Petit Martinique - Grenada is a group of three islands and the main one also called Grenada, the Isle of Spice, is located in the Caribbean - It is 110 miles north of Venezuela - The sister islands are Carriacou and Petit Martinique - More spices are grown here than any place in the world - It is in the air - It is part of British Commonwealth - The island centre is mountainous with rain forests that protected Forest Reserves which are great for hiking, walking and biking - The coast is wonderful sandy beaches and all the water activities to go with it - St. George's (also spelled Saint George's ) is the capital - Travel Vacations/Packages Travel Insurance Air Fares Volunteer Travel ... Phone Calling Cards Bookings Specific to Grenada/St. George Travel Holiday Vacations/Packages Locally Hotel Bookings ... Worldwide Destinations Related Information Specific to Grenada/Saint George Island Travel Vacations/Packages Local Hiking Local Diving Island Cycling ... Island Shopping/Goods Related Destinations: St. Vincent

69. Grenada Middle School At grenada Middle School the curriculum extends beyond the ordinary in Mathcounts and MCTH Math Tournaments provide local and regional competition. http://www.gsd.k12.ms.us/gms.html

At Grenada Middle School the curriculum extends beyond the ordinary in basic, supplementary, and remedial courses, so that every student can excel. Speaking and writing clearly is emphasized combined with the organizational and study skills necessary for effective communication. The English department recognizes the value of literature as it widens a student's perspective in drama, novels, and short stories. The development of reading skills is stressed through the innovative use of technology and standard instruction for each student. Reading REALMS, a locally developed reading program, is used throughout the school to encourage children to read independently and to develop a lifetime enthusiasm for reading. The school library constantly adds titles that are of interest to students and teachers and assists in the educational process of the entire school. Accommodating students of any achievement level, the mathematics curriculum focuses on fractions, decimals, percentages, measurement, geometry, equations, and word problems. Pre-algebra and Algebra I are offered to high achievers. Mathcounts and MCTH Math Tournaments provide local and regional competition. Accelerated Math, a nationally recognized technology based mathematics curriculum, allows individualized math instruction for students in select classes at each grade level. The science curriculum is organized to incorporate the study of physical sciences, biology, chemistry, physics, and to use math and English skills in the Integrated Science classes. Developed through a partnership with the University of Alabama, the Integrated Science program utilizes current research and technology to introduce advanced science studies. The use of weekly updated video science lessons, teleconferences, e-mail, and Internet exercises trains students using the most up-to-date techniques, hands-on learning projects, and experiments. These studies stimulate the interests of the students and enable the young scientists to learn science concepts and develop higher-level thinking and problem-solving abilities.

70. Tourism A Word on the Heroic Caribs of grenada grenada’s history, SeaLink Corp, The Orinoco Delta a tourism page featuring this region and its Warao http://www.kacike.org/cac-ike/Tourist.html

Caribbean Amerindian Centrelink (CAC) Tales for the Tourist: Caribbean Amerindians in Online Travel Brochures The Lucayans of the Bahamas The "Travelfacts" view of the Arawaks of the Bahamas The Barbados Hotel And Tourism Association History Of Barbados: "A brief look into the past is essential to understanding our way of life today. The first inhabitants of the island were tribes of Amerindians: the peaceful Arawaks and the more fierce Caribs for whom the region is named. It is suspected that the cannibalistic Caribs drove the Arawaks off the island but abandoned it themselves by the early 1600's." The Abbreviated History of Barbados: brief notes on the archaeological history of the island, the early origins of its Amerindian settlers, along with some descriptions of their physical adornments—also, again, repeating tales of Carib cannibalism The Arawaks of Curacao “Some of the last survivors of the Carib race, which gave its name to the Caribbean, live on the east cost of Dominica. Once these proud and warlike people held sway over the Eastern Caribbean, the few hundred remaining Caribs were forced to the remotest part of Dominica and forgotten However, in 1903 they were officially granted their own territory. Caribs still build their canoes in the traditional way of hollowing out the gommier trees ” A Word on the Heroic Caribs of Grenada Grenada’s History, SeaLink Corp, from the Internet Archive:

