1. Glacier General introduction to glaciers, the Antarctic, and related topics in weather, climate, oceans, and geology, from Rice University (Texas). http://www.glacier.rice.edu/

The Glacier web pages are temporarily offline. Please check back in a week or two.

2. Benchmark Glaciers Longterm program to monitor climate, stream runoff, and the motion, mass balance, and geometry of glaciers at a few sites in Alaska and Washington State. Data are used to understand glacier-related hydrologic processes and improve prediction of water resources, glacier-related hazards, and the consequences of climate change. http://ak.water.usgs.gov/glaciology/

SEARCH BENCHMARK GLACIERS Main Page 3-Glacier Data Mass Balance Runoff Temperature Gulkana Glacier Main Page History Data Ice Thickness Mass Balance Meteorology Motion Runoff Surface Altitude Terminus Position Maps Photos Reports South Cascade Gl. Main Page Data Mass Balance Reports Wolverine Glacier Main Page Data Mass Balance Meteorology Runoff Maps ... Reports OTHER GLACIERS Hubbard Glacier Main Page Maps Photos Reports Denali Fault Earthquake Main Page Photo Gallery Tlikakila River Glaciers Main Page LEARN ABOUT GLACIERS Univ. of Alaska Glacier Power USGS Glaciers in the News Ask a glaciologist World Data Center-A All About Glaciers RELATED SITES USGS Main home page Water, National Water, Alaska Search ... Top of this page Benchmark Glaciers The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operates a long-term "benchmark" glacier program to monitor climate, glacier geometry, glacier mass balance, glacier motion, and stream runoff. The data collected are used to understand glacier-related hydrologic processes and improve the quantitative prediction of water resources, glacier-related hazards, and the consequences of climate change ( Fountain and others, 1997

3. Charlotte The Vermont Whale: Glaciers And The Glacial Ages Learn what a glacier is, how it forms, and how frequently ice ages occur. http://www.uvm.edu/whale/GlaciersGlacialAges.html

Charlotte, The Vermont Whale Glaciers and the Glacial Ages The landscape of Vermont, as well as the landscape of much of northern North America, Europe and Russia has been profoundly affected by glaciation over the last 1.5 million years. What are glaciers? How do they form? What are the physical effects of glaciers? Can these effects be seen here in Vermont? How frequently do Ice Ages occur? When did the last glacial age end? Will glaciers again advance over North America? Brought to you through the courtesy of Computing and Information Technology, University of Vermont. Wesley.Wright@uvm.edu and HOWEDY@aol.com last update April 09, 1996 WAW

4. Greenland Captioned to identify the glacial or geomorphic features they illustrate. http://www.petergknight.com/photos/greenland.html

Peter Knight's Photos of Landscapes and Glaciers Greenland Click on the thumbnails to see pictures bigger Iceberg, Jakobshavn Ice cave Supraglacial stream Iceberg Lake Base Camp, Russell Glacier Ice scoured topography Clean ice sliding on bedrock Stacked debris bands in basal ice Moraines of different ages Dump moraine plus Julie August 67N April 67N Ice-dammed lake West Greenland Debris flow plus Debbie Landslide 1987 people for scale Same landslide 1994 Nunatak and Ogives Flood features, 2 people for scale Jakobshavn berg plus boat crevasse Sandflugtdalen Flood features Ice cliff Subglacial stream plus Debbie Pedestal Erratics Cryoconite dinghy of doom Frozen Lake Debbie Jakobshavn berg plus boat Mist Folded basal ice Base camp, April Looking for the bottom Step cavity Proglacial zone Supraglacial zone Striations For more pictures, contact me about getting a CD On the ice Snout: me for scale Russell Glacier East Greenland Return to Index

5. Glaciers And Icefields Heading north to Alaska means going to glacier heaven! Discover how glaciers are formed and just what glaciers do. http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/tongass/forest_facts/resources/geology/icefields.htm

