41. MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Georgia (country) Like other republics of the ussr, georgia suffered severe environmental degradation Ajaria does not seek secession from georgia; its local government http://encarta.msn.com/text_761556415___0/Georgia_(country).html

Print Print Preview Georgia (country) Article View On the File menu, click Print to print the information. Georgia (country) I. Introduction Georgia (country) , republic in western Asia. Georgia is the westernmost country of Transcaucasia (the southern portion of the region of Caucasia), which occupies the isthmus between the Black and Caspian seas; Azerbaijan and Armenia are also located in Transcaucasia. The name of the republic in Georgian, the official language, is Sakartvelo. Georgia is a country of extremely diverse terrain, with high mountain ranges and fertile coastal lowlands. Ethnic Georgians constitute a majority of the population. Georgia was made a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922. After Georgia gained independence in 1991, the country was plagued by civil war and political upheaval. The economy suffered from these events and from severed trading ties with other former Soviet republics, but in the mid-1990s it stabilized when the political strife ebbed and free market reforms were instituted. Georgia’s first post-Soviet constitution was adopted in August 1995. Georgia includes two autonomous republics: Ajaria, located in Georgia’s southwestern corner, and Abkhazia, in the northwestern arm of the republic. Both republics include stretches of the Black Sea coast. Georgia also contains the autonomous region of South Ossetia, which is located in the north central part of the country. Abkhazia and South Ossetia are bordered on the north by Russia, and Ajaria is bordered on the south by Turkey.

42. Contested Borders In The Caucasus : Chapter III It is still very common to hear references to the former ussr or the former of the former ussr, this new attitude meant that the Russian government s http://poli.vub.ac.be/publi/ContBorders/eng/ch0301.htm

Home Order Information Contents Chapter III C ONTESTED B ORDERS IN THE C AUCASUS Russia's Security Interests and Policies in the Caucasus Region D mitri T renin Introduction In geopolitical terms, the demise of the Soviet Union has come close to a revolution. It is still very common to hear references to "the former USSR" or "the former Soviet republics" or "the post-Soviet space", although the unity of that space is no more. No longer will the Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Estonia and Armenia face the same problems, and therefore have to formulate like-sounding agendas. Whatever turbulence the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) suffers - some of it as a result of recent drives by a number of the new states towards re-establishing economic ties with one another, and most notably with Russia - their political divorce is likely to be final. A new Eastern Europe is emerging. The Ukraine, Belarus, Russia-in-Europe and the Central Asian countries are clearly becoming aware of their distinct identity, as the three Transcaucasian countries are on their way to forming a region in its own right. The Russian presence is common to all the new geopolitical constellations. European Russia, naturally, is part of the new Eastern Europe. Central Asia, which includes Kazakhstan, contains a significant Eastern Slav element. Transcaucasia is inseparably linked with the Northern Caucasus, which is an integral part of the Russian Federation. Thus, if there is any one country which can still view the other fourteen ex-republics as its periphery (albeit not a homogeneous one), it is Russia. Even Moscow can ill afford to pretend that "near abroad", for all its inescapable implications, is some kind of an entity. While there are, inevitably, certain common elements in Russia's agendas on foreign and security policy for all the new regions, it is the distinguishing features which are progressively growing in importance.

43. The CIS And The Caucasus Armenia and georgia are favorably disposed, in prinicple, The transformationof the former ussr s border regions into independent states also leaves http://www.ndu.edu/inss/strforum/SF_90/forum90.html

Number 90, November 1996 The CIS and the Caucasus by Edward Marks Conclusions Russia initially viewed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as an artificial organization. But, since 1993, elements of the Russian government have tried to use the CIS as a vehicle for the voluntary reintegration of the former Soviet republics. Moscow is promoting the CIS as a regional peacekeeping organization, seeking recognition as a UN Chapter VIII Regional Organization, similar to the Organization of American States. International acceptance of the CIS as a regional organization has been hampered by Russia's dominance of the organization. The CIS is seen as a cover for Moscow's imperial intentions. International recognition of the CIS is also hampered by the fact that most of its member states are still struggling to establish their sovereignty. Until more CIS member states are viable, the international character of the organization will be questioned. The states of the Caucasus region have different views regarding membership in a regional organization. Armenia and Georgia are favorably disposed, in prinicple, towards membership, but they have discrete reservations about their relationship with the CIS. Azerbaijan, on the other hand, anticipates its oil riches will allow it to return to its former golden days and has reservations about joining any regional organization. All the states of the Caucasus are suspicious of Moscow's intentions towards the region. Commonwealth or Empire