71. Regional Organisations Caribbean Site Directory General Directory - regional organisations. Anguilla Antigua Barbuda British Virgin Islands Dominica grenada Montserrat St. http://www.caribbeansitedirectory.com/links/regionalorganisations.html

72. GRENADA grenada fully supports and endorses Security Council Resolution 1373 which regional air carriers have registered as much as 45% fall in passenger load http://www.un.org/webcast/ga/56/statements/011115grenadaE.htm

GRENADA STATEMENT BY H.E. THE HONOURABLE ELVIN NIMROD MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND COOPERATION TO THE 56TH SESSION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY NEW YORK,NY NOVEMBER 2001 PLEASE CHECK AGAINST DELIVERY Mr. President, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, My delegation at the outset extends profound sympathy to the families of the victims who lost their lives while in sudden flight to the Dominican Republic. Mr. President, The rescheduled general debate now convened, well into the work of the 56th Session of the UNGA, only serves to reconfirm our awareness of your great diplomatic and communicative skills. And for this, my delegation thanks and congratulates you once again. Under your competent leadership we hope this will be a fruitful and decisive Session of the Organization. Mr. President, This being my first opportunity, I would like on behalf of the Government and people of Grenada to heartily congratulate the Secretary-General, His Excellency Kofi Annan and the United Nations on the designation as recipient of the Nobel Peace prize. Mr. President

73. Air Jamaica History Antigua, grenada, Bonaire, Curacao, Cayman, Turks Caicos, St. Lucia, bahamas, gateways to the Caribbean than any other carrier serving the region. http://www.airjamaica.com/history.asp

Soaring to new heights about us destinations frequent flyer flight schedules ... home Daily Non-Stop Champagne Flights Complimentary champagne for all passengers in all cabins! award winning service Air Jamaica Special Promotions Notification Register Here! Click Here for Flight Schedules W ith over 30 years of service and the most modern fleet in the western hemisphere Air Jamaica is truly “The World’s Best Airline to the Caribbean.” A ir Jamaica began operations in 1966 as the first Jamaican based international airline. It was governed by a tripartite agreement between the Government of Jamaica, BWIA, and BOAC (now British Airways). However, on April 1, 1969, Air Jamaica Limited was born with the Government of Jamaica holding majority shares in the airline. Air Canada held a minority interest and provided equipment, technology, training, pilots, and some top management. Then in 1984, the Jamaican Government acquired the airline through a “buy back” agreement with Air Canada. Ten years later, in 1994, the Government of Jamaica embarked on a privatization exercise. The Gordon “Butch” Stewart led Air Jamaica Acquisition Group (AJAG) acquired majority ownership of the national airline with the government retaining a minority stake. I n 2004, after severe turbulence in the airline industry and massive financial losses, the Government of Jamaica reclaimed full control of the airline.

74. Regional Genealogy And Local History Research regional Genealogy and Local history Research areas, countries, directories, regional WORLD WIDE. FARM ORIGINS history OF FARMING CITIES http://www.academic-genealogy.com/regionalgenealogy.htm

LOCAL HISTORY RESEARCH Regional Genealogy and Local History Research: areas, countries, directories, organizations, local ancestry and local history studies. Genealogy and Family History Internet Web Directory Search This Site Regional - World Wide Regional - Continental Sources ... Hispanic - Latino REGIONAL - WORLD WIDE FARM ORIGINS: The basic ancestry and historical setting of mankind since Adam and Eve, in all nations and history of the organization of work have been involved in farming. More of the world's aggregate manpower is devoted to agriculture than to all other occupations combined.” Ref: Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article. Agricultural History on the Internet: A Finding Aid Agricultural History Research Almanac.com - The Old Farmer's Almanac Farm and Agriculture (AgNIC) Portal and Agriscape History of Horticulture: PlantFacts Living History, Agricultural, and Open-Air Museums The Museum of English Rural Life ... UK Country Life * United States Agriculture: Core Historical Literature of Agriculture U nited States history cannot fully be understood without studying its rural life and agricultural heritage.