Icefields and Glaciers How It All Started Glacier Heaven As the Earth Turns What Is A Glacier Anatomy of a Glacier Glaciers - Master Carvers Tidewater Glaciers Why the Pretty Colors? Fabulous Glaciers What Happens Next? Life Around The Glacier The Big Shuffle High Elevation Homes Shhh, Pups Sleeping How To Enjoy The Glaciers How It All Started Glacier Heaven - Southeast Alaska A laska has hosted a glacier-favoring mixture of climate and topography for the last 12.5 million years. During the Pleistocene age, when the climate was 3 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit colder than it is today, an ice sheet covered a large expanse of the earth, including the islands of southeastern Alaska. Today there are still over 100,000 glaciers in Alaska, although ice covers only 5 percent of the state. The icefields and glaciers of the Tongass National Forest are some of the few remnants of the once-vast ice sheets. In Southeast Alaska, maritime climate and coastal mountains work together to create favorable conditions for glaciation. The icefields straddle the Coast Mountain Range on the United States-Canadian border, directly in the path of the Pacific Ocean's prevailing winds. Moist air flows toward the mountains, rises, cools, and releases snow and rain. Annual snowfall on the Juneau Icefield exceeds 100 feet, and mild Southeast summers assure that winter snow accumulation exceeds summer snowmelt at higher elevations.

6. Geckos Glaciers Home Team information, news, photos, and calendar for team based in Itaewon, Central Seoul at Gecko's Bar. http://www.glaciershockey.com/

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7. Glaciers A interactive exercise that demonstrate different types of glaciers, how they form and flow. http://www.eoascientific.com/campus/earth/multimedia/glaciers/view_interactive

General Science Earth Ocean Atmosphere ... Space Credits EOA Home Glaciers Glaciers begin to form when snow remains in the same area year-round and transforms into ice. New layers of snow bury and compress the previous layers. The compression forces the icy snow to re-crystallize, forming grains similar in size and shape to cane sugar. Gradually the grains grow larger and the air pockets between the grains get smaller and more packed, increasing its overall density. At 20 meters (65 feet) the sheer weight of the mass causes the lowest portions to deform into sliding layers, and the glacier begins to flow. Learn more through this interactive. The Internet Campus is an interactive multimedia science learning web site of: EOA Scientific , a developer of educational software EOA Scientific Systems, Inc., 10 Kidston Road, Captain Spry Center Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, B3R 2J7 Toll Free: 1-888-666-6362, Facsimile: 1 (902) 477-6834 More Information info@eoascientific.com Suggested Browsers: IE 5.5

8. All About Glaciers A comprehensive glacier guide, including fascinating facts, answers to common questions, a gallery of historic photos, an extensive glossary, lists of books http://nsidc.org/glaciers/

home about search site map ... photo credits Like great rivers of ice, glaciers have sculpted mountains and carved out valleys. They continue to flow and shape the landscape in many places today. All About Glaciers is a glacier site with something for everyone from glaciologists to grade school students, exploring nearly all aspects of glaciers including data and science, facts, a gallery, a glossary and much more. Site Credits Science lead: Dr. Richard Armstrong, NSIDC Writing, editing, and site design: NSIDC Communications Group Glossary contributions: Dr. Sue Ferguson, U. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service

9. Climate Change Institute - UMaine Studies of climatology and paleoclimatology, glaciers, Quaternary geology, paleooceanography, paleoanthropology, and related areas. http://www.ume.maine.edu/iceage/

Climate Change Institute - University of Maine formerly the Institute for Quaternary and Climate Studies On the brink of predicting the future of climate change. About Us Directory Graduate Program Major ... Science Initiatives

10. All About Glaciers glaciers is a glacier site with something for everyone from glaciologists to grade school students, exploring nearly all aspects of glaciers http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. Parcs Canada - Parc National Du Canada Des Glaciers Page officielle de Parcs Canada. Informations pratiques, plan d'acc¨s, histoire, patrimoine naturel, m©t©o, loisirs et capacit©s d'h©bergement. http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/bc/glacier/index_F.asp