44. Peacekeeping In The Former Soviet Union: Lessons For Africa - Building Stability All states in the former ussr, with the exception of the three Baltic states, instruments of pressure which the Georgian government can wield in Moscow, http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No46/Peacekee.html

Peacekeeping in the Former Soviet Union: Lessons for Africa Dmitri Treninl Carnegie Moscow Center Published in Monograph 46, Building stability in Africa: Challenges for the new millennium, February 2000 INTRODUCTION The article is divided into sections dealing with: t he nature of conflicts raging in post-Soviet space; the nature of the political environment where they are taking place; the ways and means of outside intervention to prevent, stop and resolve conflicts; the assessment of the results achieved so far; the outlook for the future; and the lessons learned in the process. NATURE OF CONFLICTS de facto an arm of the state apparatus, and was never allowed to play an independent role since the late 17th century, it was the national interest in religious affairs, or better said Staatsraison nomenklatura whose leaders assumed power in the new states. Probably of greater importance was the common concern that, should any all boundaries being contested, with the new states likely being overwhelmed by the double challenge of external irredentism and internal separatism. It is precisely this separatism which is a clear and present danger throughout the former Soviet space. perestroika

45. Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics: Definition And Much More From Answers.com In 1949, the ussr recognized the newly established Communist government of Russia took the former Soviet Union s seat on the Security Council of the http://www.answers.com/topic/union-of-soviet-socialist-republics

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia History Geography WordNet Wikipedia Translations Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Dictionary Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Commonly called Soviet Union or Russia Abbr. USSR A former country of eastern Europe and northern Asia with coastlines on the Baltic and Black seas and the Arctic and Pacific oceans. It was established in December 1922 with the union of the Russian SFSR (proclaimed after the Russian Revolution of 1917) and various other soviet republics, including Belorussia and the Ukraine. In 1991 a number of consituent republics declared their independence, and the USSR was officially dissolved on December 31, 1991. Moscow was the capital. var tcdacmd="cc=edu;dt"; Encyclopedia Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Rus. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, former republic. It was established in 1922 and dissolved in 1991. The Soviet Union was the first state to be based on Marxist socialism (see also Marxism communism ). Until 1989 the

46. Another Uprising In Former USSR - Thechronicle.com Another uprising in former ussr. dlyon Mar 26 2005 858am Opinion/Editorial Violence, however, will only justify a government crackdown. http://www.thechronicle.com/site/node/4768

@import "misc/drupal.css"; @import url(modules/event/event.css); Navigate Home E-edition access for e-subscribers Subscribe to the e-edition here Get the Chronicle delivered at home ... Submit your local non-profit event ADVERTISEMENTS Browse events September 2005 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Upcoming events Sleep support (NOW) Windham Garden Club (NOW) Franklin VFW (NOW) Working matters support group (NOW) Coventry economic development (NOW) Book signing and talk (NOW) more Submit your local, non-profit event Submit your local non-profit event Search Web theChronicle.com Home Another uprising in former USSR dlyon Mar 26 2005 - 8:58am Opinion/Editorial The latest uprising against autocracy in the former Soviet Union is not proceeding as smoothly — or as peacefully — as its predecessors. In the small, mountainous country of Kyrgyzstan, which is squeezed between Central Asia and China, opposition forces armed with clubs and molotov cocktails stormed government buildings and an airport in the second-largest city Monday. By Tuesday order was reportedly restored, but the opposition appeared to control the southern half of the country and was demanding the resignation of President Askar Akayev, a former Soviet apparatchik who has ruled the country since before it gained independence. Akayev provoked the rebellion by staging parliamentary elections that international observers said were unfair. His opposition, however, won’t succeed in replicating the democratic revolutions that followed such fraud in Ukraine and Georgia unless it can control its militants and pursue negotiations.

47. Russia In The Transcaucasus, Or Democracy In A State Of Emergency Integration with a great number of states of the former ussr or (in georgia Though Russia has maintained its interests in georgia to the fullest. http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/regional/1028azen.html

Russia in the Transcaucasus, or Democracy in a State of Emergency

48. Georgia: History From 1928, he was leader of the ussr. georgia witnessed many purges and suffered the In March, former ussr foreign minister, Eduard Shevardnadze, http://gbgm-umc.org/country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=31

49. The Communitarian Network in the former ussr that any government, however wellmeaning and affluent, The fact that most citizens of the former ussr reject Communism and speak http://www.gwu.edu/~ccps/etzioni/A224.html

