1. The Former USSR Georgia Georgia Capital City T'bilisi Government Republic Population 4 960 951 Primary Language Georgian Primary Religion Georgian Orthodox http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

2. Travel Outward Destinations Georgia, Middle East Once it broke from the former USSR, Georgia suffered some civil unrest, but as the situation stablizes, Georgia is becoming a major player in http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. Volpe Center Information Resources - Volpe Journal Summer 2000 Volpe Participation in COOPERATIVE THREAT REDUCTION. Nuclear Missiles in the Former USSR DTRA team will involve assisting Georgia, Kyrgystan http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

4. Panic Over SAT Scores - In The Former USSR? Csmonitor.com Panic over SAT scores in the former USSR? By Daria Vaisman Contributor to The Christian Science Monitor. TBLISI, GEORGIA - In the United http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. Jobs Current Openings Jobs openings at notfor-profit organizations working in the countries of Eastern Europe or the former Soviet Union. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. Gateway To Russia - Article - Russia To Fully Settle The Debt Of debt of the former USSR in 2004. Russia will settle in whole the debt of the former USSR in of his own shortterm ambitions Georgia asks US http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. Joseph Stalin Killer File Country Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR Soviet Union). Dzhugashvili on 21 December 1879 in Gori, Georgia, in the then http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

8. WSWS News Analysis Europe - Russia The Former USSR former USSR 31 May 2005 Oil pipeline completed a sign of rising great power rivalry in Central Asia 18 May 2005 Bush visit to Georgia http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. UN Report On Eastern Europe And The Former USSR The 'free UN report on Eastern Europe and the former USSR In some countries, including Kazakstan, Armenia, Georgia, Lithuania and Moldova, the decline in http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

10. Official Information Sources On Education Central Europe and former USSR. Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus BosniaHerzegovina Bulgaria. Croatia Czech Republic Estonia Georgia Hungary http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. WSWS : News & Analysis : Europe - Russia & The Former USSR Bush visit to georgia increases tensions with Putin government. 15 May 2005 Morethan 500 killed, UN report on Eastern Europe and the former ussr http://www.wsws.org/sections/category/news/eu-russ.shtml

Enter email address to receive news about the WSWS Add Remove SEARCH WSWS English German ON THE WSWS Donate to the WSWS! Contact the WSWS ... Books Online OTHER LANGUAGES German French Italian Russian ... Indonesian LEAFLETS Download in PDF format WSWS Europe 17 September 2005 Increasing tensions between Belarus and Poland 30 July 2005 Russia and China call for closure of US bases in Central Asia 31 May 2005 Oil pipeline completed: a sign of rising great power rivalry in Central Asia 18 May 2005 Bush visit to Georgia increases tensions with Putin government 15 May 2005 More than 500 killed, thousands wounded Uzbekistan: US "war on terror" yields a bloodbath 14 May 2005 Uzbekistan: US-backed dictator drowns uprising in blood 11 May 2005 Victory Day celebration in Russia reveals deepening political and social tensions 10 May 2005 On the 60th Anniversary of the victory of the Red Army over Nazism Anti-Russian nationalism in the Baltic StatesPart two 9 May 2005 On the 60th anniversary of the victory of the Red Army over Nazism Anti-Russian nationalism in the Baltic StatesPart one 28 March 2005 Kyrgyz president forced to flee as opposition seizes power US money and personnel behind Kyrgyzstan's "Tulip Revolution"

12. Democracy & Oppression In Former USSR - CDI Russia Weekly 30Jan04 According to newspaper reports, he told georgia s acting president, Of course,if you decided to watch the governmentcontrolled television channels http://www.cdi.org/russia/30jan04-20.cfm

CDI RUSSIA WEEKLY ARCHIVES SEARCH ... JOHNSON'S RUSSIA LIST Edited by David Johnson Recent Headlines RW Search Chechnya U.S.-Russian Relations JRL Recent Headlines #20 - RW 1-30-04 Moscow Times January 29, 2004 The Chances of Domino Democracy By Peter Bouckaert Peter Bouckaert is a senior emergencies researcher for Human Rights Watch, and author of the report, "Crushing Dissent: Repression, Violence, and the Azerbaijan Elections." He contributed this comment to The Moscow Times. In a rare show of interest in the Caucasus, world leaders descended on Tbilisi last Sunday to celebrate the inauguration of Georgia's new president, elected democratically after that country's "rose revolution" in November. I wonder if they heard President Putin's raw analysis of the relevance of Shevardnadze's ouster. According to newspaper reports, he told Georgia's acting president, Nino Burdzhanadze, that leaders all over the CIS were "shitting in their pants." Anyone dreaming of the "democracy domino effect" in the region should watch these leaders carefully, and start by looking across the border to Azerbaijan. I spent a month in Azerbaijan documenting how the government rigged the October presidential elections and crushed the opposition afterwards. In his first three months in office, President Ilham Aliyev quickly built up a remarkable record of repression and torture. I wonder if that's the lesson regional leaders will take from the Caucasus.

