21. AFL To Ban Gene Tests - News - Www.realfooty.com.au AFL to ban gene tests. By Karen Lyon June 23, 2005 I would encourage allclubs to steer away from (dna) testing because there will be in my view - some http://www.realfooty.theage.com.au/articles/2005/06/22/1119321797116.html?from=s

22. Genetic Testing genetic testing is looking at (dna) to diagnose a disorder or the likelihood of future A gene is merely a discrete unit of (dna) that specifies the complete http://tjsamson.client.web-health.com/web-health/topics/GeneralHealth/generalhea

Genetic Diseases Diagnosis: Birth Defects Inherited Disorders Cancers Genetic testing is looking at DNA to diagnose a disorder or the likelihood of future disease. Genetic Testing What is genetic testing? Genetic testing is looking at DNA to diagnose a disorder or the likelihood of future disease. Uses of genetic testing are: Preconception Planning (referred to as "carrier testing") Prenatal Screening Newborn Screening Identification of a Predisposition to Develop Cancer [Currently only a handful of cancer screening tests are available: for instance BRCA-1 for risk of breast cancer . More genetic cancer screening tests are in the process of being devised.] In some circumstances, a positive gene test finding would: Enable the Doctor to Customize Medication to the Patient, in order to maximize effectiveness and minimize toxicity For instance, the treating physician could take into account how rapidly the person is expected to metabolize a particular drug compound in the liver for elimination from the body by the kidney Give the Patient the Opportunity to Consider Early Interventions, before the disease becomes disabling or does permanent damage

23. Gene Therapy Solutions: Gene Testing gene testing is used to identify the presence of certain genes with a person s (dna) . The probe is designed to bind with specific genes in a (dna) strand. http://www.genesolutions.com/page7.html

Human Gene Therapy The Human Genome Human Genes Gene Mutations ... Cloning Gene Testing Gene testing is used to identify the presence of certain genes with a person's DNA. This can be used to determine if a person contains the genes that cause genetic disorders. In cases like Huntington's disease, a person can have advance warning of the onset of the disease. In other cases, parents each with a defective recessive gene will know if their offspring has the potential to develop a genetic disorder. There are different techniques to accomplish gene testing. One technique involves using tiny DNA strands (known as "probes"). The probe is designed to bind with specific genes in a DNA strand. By taking a DNA sample and introducing DNA probes to that sample, a scientist can determine if the DNA contains a certain gene by whether or not the probe binds to any sites within the strand. Another technique involves a side-by-side comparison of more than one person's DNA. Genes within a person can be compared with healthy copies of those genes to determine if the person's genes are, in fact, defective.

24. Health 24 - Genetics, Obesity & DNA If these individuals can be identified by gene testing at an early age, It is becoming important to test the genes of individuals who intend doing http://www.health24.com/medical/Condition_centres/777-792-1987-1993,29669.asp

Health24 Experts Got a nagging question on your mind? Ask one of our many experts for the answer Fatal surgery Health24 looks at the surgical procedure used during the operation on the late Marelize Kritzinger. TERMS NEWSLETTER MAKE HEALTH24 YOUR HOMEPAGE NEWS MEDICAL SCHEMES DIET FITNESS NATURAL MAN WOMAN CHILD MIND SEX TOOLS FIND SHOP EXPERTS TALK WIN function topNav(onoff) if onoff = 1 then if window.event.srcElement.classname = "top_nav_on" then window.event.srcElement.classname = "top_nav" else window.event.srcElement.classname = "top_nav_on" end if else if window.event.srcElement.classname = "top_nav_on" then window.event.srcElement.classname = "top_nav" else window.event.srcElement.classname = "top_nav_on" end if end if end function Medical Head 2 Toe Disease centres Acne ... Run/walk for health Links Find a buddy Sexuality Psychology Food as medicine ... Genetics You are in: Medical Disease centres Genetics Genes, diet and disease Genetic factors influence how we react to various treatments such as folic acid supplementation, low-fat diets for heart disease and diets to enhance the GST enzymes that protect us again cancer. Advertisement The basic principle of "nutrigenomics" is that patients who do not react to standard diet therapy can have gene tests done to determine why they are not responding and/or to determine if they are at increased risk of developing certain potentially dangerous conditions.

