21. § 29. Genotype / Karyotype / Phenotype. 4. Science Terms. The American Heritage § 29. genotype / karyotype / phenotype. 4. Science Terms. The American HeritageBook of English Usage. 1996. http://www.bartleby.com/64/C004/029.html

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22. Genotype & Phenotype phenotype = genotype + development (in a given environment). In a narrow genetic sense, the genotype defines the phenotype. http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BIO48/5.Geno.Pheno.HTML

PHENOTYPE AND GENOTYPE Definitions: phenotype is the constellation of observable traits; genotype is the genetic endowment of the individual. Phenotype = genotype + development (in a given environment). To consider these in the context of evolutionary biology, we want to know how these two are related. In a narrow "genetic" sense, the genotype defines the phenotype. But how, in and evolutionary sense, does the phenotype "determine" the genotype? Selection acts on phenotypes because differential reproduction and survivorship depend on phenotype. If the phenotype affecting reproduction or survivorship is genetically based, then selection can winnow out genotypes indirectly by winnowing out phenotypes. How do we get from genotype to phenotype? Central dogma DNA via transcription to RNA via translation to protein ; proteins can act to alter the patterns and timing of gene expression which can lead to cytodifferentiation where cells take on different states; cell communication can lead to pattern formation and morphogenesis and eventually we have an adult!

23. Genotype-phenotype Distinction -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article The genotypephenotype distinction refers to the fact that while (A group oforganisms sharing a specific genetic constitution) genotype and (What an http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/g/ge/genotype-phenotype_distinctio

Genotype-phenotype distinction [Categories: Genetics] The genotype-phenotype distinction refers to the fact that while (A group of organisms sharing a specific genetic constitution) genotype and (What an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype; two organisms with the same phenotype can have different genotypes) phenotype of an (A living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently) organism are related, they do not necessarily coincide. The (A group of organisms sharing a specific genetic constitution) genotype of an organism represents its exact genetic makeup , that is, the particular set of ((genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity) gene s it possesses. Two organisms whose genes differ at even one (The set of all points or lines that satisfy or are determined by specific conditions) locus (position in their (The ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism; the full DNA sequence of an organism)

24. Genotype - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The terms genotype and phenotype are distinct for at least two reasons Conversely, some phenotypes could be the result of multiple genotypes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype

Genotype From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The genotype is the specific genetic makeup (the specific genome ) of an individual, usually in the form of DNA . It codes for the phenotype of that individual. Typically, one refers to an individual's genotype with regard to a particular gene of interest and, in polyploid individuals, it refers to what combination of alleles the individual carries (see homozygous heterozygous ). Any given gene will usually cause an observable change in an organism, known as the phenotype. The terms genotype and phenotype are distinct for at least two reasons: To distinguish the source of an observer's knowledge (one can know about genotype by observing DNA; one can know about phenotype by observing outward appearance of an organism). Genotype and phenotype are not always directly correlated. Some genes only express a given phenotype in certain environmental conditions. Conversely, some phenotypes could be the result of multiple genotypes. Inspired by the biological concept and usefulness of genotypes, computer science employs simulated genotypes in genetic programming and evolutionary algorithms . Such techniques can help evolve mathematical solutions to certain types of otherwise difficult problems.

25. Genotype And Phenotype A single genotype can produce many different phenotypes, depending on the To what extent will the phenotype of the clone resemble the genotype donor? http://salmon.psy.plym.ac.uk/year3/psyc364evolutionary_psychobiology/psy364_geno

26. Genotype---->Phenotype In the flow of information from genotype to phenotype, two steps require thecopying of nucleotide sequence information into a different form. http://opbs.okstate.edu/~melcher/MG/MGW2/MG2.html

Molecular Genetics Other Pages Expanded Central Dogma of Molecular Biology In the flow of information from genotype to phenotype, two steps require the copying of nucleotide sequence information into a different form. The first step, the copying of the DNA information into RNA, is designated transcription by analogy with medieval monks sitting in their cells copying, letter by letter, old Latin manuscripts. The letters and words in the new version are the same as in the old, but they are written with a different hand and thus have a slightly different appearance. The second step, in which amino acids are polymerized in response to the RNA information, is called translation . Here, monks (a few centuries later) take the Latin words and find English, German or French equivalents. The product is in a different language, in our case in the language of protein sequence. After transcription and before translation the RNA transcripts are processed to produce mature messenger RNA (mRNA). The products of translation

