81. Alternatives Lecture 34 (alternative) energy Resources (Chapter 14). A. Perpetual vs. ~97% of geothermal energy Used in US is centralized for electrical generation. http://www.uwm.edu/Course/416-350/chapter14/lecture34.html

Lecture 34: Alternative Energy Resources (Chapter 14) A. Perpetual vs. Renewable Energy Resources 1. Renewable Energy Sources A resource that can be depleted but will be replenished by natural processes. Biological capture and storage of solar energy. Traditionally excused "Fossil Fuels" Biomass, including ethanol 2. Perpetual Energy Sources Resources that exist in continual supply no matter how much they are used. Solar, Eolian (wind), Tidal and Geothermal All but Geothermal are driven by Insolation Perpetual Energy is primarily converted to electricity for distribution and use. Centralized Facilities (Utility-Scale) vs. Decentralized Extraction / Use Table ES1. U.S. Electricity Net Generation Using Renewable Resources, 1990 and 2010 Annual Percentage Rate Reference Case of Growth 1990 2010 1990-2010 a Conventional Hydroelectric ...... 288 306 0.3 Geothermal ...................... 15 62 7.2 Municipal Solid Waste ........... 10 54 8.5 Biomass ......................... 31 59 3.2 Solar b ........................... 1 4 9.2 Wind ............................ 2 16 10.4

82. GreenBiz | Geothermal Technologies Program The US Department of energy s geothermal energy Program promotes geothermal energy as an (alternative) energy supply. The program’s Web site provides an http://www.greenbiz.com/reference/government_record.cfm?LINKADVID=4712

83. GreenBiz | Essentials | Alternative Energy To get there, (alternative) energy must be further developed and made geothermal energy taps the Earth’s internal heat to produce electricity and to heat http://www.greenbiz.com/toolbox/essentials_third.cfm?LinkAdvID=7811

84. The Hindu : A Different Era For Alternative Energy (alternative) energy solar, wind, geothermal and a grab bag of other sources - is more popular than ever. But the main reason is not the increase in oil and http://www.hindu.com/biz/2004/05/31/stories/2004053100351800.htm

Online edition of India's National Newspaper Monday, May 31, 2004 Group Publications Business Line The Sportstar Frontline The Hindu About Us Contact Us Business Published on Mondays Features: Magazine Literary Review Life Metro Plus ... Business A different era for alternative energy SALES OF solar power equipment are hot. Wind energy projects are sprouting up across the landscape. Methane that builds up in the decomposing garbage in landfills is being sold in growing quantities to generate power. Alternative energy - solar, wind, geothermal and a grab bag of other sources - is more popular than ever. But the main reason is not the increase in oil and natural gas prices. When the cost of fossil fuels rose and fell in past years, the fate of many alternative energy projects rose and fell with them. But that is no longer true. Indeed, even if oil prices eventually recede from their current level of about $40 a barrel to something in the $30 to $35 range, as many expect, some analysts predict that most renewable energy projects will not suffer as badly as they once did. "We're in a very different era from the late 1970s,'' said Dan Reicher, who served as the top energy official responsible for alternative and renewable energy sources under President Bill Clinton. "The technologies have improved dramatically and come way down in price.''

85. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Overview Chemical Sources Hydrogen energy (alternative) Fuel The objective of the Ministry’s programme on geothermal energy is the development of http://mnes.nic.in/ntech5.htm

New Technology Programmes at a Glance Overview Chemical Sources Hydrogen Energy Alternative Fuel ... Major Programmes Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy is the development of geothermal resources for power generation and for providing heat for space heating, greenhouse cultivation, cooking, etc. Geothermal energy can effectively meet energy needs of the people. Projects earlier taken up by MNES demonstrated the applications of geothermal fluids for small-scale power generation and in poultry farming and greenhouse cultivation. With support from MNES, the Geological Survey of India is working on a comprehensive report on the assessment of geothermal resource potential for direct heat application and power generation. A geothermal steaming well Magneto-telluric investigations to delineate sub-surface, geo-electric structure and evaluate its geothermal significance are being carried out in Tattapani geothermal area in Madhya Pradesh. Similar investigations are being initiated for Puga geothermal area also. Overview Chemical Sources Hydrogen Energy Alternative Fuel ... Major Programmes

86. Europe At The Forefront In Research On Solar, Wave And Geothermal Energies (alternative) energy sources, including solar thermal, wave and geothermal energy. In Europe, about 95000 dwellings are heated by geothermal energy. http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/energie_elektrotechnik/bericht-27