English Contactez-nous Aide Recherche ... Planifiez votre visite Recherche Entrer un mot-clé : Introduction Quoi de neuf Information aux visiteurs Merveilles naturelles et trésors culturels ... Gestion du parc Sécurité Publique Bulletins importants Sécurité et Hasards Rapport sur l'état des sentiers Bulletin d'avalanche Contactez-nous Parcs nationaux Mont-Revelstoke et Glacier C.P. 350 Revelstoke, (C.-B.) Canada Tél : Téléc : Adresse électronique : revglacier. reception@pc.gc.ca Parc national du Canada des Glaciers Apprendre Plus Visitez le parc Heures d'ouverture Tarification Comment s'y rendre Le guide des montagnes Votre guide dans les parcs nationaux Banff, Jasper, Kootenay, Yoho, Mont-Revelstoke et des Glaciers. Apprendre Plus Les OURS et les GENS Apprendre Plus Apprendre Plus Lieu historique national du Col-Rogers Explorer Autres lieux Lieu historique national S.S. Moyie (anglais seulement) Parc national du Canada Mount Revelstoke Autres liens Parcs provinciaux des West Kootenays (anglais seulement) Canadian Avalanche Association (anglais seulement) Friends of Mount Revelstoke and Glacier (anglais seulement) Alpine Club of Canada (anglais seulement) Columbia Mountains Institute (anglais seulement) City of Revelstoke, BC

12. General Info glaciers grow and shrink in response to changing climate. Not all glaciers move slowly. For example, surging glaciers experience dramatic increases in http://nsidc.org/glaciers/information.html

home about search site map ... More Info Why Glaciers Motion and change define a glacier's life. Glacial ice advances, then retreats. Glaciers grow and shrink in response to changing climate. Typically glacier movement and shape shifting occur over long periods of time (hundreds to thousands of years), but within historic memory such transformations in fewer than 100 years are not unknown. Not all glaciers move slowly. For example, surging glaciers experience dramatic increases in flow rate, sometimes traveling as much as ten to one hundred times faster than the normal rate of movement. By their movement, glaciers mark change and for this reason - among others - scientists study glaciers. By monitoring glaciers over time and around the world, researchers construct valuable records of glacial activity and their response to climate variation. By comparing contemporary observations with historical and environmental records, such as agricultural records, pre-historic temperature or climate profiles, glaciologists acquire and provide an enhanced understanding of global processes and change. Photo, top:

13. Quick Facts Get the scoop on everything you wanted to know about glaciers. http://www-nsidc.colorado.edu/glaciers/quickfacts.html

home about search site map ... More Info Quick Facts Presently, 10% of land area is covered with glaciers. Glaciers store about 75% of the world's freshwater. Glacierized areas cover over 15,000,000 square kilometers. Antarctic ice is over 4,200 meters thick in some areas. In the United States, glaciers cover over 75,000 square kilometers, with most of the glaciers located in Alaska. During the last Ice Age, glaciers covered 32% of the total land area. If all land ice melted, sea level would rise approximately 70 meters worldwide. Glacier ice crystals can grow to be as large as baseballs. The land underneath parts of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet may be up to 2.5 kilometers below sea level, due to the weight of the ice. North America's longest glacier is the Bering Glacier in Alaska, measuring 204 kilometers long. Malaspina Glacier in Alaska is the world's largest piedmont glacier. The glacier's massive lobe is clearly visible in this aerial photograph taken by Austin Post in 1959. (Austin S. Post photograph at the World Data Center for Glaciology, Univesity of Colorado, Boulder.) Glacial ice often appears blue when it has become very dense. Years of compression gradually make the ice denser over time, forcing out the tiny air pockets between crystals. When glacier ice becomes extremely dense, the ice absorbs all other colors in the spectrum and reflects primarily blue, which is what we see. When glacier ice is white, that usually means that there are many tiny air bubbles still in the ice.

