81. Acetylator Phenotype And Genotype In HIV-infected Patients With And Without Sulf Acetylator phenotype and genotype in HIVinfected patients with and withoutsulfonamide hypersensitivity. WM O Neil, RD MacArthur, MJ Farrough, MA Doll, http://jcp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/42/6/613

HOME HELP CONTACT US SUBSCRIPTIONS ... TABLE OF CONTENTS QUICK SEARCH: [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year: Vol: Page: The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology American College of Clinical Pharmacology This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager ... Reprints and Permissions PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by O'Neil, W. Articles by Svensson, C. Articles Acetylator phenotype and genotype in HIV-infected patients with and without sulfonamide hypersensitivity WM O'Neil, RD MacArthur, MJ Farrough, MA Doll, AJ Fretland, DW Hein, LR Crane, and CK Svensson This article has been cited by other articles: J. Farrell, D. J. Naisbitt, N. S. Drummond, J. P. H. Depta, F. J. Vilar, M. Pirmohamed, and B. K. Park Characterization of Sulfamethoxazole and Sulfamethoxazole Metabolite-Specific T-Cell Responses in Animals and Humans J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2003; 306(1): 229 - 237.

82. Impact Of Drug Levels And Baseline Genotype And Phenotype On The Virologic Respo HIVandHepatitis.com The Internet publication with accurate, timely and cuttingedgeinformation on treatment and vaccines for HIV / AIDS. http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/recent/test/phenotype/040204.html

Impact of Drug Levels and Baseline Genotype and Phenotype on the Virologic Response to Amprenavir/Ritonavir-based Salvage Therapy Coadministration of amprenavir (APV) with small doses of ritonavir (RTV) results in a significant increase in APV plasma concentrations. Viruses showing resistance to other protease inhibitors (PI) may remain susceptible to APV, supporting a role for this drug in salvage therapy Apanish Researchers enrolled 35 patients who began a rescue intervention based on APV/RTV 600/100 mg twice daily. Their median viral load before beginning APV/RTV was 4.15 logs and their median CD4 count was 247 cells per microliter. The median prior PI exposure was of 43 months. At baseline, the median number of PI resistance mutations was 7. The mean APV plasma trough concentration at week 12 was 1.3 microg/mL, and did not differ significantly comparing subjects having or not having VR. A trend toward a higher VR rate at week 48 was noticed among subjects with high genotypic inhibitory quotients (GIQ). The authors conclude, “HIV genotyping but not drug levels might be helpful to predict which patients would benefit from a rescue intervention based on APV/RTV 600/100 twice daily.”

83. Genotype And Phenotype genotype and phenotype. Resistance testing generally involves determining thegenotype or phenotype of a virus. The genotype refers to the sequence of http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/hiv_and_aids/test/lab1b.html

Genotype and Phenotype The phenotype refers to the characteristics or properties of the virus. Phenotypic assays for drug susceptibility determine the amount of drug needed to inhibit viral growth in tissue culture. The amount of drug needed to inhibit virus growth by 50% is called the 50% inhibitory concentration, or IC50; similarly, the concentration of drug that inhibits virus growth by 95% is known as the IC95. Testing a particular drug against a large number of isolates from patients who never received antiretroviral therapy can determine average IC50 for wild-type isolates of HIV-1. Viruses that are inhibited by similar concentrations of that drug are considered susceptible or sensitive; those that are inhibited only at higher drug concentrations are considered resistant. Results of phenotypic assays are sometimes expressed as Afold-resistance@ by comparing the IC50 of the patient=s virus to that of a control isolate. For example, if the IC50 for zidovudine of the control isolate is 2 nM and the patient isolate has an IC50 of 20 nM, then the patient=s virus would be 10-fold resistant as compared to the control. However, the definition of Aresistant@ also needs to consider the concentration of drug that can be achieved in the plasma and the relationship between IC50 or fold-resistance and clinical response to the drug in question.