25. National Cancer Institute - Gene Testing Understanding Cancer Series gene testing Back to Main Each cell has 46molecules of doublestranded (dna). Each (dna) molecule is made up of 50 to 250 http://newscenter.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer/genetesting/Slide5

var bSearchBoxBool=false; Understanding Cancer Series: Gene Testing Posted: Page Options Print This Page Print This Document View Entire Document E-Mail This Document ... View/Print PowerPoint Quick Links Director's Corner Dictionary of Cancer Terms NCI Drug Dictionary Funding Opportunities ... NIH Calendar of Events NCI Highlights Digital Mammography Trial Results Announced NCI Offers Support for Those in Need After Katrina NCI Announces Plan to Fight Lung Cancer National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month ... Past Highlights Slide 5 DNA Molecules Every human cell (with the exception of mature red blood cells, which have no nuclei) contains the same DNA. Each cell has 46 molecules of double-stranded DNA. Each DNA molecule is made up of 50 to 250 million bases housed in a chromosome. < Previous Index Next Slide > NCI Home ... Site Map A Service of the National Cancer Institute

26. Gene Blues | Bullfrog Films Examines the ethical issues associated with (dna) testing. gene Blues Dilemmasof (dna) testing Examines the ethical issues associated with (dna) testing. http://www.bullfrogfilms.com/catalog/gene.html

Search tips PRICING / ORDER To order this video select one choice below then click "Add to Order" (You can also use this process to generate an order form for faxing or mailing.) Buy (VHS):* Rent (VHS):* Preview (VHS) * Reduced rates for activists and grassroots groups. Please inquire. Preview Policy License Agreement ORDER INFO Bullfrog Films P.O. Box 149 Oley, PA 19547 Tel: 610/779-8226 Fax: 610/370-1978 Gene Blues Dilemmas of DNA Testing Examines the ethical issues associated with DNA testing. 30 minutes Color Grade Level: 9-12, College, Adult US Release Date: 1997 ISBN (VHS): 1-56029-715-8 Directed by Mark Dworkin and Melissa Young Produced by Moving Images "A brilliant look at the social implications of genetic knowledge." Sheldon Krimsky, Tufts University This outstanding video examines some of the ethical issues associated with DNA testing and sets the stage for a national debate on the ramifications of human gene technology. As geneticists unlock the DNA code, they learn how differences in the DNA that makes up particular genes are linked to variations in physical traits - from an organism's size to its resistance or susceptibility to disease. While this knowledge holds promise for alleviating human suffering, DNA testing has presented real problems, including

27. Genetics Links Each gene is a segment of doublestranded (dna) that holds the recipe for making a and What types of diseases can be predicted with gene testing? http://www.utexas.edu/nursing/nancy/genetics.html

Home A chromosome. Each of the 46 human chromosomes contains the DNA for hundreds or thousands of individual genes, the units of heredity. A gene. Each gene is a segment of double-stranded DNA that holds the recipe for making a specific molecule, usually a protein. I N D E X Genetic Web Sites Learning Center Videos/Models Bioethics.net. Cloning and Genetics Includes ethical issues, U.S. laws, cloning news, cloning debate, state laws, NBAC on cloning, and articles and papers on genetics. Center for Disease Control's Office of Genomics and Disease Prevention This site provides visitors with information about human genetic discoveries and how they can be used to improve health and prevent disease. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Webliography Webliography for clinical geneticists, directories and indexes to resources in genetic medicine, resources for patient information and family support, notable sites for the most frequently diagnosed conditions. Links to the Gene Letter and GENLINE. Genetic Societies Genetic Science Learning Center This site, developed for both teachers and students, helps "people understand how genetics affects their lives and society." It has clear explanations of what DNA, RNA, chromosomes, and cells are. and discusses genetic disorders, stem cells, and genetic testing of newborns. There are also simple experiments to demonstrate how to extract DNA from anything living and from wheat germ, and how to put enzymes to work. There are also teacher resources.