75. Sign On San Diego > Travel Caribbean distilleries offer a spirited taste of region s history I settledon Jamaica and grenada, in part because there are a pair of distilleries on http://www.signonsandiego.com/travel/050626rumpunch.html

Weather Traffic Surf Maps ... Webcam All of SignOnSanDiego News Sports Entertainment Classifieds Web Community Events document.write(''); Travel Resources Weather International Airport Guide Airport Cam Flight Conditions ... Recent features Local Guides San Diego Anza-Borrego Baja Julian ... Mountains Regional Guides Las Vegas Visitor Bureau Guides San Francisco Tahoe/Reno Los Angeles Phoenix ... Scottsdale Free Newsletters City: Select Month: January February March April May June July August September October November December Day: Year: Nights: Departure City: Destination City: Use city name or airport code: Las Vegas, NV, US -or- LAS Special Offers Rum punch Caribbean distilleries offer a spirited taste of region's history By Gordon Smith COPLEY NEWS SERVICE June 26, 2005 GORDON SMITH Appleton master blender Joy Spence tastes dozens of barrel-aged rums before deciding how to combine them. There are a lot of reasons to visit the Caribbean: the soft, warm air, the sparkling beaches and turquoise water, the bounty of exotic fresh fruit. Born of colonialism and the slave trade, this potent drink made from sugar cane was long considered fit primarily for field workers, sailors and other blue-collar types. Yet it has risen steadily in popularity and prestige.

76. Biblioteca Pública Por Internet Caribbean History and Humanities history history by Region Social Sciences Caribbean history Learn the basics of the story of The grenada Revolution online. http://www.ipl.org/div/subject/browse/hum30.20.00/

77. Caribbean Tsunamis: An Initial History A history of 56 reported tsunamis in the Caribbean since 1530 has been Waves as high as 3 meters were reported from as far away as grenada with a http://poseidon.uprm.edu/lander/j_lander.html

Caribbean Tsunamis: An Initial History James F. Lander and Lowell S. Whiteside CIRES, Campus Box 449, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Absract Introduction Landslide Tsunamis Volcanic Tsunamis ... Conclusions Abstract. many cases, for a communicated warning. Key words: tsunami, Caribbean, tsunami history, mitigation, natural hazards INTRODUCTION: Tsunamis are not the major natural hazard in the Caribbean but they have the potential to produce a major disaster which can be mitigated with proper preparation. This history has reports on 56 tsunamis affecting the Caribbean in historic times. These have affected 22 countries and administrative areas including northern South America and Central America; these are listed in Table 1 . The record for the last hundred years lists 20 tsunamis or about one every 5 years. It contains information about tsunamis from several types of sources. Source mechanisms include tsunamis from remote sources (teletsunamis), landslide tsunamis, volcanic tsunamis, and tectonic tsunamis associated with trenches and with transform faults. Figure 1 shows that the locations affected by tsunamis include nearly the whole of the Caribbean region. This history was compiled mostly from published sources available internationally. Additional events and effects would likely be found by searching locally available sources.

78. Terry-J At I-Level - Exodus Rules The Region Exodus Rules The Region. Terry Joseph reporting from grenada He describedthe event as a significant milestone in the history of pan and indeed of http://www.trinicenter.com/Terryj/2001/Dec/03.htm