13. 5. Georgia-Abkhazia In response to this declaration of independence, the Georgian government deployed in a complicated ethnic conflict on the territory of the former ussr, http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF129/CF-129.chapter5.html

5. Georgia-Abkhazia by Evgeny M. Kozhokin Background The dissolution of the Russian empire in 1917 lead to the declaration of Georgia's independence in May 1918. Following the establishment of Soviet Rule in the trans-Caucasus, Abkhazia was declared an Independent Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1921. By December 1921, Abkhazia signed a treaty of federation with Georgia. In February 1931, it became an autonomous republic of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. A major outburst of Abkhazian separatism occurred in 1989, touched off by the Georgian government's efforts to establish a branch of the Georgian State University in Sukhumi further exacerbated the situation (this branch was to replace the Georgian department of the Abkhazian university). As a result, Georgian and Abkhazian students clashed in the first round of what became ongoing hostilities between the different nationalist groups. A large-scale conflict was avoided at that time thanks only to the introduction of a "state of emergency" (a special regime for the `citizens' behavior) in Abkhazia. The ouster of Georgian President Gamsakhurdia in early 1992 directly fueled the Abkhazian separatist cause. Abkhazian Supreme Soviet Chairman Vladislav Ardzinba capitalized on the confusion in Tbilisi to promote the republic's

14. Georgia: Mass Movement Overthrows Shevardnadze Regime The opposition, with much justification, accused the government of falsifying the georgia is not the only country in the former ussr that has seen mass http://www.socialistworld.net/eng/2003/12/07georgia.html

socialistworld.net home 7 December 2003 Georgia Mass movement overthrows Shevardnadze regime Leonid Serebrakov, cwi-cis Election fraud leads to mass protest The leaders of the opposition had called for the work of the local authorities to be blocked across the whole of Georgia and this happened in many areas. Then on the eve of the first session of the fraudulently elected Parliament the mass protests reached their peak with about a hundred thousand surrounding the Parliament buildings. To begin with, the group around Saakashvili attempted to disrupt the speech of President Shevardnadze. They were bustled out of the hall, only to be pushed back in by a crowd of thousands. The mainly young protesters began to throw chairs and confront the deputies, as Shevardnadze was rushed out of the hall by his armed guards. He fled to his residence on the edge of Tbilisi and declared a State of Emergency. The old bureaucrat still had faith in the force of the Presidential Guard and the police. But not one police car or guard tank left their garages in his defence. The police simply disappeared from the streets as the masses spread out through the city. Shevardnadze resigned. The results of the parliamentary elections were annulled and presidential elections declared for 4 January. For the first time in many years people are full of hope. Unfortunately, without a mass socialist alternative, the future for Georgia looks grim. Georgia This economic catastrophe has made the problem of bureaucratic corruption even worse. This is the case in Tbilisi and also in the three separatist regions of Adzharia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Large deposits of oil and gas, which have helped some of the other neighbouring republics, do not exist. But the country does have strategic importance.

15. AEI - Short Publications of these newly minted Russian citizens visà-vis the government of georgia . The worst outcome of all for the democratic prospects in the former ussr http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.21758/pub_detail.asp