Your browser does not support script 224. "How is Russia Bearing Up?" Challenge, (May-June 1992), pp. 40-43. Also published: "Socio-Economics and the Former Soviet Union," Guest Opinion, Washington Economic Reports, United States Information Agency, No. 42, p. 7. Some leading neoclassical economists feed into American triumphalism and excessive optimism to prevent us from approaching the historical developments in the post-Soviet world in a sensible and productive fashion. Several neoclassical economists, like Jeffrey Sachs, argue that if the republics that comprise the former USSR just follow a few relatively easy steps such as freeing the ruble, slashing regulations, and privatizing, and if we grant them some scores of billions of dollars in aid, they will quickly "stabilize" democracy and capitalism. "Shock therapy" is prescribed because, it is said, the political regimes of these countries will not be able to withstand the pain involved in a more gradual transition. The United States is continually criticized for dragging its feet, delivering too little aid, too late. This delay, it is said, will cause the former Soviet republics to turn authoritarian, if not return to Communism. EXCESSIVE OPTIMISM The same point holds true for capitalism. The fact that a command-and-control economy collapsed under the weight of an oppressive government and overextended bureaucracies, and that the republics now aspire to a Western standard of living, and their people have even learned to recite the virtues of capitalism the way they used to recite Marx, does not mean that capitalism is in sight. The present state is one of grand confusion bordering on anarchy: a confused mixture of statism and touches of robber "capitalism," rather than a serious laying of the foundations for a Western-style economy.

50. GEORGIA:A BRIDGEHEAD FOR US VS THE CAUCASUS??? foray into the satellite countries of the former ussr is very interesting . georgia is a bridgehead for US offensive against the Russian Caucasus http://www.rumormillnews.com/cgi-bin/forum.cgi?noframes;read=72745

51. BBC NEWS | Europe | Ex-Soviet Bloc States Mull Election Most former Soviet countries with the notable exception of georgia - have A member of the Azerbaijani government also expressed concern that Ukraine http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4047661.stm

News Sport Weather World Service ... Newswatch LANGUAGES Russian Polish Polish Greek ... More Last Updated: Saturday, 27 November, 2004, 13:28 GMT E-mail this to a friend Printable version Ex-Soviet bloc states mull election Ukrainian opposition supporters have displayed the Georgian flag Several countries in the former Soviet bloc have lined up behind Russia in endorsing the disputed result of Ukraine's presidential election. A notable exception is Georgia, which on the first anniversary of its own "rose" revolution sees itself as having led where Ukraine now follows. Moldova has also openly broken ranks by criticising the conduct of the polls. Approval Following the congratulatory message sent by Russian President Vladimir Putin to the pro-Moscow candidate Viktor Yanukovych, Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko telephoned the latter to offer his own congratulations before the results had been declared. Mr Lukashenko's press office said that during the conversation, "the president said he was completely confident that relations between Ukraine and Belarus will continue to develop as dynamically as they have done in the past". The presidents of three Central Asian countries also added their voices.

52. BBC NEWS | World | Europe | Country Profiles | Country Profile: Georgia Once a relatively affluent part of the ussr, with independence georgia lost The republic remains among the poorest countries of the former ussr and is http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1102477.stm

Home TV Radio Talk ... Newswatch LANGUAGES Russian Polish Czech More Last Updated: Sunday, 3 July 2005, 09:57 GMT 10:57 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version Country profile: Georgia Situated at the strategically important crossroads where Europe meets Asia, Georgia has a unique and ancient cultural heritage, famous traditions of hospitality and cuisine and an alphabet which is entirely its own. It also has a history of winemaking said to date back thousands of years. OVERVIEW FACTS LEADERS MEDIA Over the centuries, Georgia has been the object of rivalry between Persia, Turkey and Russia, and was eventually annexed by Russia in the 19th century. In recent years Moscow's key rival has been Washington. The US has a major interest in security and stability in the country, having invested heavily in an oil pipeline from Azerbaijan via Georgia to Turkey. The Georgian armed forces have been receiving US training and support. Increasing US economic and political influence in the country is being watched closely by the Kremlin. Georgia enjoyed an interlude of independence after the 1917 Bolshevik revolution in Russia but was invaded by the Soviet Red Army in 1921 and incorporated into the Soviet Union a year later.