27. WTCHG Project: IGS Integrated Genotyping System For instance, a phenotype is attached to a subject, but a genotype is A subject is an individual associated with phenotype and/or genotype data. http://bioinformatics.well.ox.ac.uk/project-igs.shtml

Annotation of genes and genomes Genetics of dyslexia Genetics of endometriosis Genetics of Huntington's disease modifiers ... computing IGS - Integrated Genotyping System, a database for phenotype and genotype data Investigators: Richard Mott, Simon Fiddy, Dave Cattermole (contractor), Dong Xie, Xiao Yuan Duan (Curator) Description: We are developing a generic database system that can accommodate microsatellite and SNP genotype data, together with phenotype information on a portable platform. The system has been in use at our Centre since 2002, and currently includes the following features Microsoft SQL-Server 2000 backend database Web user interface for interactive work, written using Visual Studio .Net (ASP.Net , C#.Net, VB.Net) Perl command-line interface for scripting Multiple projects, users, user groups, user roles are supported. Data types stored in the system include: subjects (including pedigree information and subject groups) samples (subjects can have multiple samples associated with them), markers (SNP, microsatellite etc)

28. From Genotype To Phenotype From genotype to phenotype Linking Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics The linking of genotype and phenotype ontologies offers interesting http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~stevensr/g2p/

From Genotype to Phenotype: Linking Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Ontologies G2P main page G2P participants list G2P Presentations As part of the Manchester Bioinformatics Week there will be a one-day workshop on "From genotype to phenotype: Linking Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Ontologies". The day-long meeting will be split over Saturday 23rd Sunday 24th March 2002 at the Chancellors Conference Centre at the University of Manchester . The meeting co-charis are Robert Stevens and Alan Rector , of the bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Groups at the Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester. The schedule for this and the other Manchester Bioinformatics Week meetings is available and will be extended closer to the meeting dates. Background The medical informatics community has had an interest and a wealth of experience in developing and using ontologies, that stretches back over many decades. The younger Bioinformatics community has also indicated a growing interest in the subject area. There is both a common interest and a diversity in these fields, that together, we hope can be of mutual interest and benefit to both communities. The linking of genotype and phenotype ontologies offers interesting opportunities for collaboration between Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics. Ontologies should be integral in the storage, management and analysis of data in eScience and eMedicine and it is hoped that this meeting can initiate such collaborations.

29. Genotype Vs Phenotype genotype vs phenotype. Living material is unique in that its composition and form is in two radically different formats, called phenotype and genotype . http://www.ess.ucla.edu/huge/genotype2.html

Genotype vs Phenotype Living material is unique in that its composition and form is represented in two radically different formats, called phenotype and genotype The physical material itself - an arm, cell, chunk of meat or thymus gland - constitutes its phenotype. It is more than what is visible by eye or microscope however, as it includes the full complement of behaviours, the developmental dynamics, as well as the chemical compositionof the organism. Genetic representations are inscribed in a code in DNA molecules infused throughout all biological tissues. Every cell contains a complete genetic description of not only its own phenotype but of the whole organism encompassing it. A fat cell in the belly contains the complete genetic information for brain neurons as well as itself. Every speck of tissue visible to the eye carries hundreds or thousands of these genetic representations in the chromosomes of its cells. Moreover, they do not merely describe but are part of an elaborate cellular machinery to cause a body part to develop the form of those descriptions. The genotype is the full complement of the genetic information repeated exactly in every body cell. It is a major determinant of the phenotypic attributes of the organism, which is why an egg laid by a hen hatches as a chick instead of a duckling. But, genes are not exclusively responsible for a person's phenotype. The environment also plays an essential role. A baby can be born with fetal alcohol syndrome because the mother abused alcohol during her pregnancy. Also, Japanese children grow up speaking Japanese and British children English, due exclusively to their environment. In general phenotypic traits are specified or "determined" by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

