61. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #10 (05/25/1993) on a Drawing Tradition among peoples of africa South of the Equator, AMUCHMA 9) and african Slave and Calculating Prodigy Bicentenary of the http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_10.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-10 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) TABLE OF CONTENTS NEWSLETTER #10 Objectives of AMUCHMA Meetings Current research interests Bibliography on Astronomy in Africa south of the Sahara ... back to AMUCHMA ONLINE 2. MEETINGS 2.1 First AMU Symposium on Mathematics Education in Africa for the 21st Century William Ebeid, Chairman of the AMU Commission on Mathematics Education, presented at the First AMU Symposium on Mathematics Education in Africa for the 21st Century (Cairo, Egypt, 5-10 September, 1992) a paper entitled "Research in Mathematics Education in Egypt". He gave an overview on the 240 theses (171 M.Ed. and 69 Ph.D.) in Mathematics Education defended at Egyptian universities in the period 1954-1990. 2.2 Seminar "Mathematics, Philosophy, and Education" Salimata Doumbia (Côte d'Ivoire) and Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) conducted a workshop on 'Ethnomathematics / Mathematics in the African Cultural Environment' at the international seminar "Mathematics, Philosophy, and Education" (Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire, 25-29 January, 1993). In one of the plenary sessions of the same seminar, Gerdes presented a paper entitled 'Ethnomathematics as a new research area in Africa'. 2.3 Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

62. Project MUSE Young people are especially vulnerable; to be young in africa has come to mean They suggest continuity between ganda intellectuals in the 1920s and http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/africa_today/v051/51.3burgess01.html

How Do I Get This Article? Athens Login Access Restricted This article is available through Project MUSE, an electronic journals collection made available to subscribing libraries NOTE: Please do NOT contact Project MUSE for a login and password. See How Do I Get This Article? for more information. Login: Password: Your browser must have cookies turned on Burgess, Thomas "Introduction to Youth and Citizenship in East Africa" Africa Today - Volume 51, Number 3, Spring 2005, pp. vii-xxiv Indiana University Press Excerpt Africa Today 51.3 (2005) vii-xxiv [Access article in PDF] Thomas Burgess Generation in Africa has recently attracted considerable and perhaps unprecedented scholarly interest. In the last four years four major institutions have hosted international conferences on youth in Africa (Social Science Research Council, University of Leiden, Northwestern University, and Amherst College), and, at last report, at least three intended to publish volumes of essays on the subject. In 2002 the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) began its Child and Youth Studies Institute. In 2003 the African Studies Association (ASA) made "Youthful Africa in the 21st Century" its annual meeting's unifying theme. According to my count, the conference hosted ten roundtable discussions and 160 presentations that examined various topics and issues related to youth in Africa. If only a fraction of these presentations make it to print, the African Studies community will have more to digest about generation than it has in a long time.

63. Magic Safaris, Your African Adventure Travel Provider! - Discover Uganda The birth rate was 49 per 1000 people and the death rate 19 per 1000. Traditional ganda and Soga men often wear a long white robe called a kanzu under a http://www.magic-safaris.com/02_program/03_discoveruganda/chapitre3.asp

More about Uganda, the Pearl of Africa... INTRODUCTION LAND AND RESOURCES PEOPLE AND SOCIETY Ethnicity and Language Religion Education Social Structure ... HISTORY III. PEOPLE AND SOCIETY The 1991 Uganda census counted 16,671,705 people. By 1998 the population had grown to an estimated 22.2 million Ugandans, giving the country a population density of 92 per sq km (238 per sq mi). The estimated growth rate of the population in 1998 was 2.8 percent. The birth rate was 49 per 1,000 people and the death rate 19 per 1,000. Life expectancy at birth was 42.6 years. The fertility rate, the number of births per woman, was 7.1. Almost all Ugandans are black Africans. Foreign residents make up less than 4 percent of the population and come mostly from neighboring states. The population is concentrated in the south, particularly in the crescent at the edge of Lake Victoria and in the southwest. Uganda is predominantly rural with only 13 percent of the population living in urban areas. Kampala, near Lake Victoria, is Uganda's intellectual and business center and its only city. Jinja, the most important industrial center, is located on the Nile at Lake Victoria. The next largest towns are Mbale, Masaka, Mpigi, and Mbarara. A. Ethnicity and Language (

64. African Proverbs, Sayings And Stories - Book Reviews Through stories African people’s fears, joys, hopes and aspirations are After many years of listening to the people in their indigenous language, http://www.afriprov.org/resources/bkreview.htm