28. Cyndi's List - Genetics, DNA & Family Health gene Tree (dna) testing Center (dna) analysis and counseling for researching biologicalrelationships. (dna)Print Genomics (dna) Security, Inc. Family Tree (dna) http://www.cyndislist.com/dna.htm

Advertisement Main Index Alphabetical Index Topical Index "No Frills" Index ... Text-Only Index Search this page: Edit, Find Search the entire site: The index links below work best if you allow your web browser to load the entire page first. Category Index: General Resource Sites Genograms Thomas Jefferson Related Categories: Biographies Family Bibles Names Newspapers ... Surname DNA Studies and Projects Advertisement Planting Your Family Tree Online Preview the Table of Contents Cyndi's List The BOOK! 2nd Edition 2 Volumes Netting Your Ancestors Genealogy Bookstore In association with Amazon.com Ancestry Magazine Genealogical.com GPC and Clearfield Company Genealogy Warehouse Submit a New Link Report a Broken Link Update a Link General Resource Sites Article by Candace L. Doriott in Ancestry Magazine. An article by Donn Devine. Find out how science can help solve historical riddles that have long perplexed historians, and how history can offer cautionary tales about the promise of science. The different ways to collect and store the DNA of your loved ones in order to test in the future. Support US military DNA testing capabilities for human remains.

29. The Universe Of Genetic Testing Clinical genetic testing refers to the laboratory analysis of (dna) or RNA to Looking at small portions of the (dna) within a gene requires specialized and http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/features/genetics-3.html

TESTS Test not listed? A/G Ratio ACE ACT ACTH AFB Culture AFP Maternal AFP Tumor Marker Albumin Aldolase Aldosterone Allergies ALP Alpha-1 Antitrypsin ALT Ammonia Amylase ANA Antibody Tests Antiglobulin, Direct Antiglobulin, Indirect Antiphospholipids Antithrombin Apo A Apo B ApoE Genotyping aPTT AST Autoantibodies Bicarbonate Bilirubin Blood Culture Blood Gases Blood Smear BMP BNP Bone Markers BRCA BUN C-peptide CA-125 CA 15-3 CA 19-9 Calcitonin Calcium Cardiac Biomarkers Cardiac Risk Cardiolipin Antibodies Catecholamines CBC CCP C. diff CEA Celiac Disease Tests CF Gene Mutation Chemistry Panels Chlamydia Chloride Cholesterol CK CK-MB CMP CMV Coagulation Factors Complement Levels Cortisol Creatinine Creatinine Clearance CRP CRP, high-sensitivity

30. UCHSC DNA Diagnostic Laboratory Links Understanding gene testing This site provides basic information geared to thegeneral public about gene testing and key genetic concepts. http://www.uchsc.edu/sm/peds/dnalab/links.htm

UCHSC DNA Diagnostic Laboratory Links General Information on Genetic Testing Fragile X Syndrome Huntington's Disease Myotonic Dystrophy ... MCAD and LCHAD deficiency General Information on Genetic Testing Understanding Gene Testing This site provides basic information geared to the general public about gene testing and key genetic concepts. This booklet also provides answers to a number of frequently asked questions about the science, potential benefits, and potential risks of gene testing. Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and the National Center for Human Genome Research Alliance of Genetic Support Groups The Alliance of Genetic Support Groups is a non-profit organization dedicated to helping individuals and families who have genetic disorders. This site has a comprehensive directory of genetic support groups. Genetic Support Groups Online and other Health Related WWW Sites Lots of links NCBI Genes and Disease Webpage An informative overview of genetic diseases produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Genetics Home Reference: Your guide to understanding genetic conditions Genetics Home Reference: Your guide to understanding genetic testing A helpful overview describing genetic diseases and genetic testing created by the U.S. National Library of Medicine

31. Gene Testing: What The Health Professional Needs To Know -- Keku Et Al. 133 (11) Genetic testing involves the analysis of (dna), RNA, chromosomes, proteins, Polymorphisms in genes for (dna) repair, metabolism, oxidative stress, http://www.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/133/11/3754S

QUICK SEARCH: [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year: Vol: Page: This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited ... Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Keku, T. O. Articles by Millikan, R. The American Society for Nutritional Sciences J. Nutr. 133:3754S-3757S, November 2003 Supplement: International Research Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Cancer Gene Testing: What the Health Professional Needs to Know Temitope O. Keku Tejinder Rakhra-Burris and Robert Millikan Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, NC Center for Genomics and Public Health, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ABSTRACT TOP ABSTRACT LITERATURE CITED Physicians and health professionals are faced with new challenges in the era of increasing information on genetics and health.