53. Armenia - GOVERNMENT The principal source of friction within government circles is factional disagreementabout the Food and Agricultural Policy Reforms in the former ussr. http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/armenia/GOVERNMENT.html

COUNTRY STUDIES Armenia - GOVERNMENT Armenia - Government and Politics The Republic of Armenia declared its sovereignty on August 23, 1990, and became an independent state a year later, on September 23, 1991. In October 1991, Levon Ter-Petrosian, who had been elected democratically as chairman of the Armenian Supreme Soviet under the Soviet system in 1990, was chosen president of the republic in a six-candidate election. As of early 1994, Armenia was a reasonably stable democratic state, although its party structure was fractious and its legislative branch ineffectual. Because no consensus could be reached on a new constitution, a standoff between parliament and the president remained unresolved in early 1994. Parliament The Presidium, the parliament's executive body, administers parliament when it is not in session. The Presidium is made up of the president of the republic (whose title is also chairman of parliament), two deputies, the secretary of the parliament, and the twelve chairmen of permanent parliamentary committees. Often laws are initiated by the president of the republic, sent to the Presidium for review, and then passed on to appropriate committees before being reviewed and voted upon by the whole parliament. (Besides permanent committees, the parliament can create temporary committees to deal with specific issues.) Once parliament passes a law, the president of the republic, who also may participate in parliamentary debates, must sign or veto within two weeks. In early 1994, parliament had not yet passed legislation replacing Soviet-era laws in several major areas: criminal and civil codes, administrative violations, marriage and family, labor rights and practices, land tenure, and housing.

54. CodeBlueBlog: CSI MEDBLOGS: DIABOLICAL MURDERS IN THE FORMER USSR GO ON...THE DE CSI MEDBLOGS DIABOLICAL MURDERS IN THE former ussr GO ON. In fact recentsquabbles in the government between proteges of the two politicians have been http://codeblueblog.blogs.com/codeblueblog/2005/02/thanks_to_the_m.html

CodeBlueBlog health care also health·care (hlthk¢r) n. :efforts made to maintain or restore health especially by trained and licensed professionals usually hyphenated when used attributively THE AWARD WINNING MEDICAL WEBLOG 2004 MEDICAL WEBLOGS AWARDS: BEST CLINICAL SCIENCES WEBLOG FINALIST: 2004 Weblog Awards: Best of the Top 2500 - 3500 Blogs 2004 MEDICAL WEBLOGS AWARDS FINALIST: BEST MEDICAL WEBLOG September 2005 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat About Add me to your TypePad People list Recent Posts i-Mammo Part III: Mammographic Serfdom Clean Your Blood With This Week's Carnival GRAND ROUNDS AND SICK PARROTS i-Mammo Part II: Breasts, Lies and Videotapes ... May 2004 Links var site="sm2CodeBlueBlogMD" http:// Search Popdex For Dictionary: Type In Word Then Click "Partial" Submit Button Webster's Online Dictionary The Rosetta Edition English Non-English Blogroll Me! Best of the Web Logial Fallacies Word of the Day ... Undisclosed Location Grand Rounds Archive Blogstreet Daypop Top 40 Carnival of the Vanities Link to hosts and updates BLOGGER NEWS NETWORK Breaking News in the Blogosphere http://www.neolibertarian.net/blogs/

55. From Relis Relis@hq.pf.msk.su Newsgroups Relcom.politics EXussr S DEBT IS ESTIMATED TO BE US$74 TO 80 BILLION A meeting of debt and western georgia, between government forces and armed adherents of Zviad http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/russian-studies/Moscow_Events_Oct93/Complete

From: Relis Newsgroups: relcom.politics Subject: POSTFACTUM NEWS 06.10.93 Date: Wed, 06 Oct 93 17:55:16 +0200 Distribution: su Organization: Postfactum Information Agency Message-ID:

56. Untitled of the former ussr is urging Tbilisi not to ratify the zero option until The Ukrainian government believes that any decisions by the Georgian http://www.1worldcommunication.org/thezerooption.htm

HOME 1world communication E-MAIL MORE WORLD NEWS TITLE Georgia Considers The 'Zero' Option AUTHOR: Zurab Tchiaberashvili PUB: IWPR DATE: January 30, 2001 President Eduard Shevardnadze is facing bitter opposition over proposals to renounce Georgia's Soviet-era assets in return for a restructuring of its debt to Russia. Shevardnadze argues that ratification of the so-called "zero option" will put Georgia in line for a $141 million loan from the International Monetary Fund. However, opposition politicians claim that Georgia stands to lose around $2 billion in assets whilst its debt to Russia stands at just $158 million. The IMF approved a new initiative aimed at "helping Georgia out of its poverty trap" on January 13. Under the terms of the programme, the fund will allocate $141 million to the former Soviet republic between 2001 and 2003. However, the IMF wants guarantees that the money won't be used to pay off Georgia's foreign debts and has demanded that Tbilisi settles its ongoing financial dispute with Moscow. But relations between Russia and Georgia have never been so tense. In December, Moscow imposed a visa regime on the former Soviet republic following claims that Georgia was allowing Chechen rebel fighters to take refuge in the notorious Pankisi Gorge. Russia has also cut supplies of natural gas to Georgia which is currently locked in a crippling energy crisis. However, Moscow has agreed to restructure the $158 million debt if the Georgian parliament ratifies the "zero option" under which it will forfeit its claim to 1.62 per cent of former Soviet assets. Otherwise, Georgia will be obliged to make a payment of $45 million of its debt over the coming year.