14. What Is A Glacier? glaciers are made up of fallen snow that, over many years, compresses into large, thickened ice masses. glaciers form when snow remains in one http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

15. Glaciers: Peter G. Knight Information, photos, and links on glaciers, glacial environments and glacial geomorphology. Also additional resources for users of the book glaciers . http://www.petergknight.com/glaciers/

Glaciers Peter G. Knight Information about glaciers for anyone who is interested! A Book For Beginners Glaciers and Glacial Landscapes Information about the book, and additional resources for readers A More Advanced Book Glaciers Information about the book, and additional resources for readers Other Stuff For people studying glacial environments. Quizzes Links etc. Glaciers and cool stuff shop Photographs of Glaciers and Landscapes. Enjoyment of Glaciers Group Peter Knight's Home Page. var site="s10glaciers" Material on petergknight.com is produced by me in my spare time using my own resources as a hobby. Teaching materials produced in connection with my teaching at Keele University are available to Keele students on the Keele University web site and, although petergknight.com provides links to that site, materials there are not a part of petergknight.com petergknight.com are retained by Peter G. Knight unless explicit acknowledgement is given to other right holders. Anyone is welcome to use these materials for non-profit educational purposes on condition that they acknowledge the provenance of the material. For commercial use intending users MUST get written permission before using material. This site believes in the free availability of educational materials on the internet.

16. The Glacier Web Pages Are Temporarily Offline. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

17. Q & A Learn what a glacier is, how it forms, how it moves, and what types of glaciers exist in the world. http://www-nsidc.colorado.edu/glaciers/questions/index.html

home about search site map ... More Info Q A What is a glacier? How is a glacier formed? Why do glaciers move? What are the components of a glacier? ... How do glaciers reflect climate change?

18. GLACIER Land- Tableofcontents How Do glaciers Form? Ice of All Shapes and Sizes How Do glaciers Move? How Do glaciers Change the Land? Where Are glaciers Today? http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

19. What Are Glaciers? What are glaciers? ÓglaciersÓ are large masses of snow, glaciers form when yearly snowfall in a region far exceeds the amount of snow and ice that melts http://www.uvm.edu/whale/GlaciersWhatAre.html

What are glaciers? are large masses of snow, recrystallized ice and rock debris that accumulate in great quantities and begin to flow outwards and downwards under the pressure of their own weight. Glaciers form when yearly snowfall in a region far exceeds the amount of snow and ice that melts in a given summer. In this way, massive quantities of material accumulate in relatively small periods of geologic time. Go to What are the physical effects of glaciers? Return to Glaciers and the glacial ages? Return to How Did A Whale Get In Vermont? Return to Directory of Exhibits or UVM Home Page. Charlotte, The Vermont Whale; Wesley.Wright@uvm.edu

20. NSIDC DAAC Information on the status of sea ice, freshwater ice, snow, glaciers, and permafrost. Includes data sets with search facility, details of projects and research, news articles, and links to data providers. http://nsidc.org/NASA/SOTC/index.html

home about search site map ... the cryosphere "A cryospheric focal point for NASA." Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC) Alliance: Supporting Earth Observing Science 2004 is now available. View PDF file (2.4 MB) NOTE: If you need assistance viewing or reading this file, contact nasadaacs@nsidc.org Select from the links below to learn more about research uses of Earth observing data from the NSIDC DAAC. These articles were recently published on the NASA Earth Observatory and the DAAC Alliance sites. Life in Icy Waters Sizing Up the Earth's Glaciers The National Snow and Ice Data Center ( NSIDC ) is one of eight NASA Distributed Active Archive Centers ( DAACs ). The DAACs process, archive, document, and distribute data from NASA's past and current Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites and field measurement programs. The NASA DAACs serve as the operational data management and user services arm of NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS). Each DAAC serves a specific science discipline and is guided by a science advisory group in identifying and generating needed data products. NSIDC works closely with its User Working Group

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