32. Gene Testing: What The Health Professional Needs To Know -- Keku Et Al. 133 (11) gene testing What the Health Professional Needs to Know1 KEY WORDS • genetictesting • (dna) • genetic counseling • health professionals http://www.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/133/11/3754S

QUICK SEARCH: [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year: Vol: Page: This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited ... Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Keku, T. O. Articles by Millikan, R. The American Society for Nutritional Sciences J. Nutr. 133:3754S-3757S, November 2003 Supplement: International Research Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Cancer Gene Testing: What the Health Professional Needs to Know Temitope O. Keku Tejinder Rakhra-Burris and Robert Millikan Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, NC Center for Genomics and Public Health, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Physicians and health professionals are faced with new challenges in the era of increasing information on genetics and health.

33. CERF NEWS July 1999 The testing of (dna) for a specific genetic disease is becoming more and more If your breed club wishes to pursue gene testing and a test is available, http://www.vmdb.org/july99.html

CANINE EYE REGISTRATION FOUNDATION July, 1999 INSIDE Directors Comments DX Spotlight LET'S TALK UPDATES DIRECTOR'S COMMENTS DNA Testing Walter Weirich, DVM, PhD The testing of DNA for a specific genetic disease is becoming more and more common place. It would be very nice if a DNA test were available for each heritable disease in purebred dogs. Each puppy could have a genetic test or battery of genetic tests and we could make much more appropriate breeding decisions. CERF serves as the repository for this information and will register dogs that have been shown by a DNA test to be free of the abnormal genetic trait. DNA testing is a bit of a mine field at this time because there are no standards readily available to help the general public make a judgment as to the merits of one DNA test over another. When well known, credentialed scientists are involved with a specific test, one can be assured that test is accurate. But, when someone not well known or credentialed offers a DNA test, how can one know if the test will work? This is a question I have thought about a lot. Since CERF serves as the registry for some of these tests how do we know what that registration is based upon? I asked the American Veterinary Medical Association to consider establishing a group of scientists who could judge the merits of a genetic test. This would provide information to veterinarians, breed clubs, and disease registries as to the strengths and weaknesses of the various tests that might be available. After considering this possibility they decided not to do this. This would have been a valuable service to animal owners but, it would have been fraught with some difficulty.

34. © The Centre For Genetics Education The (dna) from Sue is examined using direct gene testing to see if the mutation ineach copy of the gene involved can be identified. http://www.genetics.com.au/factsheet/19.htm

Genes and Chromosomes Changes to the Genetic Code When Genes are Faulty - Mutations Genetic Conditions Genetic Counselling Autosomal Recessive Inheritance Autosomal Dominant Inheritance X-Linked Inheritance X-Inactivation Genetics and the Evironment - Multifactorial Inheritance Mitochondrial Inheritance Changes in Chromosomes - Number or Size Changes in Chromosomes - Translocations Genetic Imprinting Prenatal Testing Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Prevention of a Genetic Condition - Folate Before Pregnancy Newborn Screening for Genetic Disorders Genetic Testing and Screening - Medical Applications Genetic Testing and Screening - Forensic and Other Applications Ethical Issues in Human Genetics The Human Genome Project Pharmacogenetics Cloning Gene Therapy When Parents are Related - Consanguinity Trisomy 21 - Down Syndrome Trisomy 13 Trisomy 18 Klinefelter Syndrome Turner Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome Cystic Fibrosis Thalassaemia Tay-Sachs Disease Haemochromatosis Huntington Disease Haemophilia Muscular Dystrophy - Duchenne and Becker Neurofibromatosis Type I Neurofibromatosis Type II Familial Hypercholesterolaemia and Cardiovascular Disease Short Stature and Other Skeletal Dysplasias Genetics and Cancer Breast and Ovarian Cancer - Genetic Aspects Bowel Cancer - Genetic Aspects Melanoma - Genetic Aspects Cardiac Disease - Genetic Aspects Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 - Genetic Aspects Mental Illness - Schizophrenia and Manic Depression - Genetic Aspects Alzheimer Disease - Genetic Aspects Neural Tube Defects - Spina Bifida and Anencephaly