30. Botany Online: Prospects For New Developments - Genotype -Phenotype genotype and phenotype. Depiction of the relation between genes and features (genotypeand phenotype). Every gene (red, blue in the left column) governs the http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e14/1.htm

Genotype and Phenotype Depiction of the relation between genes and features (genotype and phenotype). Every gene (red, blue in the left column) governs the formation of a gene product (1 gene > 1 enzyme hypothesis). A gene product can effect a number of features (pleiotropic effect). A feature again (for example "violet") may be the result of the combined effects of several gene products. Impressum

31. Evolution 101: Genotype Versus Phenotype genotype versus phenotype. An organism’s genotype is the set of genes that it However, since an organism’s genotype generally affects its phenotype, http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIIA1Genotypevsphenotype.shtml

Home Evolution 101 Descent with Modification Genotype versus phenotype Genotype versus Phenotype genotype phenotype evolution , we are really concerned with changes in the genotypes that make up a population For example, differences in the genotypes can produce different phenotypes. In these house cats, the genes for ear form are different, causing one of these cats to have normal ears and the other to have curled ears. A change in the environment also can affect the phenotype. Although we often think of flamingos as being pink, pinkness is not encoded into their genotype. The food they eat makes their phenotype white or pink. Lesson plans for teaching about genotype/phenotype Get more information on Genotype vs. Phenotype Mechanisms of Change American Curl Rescue Project Search Site Index Navigation ... Understanding Evolution Home Read how others have recognized the Understanding Evolution website

32. Genotype-phenotype Distinction - Definition Of Genotype-phenotype Distinction In The genotypephenotype distinction refers to the fact that while genotype andphenotype of an organism are related, they do not necessarily coincide. http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Genotype-phenotype_distinction

Add to Favorites General Encyclopedia Legal ... Law forum Search Word: Visit our Law forums Labor Law Accidents Law Bankruptcy Law Business Law ... Tax Law The genotype-phenotype distinction refers to the fact that while genotype and phenotype of an organism are related, they do not necessarily coincide. The genotype of an organism represents its exact genetic makeup , that is, the particular set of genes it possesses. Two organisms whose genes differ at even one locus (position in their genome ) are said to have different genotypes. The term "genotype" refers, then, to the full hereditary information of an organism. The phenotype of an organism, on the other hand, represents its actual physical properties, such as height, weight, hair color, and so on. The mapping of a set of genotypes to a set of phenotypes is sometimes referred to as the genotype-phenotype map An organism's genotype is the largest influencing factor in the development of its phenotype, but it is not the only one. Even two organisms with identical genotypes normally differ in their phenotypes. One experiences this in everyday life with monozygous (i.e. identical) twins

33. On Linking Genotype To Phenotype Well informed linkages between genotype and individual phenotypes will requirea completely new generation of simulation models that are suitable for http://biosystems.ucsf.edu/Observations/geno_to_pheno.html

On Linking Genotype to Phenotype Well informed linkages between genotype and individual phenotypes will require a completely new generation of simulation models that are suitable for rigorous experimentation. Rational development of new therapeutic interventions, including new drugs, requires understanding the functional interactions between subcellular networks, the functional units of cells, organs and systems, and how the emergence of disease alters them. If the required information is somehow encoded in the genome, it is currently invisible. Some of it may be hidden within the protocols used by macromolecules to interact within networks and modules ( Absent the needed information, our current best alternative is to “copy” nature (build models that reflect our current state of knowledge) and compute these interactions (i.e., simulate) to determine the logic of healthy and diseased states. The impressive growth in bioinformatics databases and the relentless growth in computer power have helped open a door to new methods to explore functionality hierarchically from genes to individual patients. In the mean time, the rapid accumulation of biological information and data is overwhelming our ability to understand it.