84. From Genotype To Phenotype (Human Molecular Genetics) From genotype to phenotype (Human Molecular Genetics) http://charles-darwin.classic-literature.co.uk/book-shop/0124662579/From-Genotyp

Charles Darwin Book Shop USA Store From Genotype to Phenotype (Human Molecular Genetics) RRP: Our Price: You Save: Usually dispatched within 4 to 6 weeks Author: S. Malcom Publisher: Academic Press Inc.(London) Ltd Average Customer Rating: [ not yet rated ] Experimental feature : Order From Genotype to Phenotype (Human Molecular Genetics) from the USA, Canada, Germany or France by clicking an appropriate flag below. Some items available at Amazon.co.uk are not available in all countries. From Genotype to Phenotype (Human Molecular Genetics) Description Binding: Hardcover EAN: 9780124662575 ISBN: 0124662579 Book Pages: 400 Publication Date: 2003-01-30 Publisher: Academic Press Inc.(London) Ltd Editorial Review of From Genotype to Phenotype (Human Molecular Genetics) Charles Darwin Books Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection Descent of Man Voyage of the Beagle Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species Coral Reefs Formation of Vegetable Mould Mould Through the Action of Worms Insectivorous Plants South American Geology Autobiography of Charles Darwin Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants Power of Movement in Plants Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication Volcanic Islands Charles Darwin Letters Letters of Charles Darwin Evolution Books Theory of Evolution Darwinism Evolutionary Biology Natural Selection Science of Evolution Molecular Evolution

85. Brainstorms: Defining Genotypes And Genotype/Phenotype Maps Defining genotypes and genotype/phenotype Maps It would appear on this surfacethat these genotype/phenotype and phenotype/genotype maps are reasonably http://www.iscid.org/boards/ubb-get_topic-f-6-t-000116.html

my profile register search faq ... Brainstorms Defining Genotypes and Genotype/Phenotype Maps Author Topic: Defining Genotypes and Genotype/Phenotype Maps Member Member # 262 posted 21. June 2002 13:33 The explanations offered for not identifying these maps include 1)difficulties in defining phenotypes and the ever popular 2)the maps are too complex to be readily identifiable. The solution to the genetic determinism problem, it is proposed here, is with definition of genotype. If, it is suggested, you refine the definition of genotype, then there appears to be fairly direct one to one genotype to phenotype and phenotype and genotype mappings. The problem or benefit (depending on your point of view) with the identified mappings is that they are not compatible with either Darwinian or NDG theory. The NDG definition of genotype is based on the assumption that genetic material is, or can be viewed as, essentially unchanged during the lifetime of the organism. But it is well known that this is not strictly true. It is well known that, at the very least, the status of a gene in a cell can change from active to inactive and from inactive to active (different statuses involving different levels of activity are logically possible). If the active/inactive status’ of each gene is taken into account, then an organism with N genes has 2^N potential genotypes. Each cell has its own distinct set of active and inactive genes, and the status of each gene in a cell can change multiple times during the cells life time. If C is the average number of cells in an organisms, and D is the average number of status changes per cell, then the number of genotypes associated with an organism is C*D.

86. News & Features: Integrating The Genotype And Phenotype In Hominid Paleontology Integrating the genotype and phenotype in hominid paleontology provide waysto integrate knowledge of the genotype into the study of the phenotype. http://www.iscid.org/boards/ubb-get_topic-f-1-t-000145.html

my profile register search faq ... General Integrating the genotype and phenotype in hominid paleontology Author Topic: Integrating the genotype and phenotype in hominid paleontology Moderator Administrator Member # 1 posted 10. March 2004 09:21 Integrating the genotype and phenotype in hominid paleontology Leslea J. Hlusko Abstract: Competing interpretations of human origins and evolution have recently proliferated despite the accelerated pace of fossil discovery. These controversies parallel those involving other vertebrate families and result from the difficulty of studying evolution among closely related species. Recent advances in developmental and quantitative genetics show that some conventions routinely used by hominid and other mammalian paleontologists are unwarranted. These same advances provide ways to integrate knowledge of the genotype into the study of the phenotype. The result is an approach that promises to yield a fuller understanding of evolution below the family level. IP: Logged All times are East Coast Printer-friendly view of this topic Hop To: Select a Forum: Category: General The Archive Brainstorms Literature Review Writers Workshop Category: PCID PCID Volume 2.3, Philosophy of Mind Issue