//window.open(""); //self.location = "/publications/"; About AEI My AEI Support AEI Contact AEI ... Research Areas Search all of AEI.org just Short Pubs Browse all short publications by: Date Subject Author Type ... The War on Terror E-NEWSLETTERS Enter e-mail: Home Short Publications Back in the (Former) USSR Back in the (Former) USSR Print Mail By Radek Sikorski Posted: Thursday, December 23, 2004 EUROPEAN OUTLOOK AEI Online (Washington) Publication Date: January 1, 2005 This essay is available here as an Adobe Acrobat PDF. Ukraine's "Orange Revolution" stirred hopes and fears similar to those of the Autumn of the Peoples in Central Europe fifteen years ago at the end of the Cold War. While the protesters in Kiev demanded honest elections and clean politics, Russia and the West clashed over whether Ukraine should drift toward autocracy or join the family of free nations. By standing up for their rights and making a claim to become a normal Western nation, the Ukrainian democrats have given hope to other peoples of the former USSR and, incidentally, reminded us that people around the world aspire to what we call Western values. They are giving Europeans and Americans, after a bruising family quarrel of the last couple of years, an opportunity to reunite the West around the vital task of completing the democratic revolution on the territory of the former Soviet Union. Europe came close in 2004 to seeing a new curtain dividing it from north to south. Had the fraudulent result of the Ukrainian elections stood, the continent's geopolitical division would have gelled and the window of liberty in the former USSR would have closed. The line from the Barents Sea in the North, to the Black Sea in the South, along the eastern borders of Norway, Finland, the Baltic States, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Moldova, and Romania, would have marked a division between democracies to its west, and post-Soviet "managed democracies," that is to say kleptocratic dictatorships, to its east. The peaceful protesters in Kiev, who braved the cold and the possibility of violence, saved not only their country, but the continent from plunging into a mini Cold War.

16. Commonwealth Of Independent States: Definition And Much More From Answers.com When georgia joined in 1993 all of the former republics of the ussr except theBaltic The new government of georgia has likewise taken a proWestern and http://www.answers.com/topic/commonwealth-of-independent-states

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia WordNet Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Commonwealth of Independent States Dictionary Commonwealth of Independent States Abbr. CIS An association of former Soviet republics that was established in December 1991 by Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus to help ease the dissolution of the Soviet Union and coordinate interrepublican affairs. Other members include Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. var tcdacmd="cc=edu;dt"; Encyclopedia Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), community of independent nations established by a treaty signed at Minsk, Belarus, on Dec. 8, 1991, by the heads of state of Russia Belarus , and Ukraine . Between Dec. 8 and Dec. 21, the three original signatories were joined by Armenia Azerbaijan (its parliament, however, rejected ratifying its membership until 1993), Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Tajikistan ... Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan . When Georgia joined in 1993 all of the former republics of the USSR except the Baltic states had become members of the CIS. Its headquarters are in Minsk.

17. ISCIP - Perspective Unlike the former ussr, however, the Russian government assumes no responsibility 9 georgia demanded, and Yel tsin s government originally recognized, http://www.bu.edu/iscip/vol4/Afanasyev.html

Home NIS Observed Perspective Behind the Breaking News ... Links Search NIS Observed: Perspective Volume IV, No 3 (February-March 1994) Send us a note to subscribe to Perspective. 'A New Russian Imperialism' By YURI AFANASYEV Rector, Russian State University for the Humanities(1) Every day Russian foreign policy is becoming tougher, in many cases more clearly defined and independent. What lies behind these changes in reality, and what may be the consequences for the world, as well as for Russia herself? The official "Yel'tsin doctrine," as expressed in a message to the president of the Federal Assembly, presents these changes in terms of the consistent promotion of Russian ( rossiiskie ) national interests. The 'Yel'tsin Doctrine' The basic principles of this doctrine are as follows: A strong Russia is the most effective guarantee of stability over the entire territory of the former Soviet Union; Russia should assume the role of peacemaker in the post-Soviet political space; A key aspect of Russian foreign policy is the strengthening of the CIS; Integration within the framework of the CIS should not be harmful to Russia's own economic interests;

18. RUSSIAN-GEORGIAN WAR IN THE WESTERN GEORGIA (MEGRELIA, ABKHAZIA, SVANETI) georgia was the first on the former ussr territory, where the criminal nomenclature Legal Authorities of georgia and Dudayev s government from the very http://www.geocities.com/shavlego/war_wg_1.htm