Trinicenter.com e-mail Terry MESSAGEBOARD ARCHIVES ... HOMEPAGE SEARCH OUR SITES Exodus Rules The Region Terry Joseph reporting from Grenada December 03, 2001 THE EXODUS Steel Orchestra is today US$21,000 richer, for having won both categories of Saturday night’s inaugural Caribbean Panorama contest. Plagued but not interrupted by sporadic rain, the competition saw nine bands from the Caribbean vie for prestige and prizes in a six-hour joust at Grenada’s National Stadium. Guyana North, the only eligible South American orchestra, failed to show. The event borrowed heavily from the Trinidad and Tobago model, starting some 75 minutes late and then running for six hours. Among thousands witnessing the historic event was French ethnomusicologist Aurelie Hemlinger, who flew from Paris to continue research for her doctoral thesis: "The memorisation of repertoire by the steelbands of Trinidad and Tobago". Also seen were Antigua’s Opposition Leader Baldwin Spence, local soul singer Mavis John, former Caribana chairman Sam Lewis, retired senior police superintendent Clyde Bertrand, Scotiatrust general manager Ingrid Lashley, ex-regiment bandmaster Edouard Wade, social worker Frank Dolly, Tuco’s Rudolph Ottley, Scherzando’s Eden "Charlo" Charles and Inncogen Pamberi manager Nestor Sulivan. Like the rest of the crowd, they stayed the distance until shortly after 3 a.m. yesterday, when results were announced, naming Exodus the first ever Caribbean Panorama champion for its rendition of "A Happy Song", the same tune that won it the local title last Carnival.

79. From Revolution To Reconstruction: Outlines: American History (1990): Chapter Ei USAproject, outlines-area, An outline of American history by the United States On October 25, 1983, US forces landed on the Caribbean island of grenada http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/H/1990/ch8_p22.htm

FRtR Outlines American History (1990) Chapter Eight Presidency of Ronald Reagan (22/22) An Outline of American History (1990) Chapter Eight Presidency of Ronald Reagan (22/22) Previous Page By giving Ronald Reagan an overwhelming election victory, the American public had expressed a desire for change in the style of the nation's leadership. Crises such as the taking of American hostages by Iran-and the failure of an attempt to rescue them-had contributed to a general perception that the Carter Administration was caught by events rather than directing them. In July 1979 President Carter failed to dispel that perception when he spoke to the nation about its "crisis of confidence" concerning the future. By contrast, Reaganas a campaigner and as Presidentexuded full-speed-ahead confidence in the United States, himself and his own conservative world view. Throughout his Presidency, he demonstrated the ability to instill in Americans pride for their country and a sense of optimism about the future. Several dramatic events during the first few months of the Reagan Presidency seemed to validate this new spirit. Within minutes of his taking the oath of office on January 21, 1981, following arduous negotiations by the outgoing Carter Administration, the remaining 52 American hostages in Iran were released and returned to a tumultuous national welcome. In March, Reagan survived an assassination attempt, and a month later, the United States successfully launched the first orbital flight of the reusable space shuttle Columbia, initiating a new era in space operations.

80. Maps Of Latin America - LANIC Aztec, Olmec and Mesoamerican Maps history Link 101; Caribbean Area Subject grenada PerryCastañeda Library Map Collection, the University of Texas http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/region/map/

Maps Regional Resources The Americas The 1562 Map of the Americas by Diego Gutirrez Library of Congress America noviter delineata 1600s, Library of Congress Americae sive qvartae orbis partis nova et exactissima descriptio 1562, Library of Congress Antiquarian Maps of the Americas Yale Map Collection Carte d'Amerique dress.e pour l'usage du Roy 1780, Library of Congress Cartes et plans de l'Amerique 1745, Library of Congress Central America, the West Indies South America and portions of the United States and Mexico United Fruit Company, 1909, Library of Congress Central/South America and the Caribbean DCW Map Interface Data at the Texas/Mexico Borderlands Information Center David Rumsey Historical Map Collection Early Maps from the Benson Latin American Collection The University of Texas Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECLAC Exploring Florida Maps Geoscape Colombia Geographic Business Intelligence in Latin America Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Latin America and Caribbean Newsletter GSDI IPGH Latin America Maps of the Americas Maps of Nuclear Power Reactors: North America International Nuclear Safety Center, US Department of Energy

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