87. Genotype And Phenotype One particular problem in biology is the difference between an organism s geneticcode (its genotype) and its physical form (its phenotype). http://homepages.which.net/~gk.sherman/gaaaaaad.htm

Sociological approaches to ecological uncertainty (version 2) Genotype and phenotype One particular problem in biology is the difference between an organism's genetic code (its genotype) and its physical form (its phenotype). This has consequences to four main areas of ecology. 1. Developmental biology: the differences between individual cells in a multicellular organism. 2. Population genetics: the differences between individual organisms in a sexually or asexually reproducing population. 3. Population ecology: the differences between species in an ecosystem. 4. Evolution: the historical genealogy of species. In practice these areas overlap in many ecologies. Some examples: Interactions between nuclear, mitocondrial, and chloroplast codes in eukaryotic cells. Budding in slime-molds. Bacterial ecologies such as bio-films. Intracellular communication in chemical, hormonal and neural systems such as in the heart and the brain. Protein computation in living cells. Metabolic diversity in bacteria. Social behaviour in a wide range of animals. The above definitions provide a useful framework with which to contrast various biological theories.

88. Integrating The Genotype And Phenotype In Hominid Paleontology -- Hlusko 101 (9) Integrating the genotype and phenotype in hominid paleontology. Leslea J. Hlusko *.Department of Anthropology, 109 Davenport Hall, MC148, http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/101/9/2653

Published online before print February 15, 2004, 10.1073/pnas.0307678101 March 2, 2004 This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited ... Citation Map Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal ... Download to citation manager Search for citing articles in: ISI Web of Science (3) PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Hlusko, L. J. Perspectives Integrating the genotype and phenotype in hominid paleontology Leslea J. Hlusko Department of Anthropology, 109 Davenport Hall, MC-148, 607 South Mathews Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 Communicated by Henry Harpending, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, November 11, 2003 Competing interpretations of human origins and evolution have recently proliferated despite the accelerated pace of fossil discovery. These controversies parallel those involving other vertebrate families and result from the difficulty of studying evolution among closely related species. Recent advances in

89. Genotype And Phenotype Patterns Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Resistanc The genotype and phenotype patterns and the relative replication capacity (rRC)of enfuvirtideresistant HIV-1 mutants were evaluated in samples from 11 http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/48/9/3253

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited ... Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager ... Books from ASM Press PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Menzo, S. Articles by Clementi, M. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, September 2004, p. 3253-3259, Vol. 48, No. 9 American Society for Microbiology Genotype and Phenotype Patterns of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Resistance to Enfuvirtide during Long-Term Treatment Stefano Menzo, Antonella Castagna, Alessia Monachetti, Hamid Hasson, Anna Danise, Elisabetta Carini, Patrizia Bagnarelli, Adriano Lazzarin, and Massimo Clementi Divisione di Malattie Infettive, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Received 3 December 2003/ Returned for modification 5 February 2004/ Accepted 24 May 2004 The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide has recently been introduced into clinical practice and has exhibited efficient anti-HIV-1 activity in combination with other antiretroviral agents. In the present study, we addressed

90. 580-T. Incidence And Nature Of Phenotype-Genotype Discordance: Maximizing The Ut Background Resistance testing, using either genotype or phenotype, Methodsgenotype and phenotype tests were performed on approximately 200 patients http://www.retroconference.org/2002/Abstract/13793.htm