KKKK document.write(''); Modern Georgian P rotest S ongs ... rms LINKS: DEDA ENA First pure Georgian Web site Caucasica Reverse Links Unicode encoded Georgian fonts are used Download Site Stats RUSSIAN-GEORGIAN WAR IN THE WESTERN GEORGIA (MEGRELIA, ABKHAZIA, SVANETI) See also: Washington, DC - "There is no defense against a Crow Bar" CHRONICLE OF WESTERN GEORGIA OCCUPATION BY RUSSIAN ARMY Russian-Georgian War Published in: Caucasus and an unholy alliance * Other source * Introduction Historic overview ... Danger of new genocide in Megrelia Introduction The Kremlin policy of Chauvinism, racism and genocide towards indigenous Caucasian Ibero-Caucasian ethnic groups remained unknown to the democratic world and human right defense circles during the years of 1990-1994. Only the heroic resistance of Chechenian people to Kremlin aggression forced the some of Western politicians to pay attention to the fate of Caucasian nations, which were contemptuously named as the "individuals of criminal Caucasian nationality", speaking on "Caucasian dialect, language" by the Russian chauvinist mass-media. The aim of the present report is to show on the example of Georgia (Megrelia and Svanetia), that the Chechenian tragedy appears to be the consisting part of Kremlin's policy in Caucasus (in a wider range in the whole ex-Soviet territory). It just happens to be the last and obvious demonstration of this policy, however the similar events have earlier taken place in Samachablo, Ingushetia, Abkhazia (in Armenia and Azerbaijan as well).

19. Transnational Crime & Corruption Center, TraCCC, Tbilisi, Georgia - Publications law” played in the former ussr and continue to play in georgia and other CIScountries The leadership has close ties with the government of georgia, http://www.traccc.cdn.ge/publications/publication2.html

[ P u b l i c a t i o n s ] Dr. Georgi Glonti Problems Associated with Organized Crime in Georgia A. Organized crime in Georgia is one of the most prevalent problems today. Factors causing this problem are as follows: The difficult political and economic situation in present day Georgia caused by the fall of the USSR and the problems of transition to independence; Inter-nationality and inter-ethnic conflict, as well as civil war leading to loss of central government control of over 30% of its territory; Poorly formed and financed law enforcement agencies; Lack of a modern legislative base; High level of government corruption; Low level of lawfulness on the part of the general population. B. Organized crime group formation can be divided into some groups which acting on Georgian territory and beyond its borders: 1. Criminal Gangs – They target State and commercial enterprises, as well as individual citizens. They specialize in banditry, robbery, racketeering, kidnapping and other crimes. They differ by their method of organization and use a two-three tier hierarchy with distinct leaders. The leaders usually have criminal background histories. Gangs are rarely involved in corruption. In some cases gang leaders have paid off law enforcement agents and court workers either to drop charges against them or to reduce their sentences. Typically, criminal gangs operate in one specific area and do not strive to expand their territory. Group size ranges from five to ten people. Criminal gangs are located all over Georgia, especially in areas of ethnic conflict, such as Abkhazia and South Ossetia, as well as in the mountainous regions of Svanetia and Pankiiskoye Ravine.

20. Georgia - Atlapedia Online LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY georgia is a former republic of the ussr. 1993 afterfierce fighting with georgian government troops the Abkhazian forces http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/georgia.htm

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Georgia CAPITAL: Tbilisi SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: Unitary Multiparty Republic AREA: 69,700 Sq Km (26,900 Sq Mi) ESTIMATED 2000 POPULATION LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY: Georgia is a former republic of the USSR. It is bound by Russia to the north and east, Azerbaijan to the southeast, Armenia to the south, Turkey to the southwest and the Black Sea to the west. In the north the Greater Caucasus Ranges are connected to the Lesser Caucasus Ranges and Armenian Highlands in the south, by the north to south Surami Range. In between these ranges lie a series of fertile plains and valleys while towards the Black Sea coast, the marshy delta of the Rioni River forms the Colchis Swamps. The principal rivers are the Kura and Rioni. Major Cities (pop. est.); Tbilisi 1,270,000, Kutaisi 240,000, Rustavi 158,000, Batumi 137,000, Sukhumi 112,000 (1993). Land Use; forested 39%, pastures 29%, agricultural-cultivated 14%, other 18% (1993). CLIMATE: Georgia has a transitional climate from subtropical along the coastal regions to continental in eastern Georgia. Along the coast there are frostless winters and warm humid summers with humidity and precipitation decreasing in the mountains to the east. Along the coast average annual precipitation varies from 1,200 to 2,800 mm (47 to 110 inches) to 600 to 800 mm (24 to 31.5 inches) in the mountainous regions. Average temperature ranges are from 3 to 6 degrees Celsius (37 to 43 degrees Fahrenheit) in January to 23 to 26 degrees Celsius (73 to 79 degrees Fahrenheit) in August.

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