Weitere Förderer des Forums Content Partner des Forums Energie und Elektrotechnik European Commission Europe at the forefront in research on solar, wave and geothermal energies “Although fossil fuels will stay with us for a long time, we have to develop alternative energy sources to make Europe’s economic growth really sustainable,” said European Research Commissioner Philippe Busquin. “Wave, geothermal and solar energy are promising but still represent a relatively small share of the overall energy balance. More research is needed to make them really cost-effective and encourage their take up alongside other alternative energy sources. Projects presented today by the Commission show this is feasible. More research coupled with other incentives, such as tax breaks and better access to capital, can boost their use and make Europe not only cleaner, but also more competitive.” Many alternatives for Europe So far, the EU conducts research and technological development on several renewable energy technologies such as wind, biomass, solar photovoltaic, concentrated solar thermal, ocean (wave, tide and osmosis) and geothermal. Today’s briefing shows Europe’s leadership in developing and implementing ground-breaking research and technology transfer in geothermal, concentrated solar thermal and wave energies. Geothermal energy Geothermal energy makes use of the natural heat of the earth, and is therefore available to consumers at any time of the day or night, independent of weather and climate conditions. In Europe, about 95,000 dwellings are heated by geothermal energy. It has the capacity to generate about 1000 MW of electric power and has already been installed in Europe. The EU project “European Hot Dry Rock” will be presented at the briefing.

87. Energy Resources In California geothermal energy in California has a brief summary on the topic, (alternative) Fuels Eventually, we need to find other fuels for vehicles besides the http://daphne.palomar.edu/calenvironment/energy.htm

Energy Resources in California California has focused on developing a diversity of energy sources, and on increasing energy efficiency. A few sources of energy predominate, however. As of 1994, petroleum provided over half (51%) of the primary energy used in California. (Primary energy is energy that is used directly, for instance, as fuel in cars). Natural gas was second, with about 1/3 (34% in 1994), followed by a mix of other sources, including nuclear (6%), hydroelectric (5%), geothermal (3%), and coal (1%). California produces about 45% of the energy used here, including about half the petroleum used, and 17% of the natural gas. The rest is imported from other states (45%) and foreign countries (10%). In terms of energy use, about half the energy (49% in 1994) goes to transportation (driven any freeways lately?), about a quarter (27%) for industrial use, and the rest for commercial and residential uses. (Figures from the California Energy Commission's Energy Watch , April, 1997). The sections below will provide more information on energy topics in California. General Information Fossil Fuels Electricity Renewable Energy ... Nuclear Energy General Information on Energy and Energy Conservation California's Energy Resources is an introduction to energy in California from the state Resources Agency.

88. People's Daily Online -- China Masters Technique For Shallow Geothermal Energy C Expert says, shallow geothermal energy is a top (alternative) energy source for air conditioning in buildings. By People s Daily Online http://english.people.com.cn/200507/20/eng20050720_197311.html

Newsletter Weather Community English home Forum Photo Gallery Features Newsletter ... Site Map languages Chinese Japanese French Spanish Russian Arabic China World Opinion Business ... Photos Services Newsletter Online Community China Biz Info News Archive ... Weather Forecast RSS Feeds China Business World Sci-Edu ... FM Briefings Search About China China at a glance China in brief 2004 Chinese history Constitution ... Sci-Edu UPDATED: 16:43, July 20, 2005 China masters technique for shallow geothermal energy collection China has mastered the technique for the collection of shallow geothermal energy and developed facilities that integrate the supply of heat, cool and hot water. Sources say, since 2000, such facilities had been used in some areas in Beijing , realizing zero pollution and saving 50-75 percent of energy. Shallow geothermal energy is the low-temperature heat in the soil and water nearly 100 meters underground. It mainly stems from solar radiation and is another form of solar energy. The low-temperature energy collectable from the soil nearly one hundred meters underground is 3,750 times that of China's 400 million-kwh power generating capacity and the low-temperature energy collectable from underground water within one hundred meters under the ground is as much as 200 million kw. Compared to that at deeper level, shallow geothermal energy is widely stored, huge in amount, rapidly renewable, easy to collect and valuable in development.