Abstract E-mail Abstract Author Add To Itinerary Session Search Abstracts ... Program Session 77 Poster Session Resistance Testing in Drug Selection Session Time: 4:30-6:30 pm Room 4E-F 580-T. Incidence and Nature of Phenotype-Genotype Discordance: Maximizing the Utility of Resistance Testing N. T. Parkin* , C. Chappey , L. Maroldo , J. Arocha , T. Fralich , S. Schrader , D. Ward , M. Wohlfeiler , and M. Bates ViroLogic, Inc., South San Francisco, CA; Miami, FL; Ft. Lauderdale, FL; Southampton Med. Group, Houston, TX; Dupont Circle Physicians Group, Washington, DC; and Wohlfeiler, Piperato and King, Miami, FL Background: Resistance testing, using either genotype or phenotype, has become standard of care in the management of HIV treatment failure. Genotype relies on accurate interpretation algorithms, while phenotype provides quantitative data but requires a clinical cut-off value for maximum utility. Methods: Genotype and phenotype tests were performed on approximately 200 patients participating in a pilot program to evaluate the impact of combining both resistance assays in a single report (PhenoSenseGT). Genotypic interpretations were based on an updated algorithm reflecting state of the art knowledge. Discordance was defined for drugs with a fold-change (FC) in IC50 over the PhenoSenseHIV assay cut-off but scored as genotype sensitive (PR/GS), or vice versa (PS/GR). Results: Most patients were highly treatment-experienced (85% had 2 or more treatment failures). Phenotype/genotype discordance was commonly observed: in 75, 54, 33, and 22% of samples at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 drugs, respectively, were discordant. The drugs with discordance in over 10% of samples were ddI (37%), ddC (25%), ABC (18%), 3TC (16%), SQV (15%), APV (12%), LPV (12%), IDV (12%), d4T (11%), and RTV (10%). Two-thirds of the PS/GR results were associated with mixtures at resistance-associated positions. After accounting for this, only ddI (29%), ddC (20%), 3TC (14%), ABC (14%), and APV (11%) had discordance rates over 10%. For ddI and ddC, most of the discordance was related to the presence of the M184V mutation, which causes genotype to be called resistant, although not all have FC > 1.7. For SQV, many samples with the L90M mutation, which is interpreted as genotype resistance when present with at least two secondary mutations, retained susceptibility to SQV (FC

91. Genotyping Rabbits: The Basics Steps to genotype your rabbit including phenotypes and genotypes of some common colors. http://www.mysticelegance.com/genotypeingrab.html

Genotyping Rabbits Genotyping Rabbits: The Basics By Shelly L. Whelan Table of Contents Purpose of Genotyping Rabbits Glossary Genetic Concepts How To Begin ... This article to complicated? Want to skip the hassle? Click here to skip to the direct DNA tests, now available for Rabbits!!!!!! Purpose of Genotyping Rabbits Why should I genotype my rabbits? The answer to this question is as diverse as the people who ask it. You should genotype your rabbits if you raise a breed with more than one color variety. The more varieties your breed has, the more important genotyping becomes. If you sell pedigreed breeding stock, show your rabbits, sell fur or wool, or even if your desire is to produce a variety of colors for pets, you need to genotype. With a genotyped herd, you can plan breedings to meet your objectives, whatever they might be. You can also avoid costly mistakes, such as producing ìunrecognized colors you cannot show or sell as show stock. If you market fur or angora wool, you cannot afford to be without genotyping, as you will need to produce colors which are specified by your customers. In order to make a sale, you must give the customers what they want or they will find someone else who can. These instructions will give you the ability to genotype your rabbit herd. By reviewing the basic principles and following the procedure step-by-step, you will be able to determine a large proportion of the genes animals in your herd carry. This procedure will be especially useful for following elusive recessive alleles, and will give you the edge in producing any color you desire. Donít leave your breeding up to chance any longer. Donít let opening the nest box for the first peek at each new litter be a complete surprise, or shock, depending upon the outcome. Genotyping is a valuable tool which should be used by every rabbit raiser.