57. Transnational Crime & Corruption Center, TraCCC, Tbilisi, Georgia - Publications Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC) Tbilisi, georgia The countries of the former ussr emerged from the Soviet period with the same http://www.traccc.cdn.ge/publications/publication1.html

[ P u b l i c a t i o n s ] Dr. Louise Shelley Organized Crime in the Former Soviet Union: The distinctiveness of Georgia The organized crime problems in the Newly Independent States at the end of the Soviet period resembled each other significantly. Shaped by the Soviet past, the institutions of the Soviet State and the large former convict population, post-Soviet organized crime had similar attributes among different cultures and regions of the country. The countries of the former USSR emerged from the Soviet period with the same legacy of a lack of respect for the rule of law, absence of civil society, a large criminal underworld and shadow economy, endemic corruption and a demoralized law enforcement and legal apparatus. This legacy established the necessary preconditions for the development of a serious and sophisticated organized crime problem. Not one of the fifteen countries to emerge from the USSR has escaped a serious organized crime problems. In the 1990s since the Soviet Union’s collapse, organized crime has differentiated significantly among the Soviet successor states. These changes are a consequence of the political, legal and economic policies followed by each country. The collapse of borders and the opening of these countries to the outside world has contributed not only to the ease of movement of the criminals but also the commodities they trade. Also contributing to the differentiation are the principal trading partners of each country. Just as countries have traditionally been influenced by their legitimate trading partners, they are also influenced by their partners in illicit trade. Post-Soviet organized crime has learned from the criminal groups it interacts with, in particular the drug traffickers of Central Asia. Crime groups such as those in Tadzikistan have become sophisticated traders and not just subordinates to their seasoned Afghan neighbors.

58. Policy Brief: Getting It Wrong In The Caucasus - Middle East Quarterly - Decembe To help rebuild the former Soviet Union, the US government passed the Their business activities and talents became famous across the former ussr. http://www.meforum.org/article/199

Home About the Forum Middle East Quarterly MEF Campus Clubs ... Contact Editor Policy Brief: Getting it Wrong in the Caucasus by Mahir Ibrahimov and Erjan Kurbanov To help rebuild the former Soviet Union, the U.S. government passed the Freedom Support Act on October 24, 1992. It is replete with provisions for financial, technical, and other forms of assistance "to support freedom and open markets in the independent states of the former Soviet Union." Amid these good works, however, is a little-known but important and mischievous clause, Section 907. It prohibits the provision of U.S. assistance "to the Government of Azerbaijan until the President determines . . . that the Government of Azerbaijan is taking demonstrable steps to cease all blockades and other offensive uses of force against Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh." This means that the Congress has passed and the president has signed into law a provision that singles out and excludes by name a specific country from receiving U.S. assistance. This, obviously, is a very strong step. Why has Azerbaijan been subjected to this special treatment? What are the implications of this provision? Should it remain on the books? A Territorial Conflict Recalling the mythic borders of the distant past, Armenians have twice in this century tried to reestablish an Armenian state that includes substantially more territories than does today's Armenia. Each attempt followed on the collapse of a Russian empire, the tsarist one in 1917 and the Soviet one in 1991. With the tsarist collapse at the end of World War I, independent republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia came into existence. This could have been an opportunity peacefully to transit to democracy and modernity but the first political act of the Armenian leadership - led by the ultranationalist Dashnak party - was a declaration of war against Azerbaijan in 1918, hoping to gain territory.

59. Karabakh.org Based on the laws and Constitution of the former ussr. Even the officialapproach of the Armenian government changed, but the resolution on http://www.karabakh.org/?id=3002&item=2

60. Reporters Sans Frontières - Progress In Europe But Former USSR Slips Backward The worsening of the situation in the former ussr countries aroused international In georgia, independent journalists were still targets of violence and http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=6550

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