Book Reviews Contents Book Review of African Stories for Preachers and Teachers Book Review of Nzerumbawiri: Provérbious Sena How To Enliven Community Development Making the Most Of Oral Literature ... African Proverbs on Peace and War Book Review of African Stories for Preachers and Teachers Compiled by Joseph G. Healey Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa, 2005. Paperback, 152 pages. Price: $5. Reviewed by John P. Mbonde The author, Joseph G. Healey, is an American Maryknoll priest who was ordained in 1966. He has worked in East Africa since 1968 and presently is lives in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. He is the renowned prolific writer and analyst of African proverbs and stories including the famous book Towards an African Narrative Theology (published by both Orbis Books and Paulines Publications Africa). He has been in East Africa since 1968, and has written several other books including: A Fifth Gospel: The Experience of Black Christian Values; Kuishi Injili (Living the Gospel); and Kueneza Injili Kwa Methali (Preaching the Gospel Through Proverbs) . He is involved in continuous research on African stories, proverbs, sayings, poems, folklore, etc.

65. African Proverbs, Stories And Sayings - Meetings Report of the Meeting of People Interested in African Proverbs Urban Ministry to show what indigenous oral literature exists among the Builsa people. http://www.afriprov.org/resources/meetings.htm

Meetings and Workshops Report of the Meeting of the Kenya Proverbs Committee Nairobi, Kenya, 25 September 2004 Hekima College, Nairobi, Kenya Present: Jean Charles Kubanabantu (jchkubanabantu@jesuits.net) Third year student at Hekima College from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Nirima Rakotosolofo (rakotosolofo@yahoo.com) Third year student at Hekima College from Madagascar Mercellin Mugabe (mugabem@jesuits.net) Third year student at Hekima College from Rwanda Joseph Kariuki (kariukiprov@yahoo.co.uk) Assistant Moderator Absent with apologies Evans Nyakundi Jean Nyaduwi The participants said that the website would especially be useful to students at Hekima in their first year where such courses are concentrated. Joseph asked them the best way to promote the website among those students as well as other students at Hekima. Marcelin Mugabe said he will review the website for the next issue of Hekima Review after consultation with the editorial board of the journal to enable the Hekima academic and student community get exposed to the website. Jean Kubanabantu from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) said there is also a fair number of collections from DRC through there are also some small ethnic communities where no collections exist. Mercellin Mugabe from Rwanda said a lot of collections have been done and published and some of the publications can be found at Hekima. Nirima Rakotosolofo from Madagascar also said there have been many collections and publications from his part of Africa.

66. LANGUAGES-ON-THE-WEB: BEST XHOSA LINKS ombrarossapiccola.jpg (728 byte) South African Language XHOSA In these wars the Xhosa, agricultural and pastoral peoples native to the Eastern Cape, http://www.languages-on-the-web.com/links/link-xhosa.htm

languages-on-the-web is now www.lonweb.org The page you are looking for is now HERE

67. Article - The Flames Of Namugongo: Postcoloniality Meets Queer On African Soil The following final scene of the martyrdom is as read in The African efforts to civilize the indigenous people often proved inadequate Bleys, 148. http://www.clgs.org/5/postcolonial_queer_african.html

Resource Library Topic Index Author Index Open Hands ... Book Reviews The Flames of Namugongo: Postcoloniality Meets Queer on African Soil? by Kenneth Hamilton Presented to the American Academy of Religion, "Gay Men's Issues," Toronto, Canada, November 22, 2002 ABSTRACT The story of the 1886 martyrdom of Charles Lwanga and his companions takes me to the intersection of diaspora studies, queer theory, critical race theory, performance studies, and radical Catholic historiography. It is the founding missionary narrative of Christianity in Uganda, East Africa which equates that founding with the uprooting of same sex practice on the "Dark Continent." It raises suspicions around the demonization of "darkness", which includes "Africa", African male same sex, African traditional religions and Islam, African masculinity, and the feminized African land. Moreover, the sublimation of this narrative into Roman Catholic canonization further defines same sex desire as that which is not Christian and not Ugandan.