92. Koirien Värejä - Canine Colors Listing of color genotypes for this breed, linked to photos showing each phenotype. http://users.tkk.fi/~lsarakon/koira/

Koirien värejä - Canine colors Tällä sivulla on kuvia erivärisistä koirista. Toistaiseksi kaikki valokuvat ovat minun, ja yhtä lukuunottamatta kaikki koirat ovat paimensukuisia lapinkoiria. Koirat on kuvattu Tuomarinkylän katselmuksessa 17.4.99, ja otan mielelläni vastaan tiedon kuvissa esiintyvien koirien henkilöllisyydestä. This page shows pictures of different colors of dogs. This far all the pics are by me, and they all except one show working type Finnish Lapphunds. A-lokus - Agouti locus Ayat - vaalea soopeli - light sable Ay- - vaalea soopeli - light sable AA - sudenväri - wolf grey AA - sudenväri - wolf grey AA - tumma sudenväri - dark wolf grey Aat - sudenv. + merkkiväri? - wolf grey + tanpoint? Aat - sudenv + merk, punainen - wolf + tanp, red Aat - sudenv + merk - wolf grey + tanpoint at - merkkiväri, isot merkit - tanpoint, large points at - merkkiväri, isot merkit - tanpoint, large points at - merkkiväri - tanpoint (lapinporokoira/Lapponian Herder) B-lokus, parkki - B locus, brown/chocolate/liver/bark (bb) bb - tumma parkki + merkkiväri - dark bark tanpoint bb - parkki - medium bark bb - vaalea parkki - light bark D-lokus, sininen - D locus, blue dilute (dd)

93. Dominance And Crossing Over If the genotype for seeds was Rr (where R is dominant and r is 2 Rr and 1 rrgenotypes in offspring, resulting in 3 round seed phenotypes per 1 wrinkled http://www.biology-online.org/2/4_crossing_over.htm

Forum Tutorials Dictionary Directory Dominance and Crossing Over The previous page investigated Gregor Mendel and how he found trends in the phenotypes of offspring produced by true breeding parents Dominant and Recessive Alleles Mendel paved the way to discovering that alleles that code for a particular characteristic, such as the shape of the seeds produced are expressed in dominant and recessive genes. When dominant genes were present, they would supercede the presence of wrinkled and were deemed the dominant gene. For example; If the genotype for seeds was Rr (where R is dominant and r is recessive), R would supercede the recessive gene and the plant would express a round seed phenotype If the genotype was rr (where both are recessive) there are no dominant genes therefore the recessive phenotype for wrinkled seed is expressed The previous page mentioned that in the first generation all offspring produced were round seeds, and in the second generation for every three that were round seeded there would be one wrinkled seed. This can be expressed in a Punnett square as illustrated below. All dominant genes are marked in red, and all recessive genes are marked in green. Whenever the dominant gene is present in an organism this will be expressed. We can summarise the above diagram in the following statements

94. Forum On Drug Resistance And Staying Undetectable: Unable To Genotype Or Phenoty Genotypic vs. phenotypic testing? What is resistance? My doctor has had twogenotypes run and a phenotype from two different labs and each time they are http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Resistance/Current/Q166163.html

@import url(/css/thebody.css); @import url(/css/forums.css); var zflag_nid="362"; var zflag_cid="81"; var zflag_sid="0"; var zflag_width="728"; var zflag_height="102"; var zflag_sz="26"; Choosing Your Meds Fatigue and Anemia Fusion Inhibitors Hepatitis and HIV Coinfection ... Spiritual Support and HIV Please Note: Due to volume considerations, not all questions can be answered. Questions most likely to be answered will be those of general interest to a broad group of visitors to this forum. Questions pertaining to a specific case; requests for diagnosis, medical advice, or second opinion; or requests for opinions about untested alternative therapies will generally not be answered. The participation of Dr. Renslow Sherer in this Forum is made possible in part by an unrestricted educational grant from Abbott Laboratories. Ask the Experts about Drug Resistance and Staying Undetectable Unable to genotype or phenotype Jul 4, 2005 I have been positve for 13 years with almost no complications and have usually been undetectable or close to it after starting meds 7 years ago. Recently my viral load has climbed into the into the 1500 range. My doctor has had two genotypes run and a phenotype from two different labs and each time they are unable to determine the mutation. My doctor is recommending switching from Viramune/Viread/Trizivir to Sustiva/Videx/Truvada. I had been on this regimen for almost the entire time with the exception of Viread which was added recently when my viral load started to climb. I am concerned that about not having a clear indication as to which direction to move towards. How common is it not to be able obtain the results on these types of test? What are the implications of moving to the new meds in regard to further resistance. I guess after all this time of having good years, I am concerned about the change. Thanks for your help.