89. A Focus On Alternative Energy Jump to HYDRO POWER BIOFUELS geothermal SOLAR POWER WIND POWER .. Editor s Note As part of our series on (alternative) energy, reporter Judy http://www.herald.ns.ca/cgi-bin/home/terrorpackage?Energy

90. GEsource - Search Results For geothermal energy in Hawaii (alternative) Title geothermal Fact Sheet This is web page provided by the Hawaii State Government concentrates on the use of http://www.gesource.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/browsesql.pl?toplevel=environment&limit=

91. GOVERNOR: GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGY OFFERS CLEAN ENERGY SOURCE by highlighting geothermal technology a cutting edge (alternative) energy Senator Nicholas A. Spano said, geothermal energy eliminates the need http://www.state.ny.us/governor/press/year01/april22_1_01.htm

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: April 22, 2001 GOVERNOR: GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGY OFFERS CLEAN ENERGY SOURCE State Continues Support for Clean Energy Alternatives to Save Money, Environment Governor George E. Pataki today celebrated Earth Day by highlighting geothermal technology a cutting edge alternative energy source that can reduce electric bills while also protecting the environment. The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority is working with 25 schools, health care facilities, churches and business to install geothermal systems, including Westchester Country Club, which is installing a geothermal system as part of a $7 million project to reduce energy consumption by 775,000 kilowatt hours, saving $130,000 annually on energy costs. "New York State continues to lead the nation in promoting new and alternative energy sources that help protect and enhance the quality of our environment," Governor Pataki said. "Geothermal technology offers one of the most environmentally-friendly means of heating and cooling buildings while also lowering energy costs for New York's consumers. "This promising technology can play an important role in our efforts to ensure we have the power we need to continue to create jobs and offer consumers new ways to save money. Whether its solar power or geothermal technology, we must continue to expand the menu of energy options for all New Yorkers."

92. Energy Resources: Geothermal geothermal energy is energy from heat inside the Earth. geothermal energy has been used for thousands of years in some countries for cooking and heating http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/geothermal.htm

This site is designed to be viewed on an 800 x 600 screen, with level 4+ browsers. Created by Andy Darvill Science teacher at Broadoak Community School , Weston-super-Mare, England Web site www.darvill.clara.net Geothermal Energy is energy from heat inside the Earth. Introduction How it works More details Advantages ... Is it renewable? Introduction The centre of the Earth is around 6000 degress Celsius - hot enough to melt rock. Even a few kilometres down, the temperature can be over 250 degrees Celsius. In general, the temperature rises one degree Celsius for every 36 metres you go down. In volcanic areas, molten rock can be very close to the surface. Geothermal energy has been used for thousands of years in some countries for cooking and heating. The name "geothermal" comes from two Greek words: "geo" means "Earth" and "thermal" means "heat". How it works Hot rocks underground heat water to produce steam.

93. Geothermal Energy geothermal energy geothermal energy is derived from the natural heat present geothermal energy is a form of renewable energy that uses the natural heat http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0003908.html

// Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> From: www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/ ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Encyclopaedia Search Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: geothermal energy Geothermal energy is derived from the natural heat present below the surface of the Earth. Cool water is pumped down where it is heated up in large underground reservoirs before being pumped back to the surface. Wairakei geothermal power station, New Zealand. Nesjavellir geothermal power station, Thingvellir, Iceland. Geothermal energy is a form of renewable energy that uses the natural heat of the Earth to heat water. The hot water or steam can then be converted into electricity. Nesjavellir is situated in an area of volcanic activity and has higher than normal rock temperatures near to the surface. renewable energy . Water is pumped down through an injection well where it passes through joints in the hot rocks. It rises to the surface through a recovery well and may be converted to steam or run through a heat exchanger. Steam may be directed through turbines to produce electrical energy. It is an important source of energy in volcanically-active areas such as Iceland and New Zealand.

94. Renewable Energy Sources http//www.energy.com.au/energy/ea.nsf/Content/Kids+geothermal geothermal energy http//www.sustainableenergy.qld.edu.au/sources/geo.html http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/jmresources/energy/renewable.html

Links compiled by Jackie Miers General Non-renewable Wind Solar ... Biomass GENERAL RENEWABLE ENERGY SITES What is renewable energy? http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/renewable.html Renewable energy http://www.energy.com.au/energy/ea.nsf/Content/Kids+Renewable+energy Renewable energy http://www.energychest.net/energy_sources/es_renewableenergy.html Alternative energy http://www.energychest.net/energy_sources/es_alternativeenergy.html What is renewable energy? http://www.powerhousekids.com/stellent2/groups/public/ EA literature : renewable energy - a wave of the future http://www.nef1.org/ea/literacy.html WIND ENERGY Wind energy http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/windenerg.htm Wind energy http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter16.html Wind energy http://www.energy.com.au/energy/ea.nsf/Content/Kids+Wind Wind energy http://www.sustainableenergy.qld.edu.au/sources/wind.html EduGreen web site: Wind energy http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/renew/wind.htm Wind energy - Energy from moving air http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/wind.html Wind power http://library.thinkquest.org/C004471/tep/en/traditional_energy/wind_power.html