35. Men And DNA Testing Menstuff® is actively compiling information and resources on (dna) testing. (dna) microarrays are increasingly being used for analyzing gene expression in http://www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/DNA.html

DNA Testing resources on DNA testing. Why do paternity testing? How do DNA tests usually work? Purposes of various kinds of testing Test Purpose/Samples Needed From ... Resources Why do paternity testing? Parental and Foresnsic Testing To establish an accurate medical history for the child. To prevent disputes in adoption To create a record for immigration To foster peace of mind for all involved parties To obtain child support. To determine the birth father. To determine the birth mother (cases of switching babies in the hospital shortly after birth.) How do DNA tests usually work? The test is based upon the principals of inheritance. A child gets one half of his/her genetic makeup from the mother and the other half from the biological father. The test reveals a control batch of genetic markers from all parties. The genetic markers that the child shares with the mother are first located. Then to determine paternity, the child's remaining markers are compared to the alleged father. If the man is indeed the father, all of the markers that did not match the mother's should match his. If all of the child's remaining markers match the alleged father, evidence is provided that he is the biological father of the child. If they do not match, he is excluded as the biological father of the child. When the mother is not tested, a larger batch of control markers are revealed from the alleged father and child. If these markers show tat the man is contributing half of the genetic makeup of the child, he is given evidence that he is the biological father of the child. If markers are found not to match between the alleged father and child, the man is excluded from being the biological father of the child.

36. MyDNA.com - Genetic Disorders: Questions And Answers genetic testing includes gene tests ((dna) testing) and biochemical tests (protein In gene tests, (dna) in cells taken from a person s blood, body fluids or http://www.mydna.com/genes/genetics/genetics101/genetic_disorders_qa.html

Genetics News Top Ten Ask Dr. DNA ... Ethnicity Health Centers A to Z Listing AIDS / HIV Allergy Bipolar Disorder ... Weight Loss Resource Centers Clinical Trials Diagnostic Tests Diet Center Find a Professional ... Genetics Basics Genetic Disorders: Questions and Answers Genetics Basics add to favorites print this page e-mail this page Genetic Disorders: Questions and Answers A genetic disorder is a disease caused in whole or in part by a "variation" (an unusual form) or "mutation" (alteration) of a gene. Genetic disorders can be passed on to family members who inherit the genetic abnormality. A small number of rare disorders are caused by a mistake in a single gene. But most disorders involving genetic factors - such as heart disease and most cancers - arise from a complex interplay of multiple genetic changes and environmental influences. Geneticists group genetic disorders into three categories: Single gene disorders caused by a mistake in a single gene. The mutation may be present on one or both chromosomes of a pair. Sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis and Tay-Sachs disease are examples of single gene disorders. Chromosome disorders caused by an excess or deficiency of the genes. For example, Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of a chromosome, but no individual gene on the chromosome is abnormal.

37. OptiGen - Prcd-PRA Test - Canine Genetic Testing The OptiGen prcdPRA test is a (dna)-based test that helps you avoid one The OptiGen test detects the mutant, abnormal gene copy and the normal gene copy. http://www.optigen.com/opt9_test_prcd_pra.html