95. Entrez PubMed Birth weight and noninsulin dependent diabetes thrifty genotype, thriftyphenotype, or surviving small baby genotype? McCance DR, Pettitt DJ, Hanson RL, http://www.reproductive-health-journal.com/pubmed/8173400

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96. Can Nonlinear Epigenetic Interactions Obscure Causal Relations Between Genotype Can nonlinear epigenetic interactions obscure causal relations between genotypeand phenotype? Andreas Wagner Yale University, Department of Biology, http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0951-7715/9/3/001

@import url(http://ej.iop.org/style/nu/EJ.css); Quick guide Site map Athens login IOP login: Password: Create account Alerts Contact us Journals Home ... This issue Andreas Wagner 1996 Nonlinearity Can nonlinear epigenetic interactions obscure causal relations between genotype and phenotype? Andreas Wagner Yale University, Department of Biology, Center for Computational Ecology, OML 327, PO Box 208104, New Haven, CT 06520-8104, USA Received 14 July 1995 Print publication: Issue 3 (May 1996) Recommended by H Levine Abstract. Mathematics Subject Classification: 92A12, 92A10 doi:10.1088/0951-7715/9/3/001 URL: http://stacks.iop.org/0951-7715/9/607 PDF (283 KB) References Full text PDF (283 KB) References Article options E-mail abstract Download to citation manager Link to this article Information about Filing Cabinet Find related articles By author Andreas Wagner IOP CrossRef Search Recommend Recommend this article Recommend this journal Author services NEW ... Submit referee report Reasons to login Set up an E-mail alert Use your Filing Cabinet Login Next article ... Help Biomedical Materials British Journal of Applied Physics (1950-1967) Chinese Physics Chinese Physics Letters Classical and Quantum Gravity Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement (1980-1992) Combustion Theory and Modelling (1997-2004) Distributed Systems Engineering (1994-1999) European Journal of Physics Inverse Problems Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics Journal of Geophysics and Engineering Journal of High Energy Physics Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering

97. Wing-N-Wave Labradors Genetics Introduction to coat color genetics of the Labrador, including a detailed list of all recognized color genotypes and their corresponding phenotypes including Agouti (A) and Brown (B) series. http://labbies.com/genetics.htm

Home What's New About Wing-N-Wave Purchasing a Labrador ... Canine Legislature Pamela A. Davol, 76 Mildred Avenue, Swansea, MA 02777-1620 pdavol@labbies.com A Guide to Coat Color Inheritance in the Labrador Retriever Coat Color The Labrador retriever coat colors are black, yellow and chocolate. Any other color or combination of colors is a disqualification. A small white spot on the chest is permissible, but not desirable. White hairs from aging or scarring are not to be misinterpreted as brindling. Blacks : Blacks are all black. A black with brindle markings or a black with tan markings is a disqualification. Yellow : Yellows may range in color from fox-red to light cream; with variations in shading on the ears, back and underparts of the dog. Chocolate : Chocolates can vary in shade from light to dark chocolate. Chocolate with brindle or tan markings is a disqualification....From The Official AKC Standard of the Labrador Retriever Phenotype and Genotype...or what are Labs made of? The American Kennel Club classifies a Labrador Retriever into three color categories; what is known in genetic analysis as

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