34. Mendel And The Gene Idea (a) Because phenotype maps imperfectly onto genotype, often we may not know the (d) Nevertheless, with codominance phenotype again mirrors genotype http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~sabedon/campbl14.htm

Important words and concepts from Chapter 14, by Stephen T. Abedon abedon.1@osu.edu ) for Biology 113 at the Ohio State University Course-external links are in brackets Click [ index ] to access site index Click here to access text’s website Vocabulary words are found below Chapter title : Mendel and the Gene Idea (a) (b) Mendel and the gene idea Google Search Genetic Science Learning Center Genetics (a journal) ( The Genetics Society of America Three neglected advances in classical genetics index Gene genotype (a) A gene is a discrete heritable unit (b) Genes are found at specific loci on chromosomes (c) (loci mapped to human chromsome number 3 are shown to the right; M b means megabase and cM means centimorgan) (d) Most genes generate trai t s phenotype ) via their coding for the synthesis of proteins (e) gene Google Search index Genotype (a) The sequence of nucleotides on chromosomes represents genotype (b) Genotype is subdivided into discrete, heritable units called genes (c) Genotype is what is passed from parent to offspring on chromosomes (d) genotype Google Search index Phenotype (a) Phenotype is specified by genoty p e (b) Phenotype is the stuff that you can see and measure about an organism (c) For example, height, color, number of legs, ability to smell, etc.

35. BBSPrints Archive: CORRELATION OF PHENOTYPE WITH GENOTYPE IN INHERITED RETINAL D CORRELATION OF phenotype WITH genotype IN INHERITED RETINAL DEGENERATION as model systems for unravelling the connection between genotype and phenotype, http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/04/48/

BBS nline CORRELATION OF PHENOTYPE WITH GENOTYPE IN INHERITED RETINAL DEGENERATION Home About Browse Search ... Help Daiger, Stephen P. , Sullivan, Lori A. and Rodriguez, Joseph A. (1995) CORRELATION OF PHENOTYPE WITH GENOTYPE IN INHERITED RETINAL DEGENERATION. Full text available as: HTML Short Abstract: Long Abstract: Keywords: retinitis pigmentosa; macular dystrophy; rod and cone photoreceptor cells; rhodopsin; peripherin/RDS; phosphodiesterase ~-subunit; inherited retinal degeneration; human genetic diseases Subjects: BBS Special Issues: Controversies in Neuroscience: III - Signal Transduction in the Retina and Brain Biology: Behavioral Genetics Neuroscience: Neurochemistry Neuroscience: Neuroendocrinology ... Psychology: Physiological Psychology ID code: Deposited by: Stephen P Daiger on 01 May 2001 Contact site administrator at: support@bbsonline.org

36. Forum On Drug Resistance And Staying Undetectable: Genotype And Phenotype Result genotype and phenotype Results, Send this answer to a friend! Based upon yourdescription of your complex phenotype and genotype results, http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Resistance/Archive/versus/Q141380.html

@import url(/css/thebody.css); @import url(/css/forums.css); var zflag_nid="362"; var zflag_cid="81"; var zflag_sid="0"; var zflag_width="728"; var zflag_height="102"; var zflag_sz="26"; Choosing Your Meds Fatigue and Anemia Fusion Inhibitors Hepatitis and HIV Coinfection ... Spiritual Support and HIV Please Note: Due to volume considerations, not all questions can be answered. Questions most likely to be answered will be those of general interest to a broad group of visitors to this forum. Questions pertaining to a specific case; requests for diagnosis, medical advice, or second opinion; or requests for opinions about untested alternative therapies will generally not be answered. The participation of Dr. Renslow Sherer in this Forum is made possible in part by an unrestricted educational grant from Abbott Laboratories. Ask the Experts about Drug Resistance and Staying Undetectable Genotype and Phenotype Results Sep 6, 2002 Hello doctor: Response from Dr. Little First - regarding what appears to be a conflict between the genotype and phenotype test. If the bar graph of the phenotype test shows that you are not sensitive to viracept and yet the Genotype shows no resitance to viracept, I would guess that the reason your phenotype test is showing resistance is on the basis of other protease inhibitor resistance mutations. With the protease inhibitors, there is some degree of partial resistance that comes with multiple resistance mutations to protease inhibitors, some times despite the fact that the one PI in question does not have the typical mutation for that drug that is associated with drug resistance.