95. Unocal Geothermal Energy Operations - Home Page Unocal Corporation is the world s largest producer of geothermal energy. The company produces geothermal steam and operates electrical generating plants in http://www.unocal.com/geopower/

Unocal is one of the world's leading geothermal energy producers, with more than 30 years' experience in geothermal resource exploration, reservoir delineation and management, and project economics and finance. Unocal also has proven experience in planning, designing, building and operating private power projects. The company operates three of the world's major geothermal electricity projects: Tiwi and Mak-Ban in the Philippines and Gunung Salak in Indonesia. Together, these projects have a combined installed electrical generating capacity of 1,100 megawatts. In 2000, Unocal's daily geothermal energy production averaged 16 million kilowatt-hours, or the equivalent of 25,000 barrels of oil. Net proved geothermal reserves at year-end 2000 were the equivalent of 170 million barrels of oil. ALL ABOUT UNOCAL

96. The Environment Directory - ScienceEnergyAlternative Energy ScienceenergyAlternative energygeothermal energy. geothermal energy in Hawaii Hawaii s energy, Ocean, and Technology Resources (State of http://www.webdirectory.com/Science/Energy/Alternative_Energy/Geothermal_Energy/

Science Energy Alternative Energy :Geothermal Energy Geothermal Energy in Hawaii - Hawaii's Energy, Ocean, and Technology Resources (State of Hawaii-Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism-Energy, Resources, and Technology Division) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is the nation's leading laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research. NREL develops renewable energy technologies to heat and cool buildings; increase efficiency in industry, light homes and offices; power cars and trucks; produce plastics, clothing, and chemicals; clean our water; and destroy toxic waste. Geothermal Resources Council P.O. Box 1350 Davis, CA 95617 The Environment Directory is sponsored by Santa Barbara Hotels Web Directory Discount Travel South Beach Hotels ... Affiliate Program

97. CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION HOMEPAGE Welcome to the Homepage of the California energy Commission. Our website facilitates access to data on energy production, consumption, conservation and use http://www.energy.ca.gov/

Go to Content Go to Left Page Navigation Go to Right Page Navigation Go to Page Updated Information ... PROCEEDINGS: Select Proceeding 2005 Energy Policy Report 2005 Summer Demand AB 549 - Existing Buildings Appliance Efficiency Climate Change Rulemaking Contingency Plan Update Demand Response Distributed Generation OII Greenhouse Gas Guidance LNG Issues Petroleum Infrastructure Power Plant Licensing Renewables Portfolio Standard Roof Coatings SB 1038 Renewables SB 1078 RPS Other Proceedings Webcasts Live Broadcasts of Meetings Energy Statistics California Energy Sources Electricity Page Energy Facts Gasoline/Diesel/Ethanol (Transportation Fuels) ... LNG Proceeding (Docket # 05-LNG-1) Natural Gas Page Oil/Petroleum Page Res. Appliance Saturation Survey Commission Info Welcome Message Contact Us About the Commission Commissioners ... Staff Emergency Alert Documents Glossary / Dictionary Navigation New On Our Website Links to Other Websites Search Site Site Index ... Energy Quest: Kids' Website Hot Topics Californians can take action! More... Tips to help YOU reduce your fuel costs! More... Hurricane Katrina Relief The best way to assist hurricane vicitms is to donate to the American Red Cross . If website is busy, call 1-800-HELP-NOW (1-800-435-7669).

98. Renewable Energy Data, Tables And Charts A site by the energy Information Administration of DOE. Provides information on renewable fuels in the farm of data, charts and tables. http://www.eia.doe.gov/fuelrenewable.html

xxxxx Home Renewables Featured Topics What's New Renewables Fuel Group FAQ Energy A-Z ... in the United States and Selected Countries Data, Charts, and Tables Click for text menus Subject Area Need Help? phone: 202-586-8800 email: infoctr@eia.doe.gov Specialized Services from NEIC Energy Information Administration, EI 30 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, DC 20585 Home Petroleum Gasoline Diesel ... Renewable Energy Survey Forms How Are We Doing? Please click here and give us your feedback

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