SEARCH: The OptiGen prcd -PRA Test Breed Links Breeding Strategies The OptiGen prcd prcd Breed specific information: American Cocker Spaniel American Eskimo Dog Australian Cattle Dog Australian Stumply Tail Cattle Dog Chesapeake Bay Retriever Chinese Crested English Cocker Spaniel Entlebucher Mountain Dog Labrador Retriever Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever Portuguese Water Dog PRA Disease The genetic disorder, prcd prcd prcd form of PRA. Annual eye exams by a veterinary ophthalmologist will build a history of eye health that will help to diagnose disease. www.eyevet.org and www.blinddogs.com Inheritance Prcd prcd -PRA have the same disease caused by the same mutated gene. This is so, even though the disease might develop at different ages or with differing severity from one breed to another. Although prcd -PRA is inherited, it can be avoided in future generations by testing dogs before breeding. Identification of dogs that do not carry disease genes is the key. These "clear" dogs can be bred to any mate - even to a prcd The Genetic Test The OptiGen prcd test is done on a small sample of blood from the dog. The test analyzes the specific DNA mutation causing prcd-PRA. The OptiGen test detects the mutant, abnormal gene copy and the normal gene copy. The result of the test is a genotype and allows separation of dogs into three groups: Normal/Clear (homozygous normal), Carrier (heterozygous) and Affected (homozygous mutant).

38. Genetic Screening And Testing gene testing involves examining a person s (dna) for a flag associated with adisease or disorder. The (dna) is usually taken from a blood sample, but sometimes http://www.health.ri.gov/genetics/screening.php

Home Health Topics News Data ... Site Map Programs Genetics Homepage About Genetics Ethical Issues Genetic Counseling ... Pending Federal Legislation Rhode Island Department of Health Genetics Core Team 3 Capitol Hill, Providence, Rhode Island, 02908 Sharon Marable, MD, MPH Assistant Medical Director, Disease Prevention and Control Leonard Green, MPS Chief, Vital Records Rhode Island Department of Health Genetics Website Genetic Screening and Testing Gene testing involves examining a person's DNA for a flag associated with a disease or disorder. The DNA is usually taken from a blood sample, but sometimes it is taken from another body fluid or tissue. The tests can be used to look for possible predisposition to disease, or to confirm a suspected mutation in an individual or family. The DNA change can be relatively large: a missing or added piece of a chromosome - or even an entire chromosome - which is visible under a microscope. Or it can be extremely small, as little as one extra, missing, or altered chemical base The most widespread type of genetic testing is newborn screening . Each year in the United States, four million newborn infants have blood samples tested for abnormal or missing gene products. Some tests look for abnormal arrangements of the chemical bases in the gene itself, while other tests detect

39. Genaissance Pharmaceuticals, Inc. integrates gene varation into a new generation of (dna)based diagnostic and Provides (dna) sequencing, genotyping, and genetic stability testing in GLP http://www.genaissance.com/

Genaissance Pharmaceuticals and Ipsogen Announce Cancer Biomarker Research Agreements Genetic Testing Pharmacogenetic Clinical Development Services Molecular Services Genaissance Pharmaceuticals and Ipsogen Announce Cancer Biomarker Research Agreements Genetic Testing Pharmacogenetic Clinical Development Services Molecular Services ... Contact Information

40. About DNA Testing For Von Hippel-Lindau If (dna) testing finds the altered VHL gene, we say that the results are If the (dna) testing finds that both copies of the VHL gene are unaltered, http://www.vhl.org/dna/

Basic Facts About VHL Managing Your Health Information for Health Care Professionals Research ... Press Room Families, Friends, Physicians, Researchers working together to improve diagnosis, treatment, quality of life for people affected by von Hippel-Lindau disease. DNA Testing for VHL How to go about DNA Testing Sources of DNA Testing worldwide If you participated in a research study 1977-1993, click here How to Go About DNA Testing (from the VHL Handbook, 2005) Anyone with a first- or second-degree relative with VHL is "at risk" for VHL. First degree relatives are parents, children, sisters, and brothers. Second-degree relatives are cousins, aunts, uncles, grandparents, and grandchildren. The only way to determine for sure whether someone has VHL is through DNA testing. This is a blood test that must be processed at a clinical testing laboratory (lab) that has the necessary equipment and reagents to test for VHL. If DNA testing finds the altered VHL gene, we say that the results are positive: yes, this person has VHL. If the DNA testing finds that both copies of the VHL gene are unaltered, we say that the test is negative. This person is unlikely to have VHL. There is always some margin for error. When the possibility of error is under 1-2%, it is considered to be as certain as it gets in nature. If the margin for error is 15%, you may wish to have additional testing.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 2     21-40 of 104    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | Next 20