37. NEJM -- Correlation Between Genotype And Phenotype In Patients With Cystic Fibro Correspondence from The New England Journal of Medicine Correlation betweenGenotype and phenotype in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/330/12/865

// var NTPT_PGEXTRA = ''; // var NTPT_PGREFTOP = false; // var NTPT_NOINITIALTAG = false; HOME SEARCH CURRENT ISSUE PAST ISSUES ... HELP Please sign in for full text and personal services Previous Volume 330:865-867 March 24, 1994 Number 12 Next Correlation between Genotype and Phenotype in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis Since this article has no abstract, we have provided an extract of the first 100 words of the full text and any section headings. Full Text Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager E-mail When Cited ... PubMed Citation To the Editor: In a recent article Hamosh and Corey of the Cystic Fibrosis Genotype-Phenotype Consortium (Oct. 28 issue) reported on correlations between the genotypes and phenotypes of patients with cystic fibrosis. The mean age of the patients with the F genotype was 23.5 years, and the ages of the other groups ranged from 11.0 to 14.6 years. The authors conclude that genotype is predictive of pancreatic status but not of the severity of pulmonary disease. In our adult patient population, however, we found a correlation between the genotype and the severity of pulmonary disease.

38. NEJM -- Correlation Between Genotype And Phenotype In Patients With Cystic Fibro Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine Correlation betweenGenotype and phenotype in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/329/18/1308

// var NTPT_PGEXTRA = ''; // var NTPT_PGREFTOP = false; // var NTPT_NOINITIALTAG = false; HOME SEARCH CURRENT ISSUE PAST ISSUES ... HELP Please sign in for full text and personal services Previous Volume 329:1308-1313 October 28, 1993 Number 18 Next Correlation between Genotype and Phenotype in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis The Cystic Fibrosis Genotype-Phenotype Consortium Full Text Letters Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager ... PubMed Citation ABSTRACT Background Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal autosomal recessive disorder among whites. Seventy-two percent of patients with this disease are homozygotes or compound heterozygotes for eight mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene on chromosome 7: F N1303K, 621+1G-to-T, 1717-1G-to-A, and R117H. We studied the relation between genotype and phenotype in patients from 14 countries. Methods Each of 399 patients who were compound heterozygotes for F and one other mutation was matched with the F homozygote of the same sex who was the closest in age from the same center. A paired analysis was performed of the following outcome variables: age at diagnosis, sweat chloride concentration, growth percentiles

39. PharmGKB PharmGKB Profile The PharmGKB has accumulated genotype data, phenotype data, curated literatureannotations, and drugrelated pathwaysand currently attracts more than http://www.pharmgkb.org/network/members/pharmgkb.jsp

40. Non-linear Mapping From Genotype To Phenotype This study suggests that even a slightly nonlinear genotype-phenotype mapping can In order to explore the effect of the non-linear genotype-phenotype http://staff.science.uva.nl/~roel/metazoan/node3.html

Next: Generation and maintenance of Up: Introduction Previous: Introduction Non-linear mapping from genotype to phenotype For many years the study of evolution has been shown to be fruitful without taking into account that there is no such thing as direct mapping from the coding of an organism to its fitness evaluation. In such studies on evolutionary dynamics a change in the genotype of an organism results in an equivalent change in its phenotype. The last decennia however, a number of paradigm systems have been developed that do include a non-linear genotype to phenotype transition. These systems include NK-landscapes [ ] and models on RNA-evolution [ ], but also genetic algorithms (GA) [ ] and genetic programming (GP) [ ]. The study of these paradigm systems has, or should have, profoundly reformed thinking on evolutionary change. Although genetic algorithms were designed not primarily for the study of evolutionary dynamics, they offer important insight into the behaviour of evolutionary systems having a non-linear genotype-phenotype mapping. In genetic algorithms, a solution to a predefined computational problem is ``evolved'' by selecting possible solutions from a population. The solutions that are more able to cope with the problem than their brothers and sisters reproduce and form a new population. During this reproduction small changes are made to the solutions by means of genetic operators such as point mutations and cross-overs. In many of these genetic algorithms the problems comprise the setting of parameters in a predefined system. In some genetic algorithms however the solution to a predefined computational problem is coded in a representation that is non-linearly related to the actual solution. For example, the parameter setting of a system could be encoded in a bitstring. If each bit in this would have an equal chance of being mutated a change from, say, 127 to 255 would be as probable as a change from 254 to 255. The performance of the solution to the problem that this bitstring represents can be seen as its phenotype. This phenotype is now non-linearly related to the coding, or

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