68. CIA - The World Factbook -- Uganda vectorborne diseases malaria and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) are Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs 18% http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ug.html

Select a Country or Location World Afghanistan Akrotiri Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Arctic Ocean Argentina Armenia Aruba Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Baker Island Bangladesh Barbados Bassas da India Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dhekelia Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europa Island Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon Gambia, The

69. Francis Anekwe Oborji - Building The Relationship In Mixed African Communities In my study of the nature of the relationship in African communities and At the 1994 symposium of Nigerian indigenous Priests Association (NIPA) held at http://www.sedos.org/english/oborji_3.htm

Francis Anekwe Oborji Building the Relationship in Mixed African Communities We cannot but highlight the fact that, the nature of the relationship of Africans of different ethnic backgrounds living in their various nations, and of Christians of the same diverse ethnic groupings sharing one parish or Christian community in one part of their country in the continent is still characterized by recourse to primitive ethnicity at critical moments. Moreover, where the local populace do their best to live in harmony, love and respect the other, the elite and often politicians would continue to evoke the divisive elements such as religion, tribe, etc., and exploit these to propagate their personal and political ambitions and interests. This accounts for increase in the rise of hatred, religious and ethnic conflicts in Africa. This phenomenon is carried into the church. Basing on these premises, this article attempts to explore ways of forging relationships between Africans of different ethnic groups and cultural backgrounds sharing one community or nation. The article presents some trajectories for strengthening and deepening the relationships among Africans of different ethnic groups living in the same Christian community and nation, and between them and people of other religions living in the same society.

70. PUBLICATIONS indigenous technical knowledge in East African farming systems How can indigenous knowledge best be used to benefit the people who possess it? Smith, LC http://www.indiana.edu/~ifri/crc/uganda/publications/publications.htm

UFRIC Library resources IFRI Publications Downloadable publications Full text articles: ... Remote LIBRARY RESOURCES UFRIC Library Indigenous knowledge and institutions : an up-to-date and comprehensive bibliography with over 1000 citations covering the entire globe! Tragedy of the commons bibliography with 266 citations that include theoretical and policy dimensions. IASCP , The International Association of Common Property resources collections of conference papers provide useful references on indigenous knowledge, forestry and common property issues. Other Libraries and databases Journals and newsletters Electronic green journal Is published by the university of Idaho library, is a professional, referred publication devoted to disseminating information concerning sources of international environmental topics including assessment, conservation, devlopment, disposal, education, hazards, pollution of resources, technology and treatment. Indigenous knowledge and development monitor UNASYLVA Forest, trees and people newsletter IUFRO newsletters and announcements ... TOP IFRI PUBLICATIONS A number of publications based on UFRIC/IFRI research methodology has been documented.

71. African Music On 45 Rpm Records In The UK, 1954-1981 From Sierra Leone, came Ali ganda / Lord ganda, whose songs were heavily The second is by Lonely Lamptey and the People s Highlife Band featuring Eddie http://www.mustrad.org.uk/articles/african.htm

Article MT037 Highlife Piccadilly African Music on 45 rpm records in the UK, 1954-1981 Introduction On the evening of Saturday 17th March 1958, the British independent television channel ATV, broadcast the first of a series of six new plays by Wolf Mankowitz, entitled The Killing Stones . The plays were set in South Africa, and to add local colour, the series used a tune by a group of African musicians by the name of Elias and the Zig Zag Jive Flutes, entitled Tom Hark . Unexpectedly, the record of this tune, (Columbia DB 4109 Tom Hark Ry Ry ), became a best seller, staying in the UK charts for 14 weeks, and reaching No.2. It was unexpected because this type of music was previously more or less unknown in the UK, although kwela or tin whistle jive was increasingly popular in South Africa at this time. Tom Hark stands, even now, as one of the very few records of authentic vernacular music to penetrate so high into the UK charts (nominations for other candidates for this honour in letters to the editor please). The UK record industry of the time, though, scented the possibility of another trend. No doubt at this early date, many in the business still felt that rock 'n' roll was no more than a passing phase, and were on the look out for what was going to replace it in the hearts of the record-buying public. Spurred on by

72. GRAMMATICHE - About The World's Languages I ll try to verify how many are really spoken by at least 10000 people somewhere. Berber dialects survive inside this melting pot of africa whose http://www.grammatiche.com/languages.htm

Going out of a bookish perspective - Is that language a necessary tool? Can we say we really need it? From 1 to 265 - A survey of the world's languages ORAL LANGUAGE - A language is 'what you call one thing, locally'. There is a sacred dictionary, that is made of rituals and liturgical words. This is practiced by very few people. The dictionary made of household words, that everybody uses in the day-to-day speeches, consists of some 12,000 or 20,000 words that every country gets across every day in the ordinary talks. This page begins to reason by languages, not by countries. Borders are precarious, while all sounds must be clear and intelligible. Italy borders on France, we used to say. It's simply a human convention. You'll have simply to know French words, if you'd like to speak inside that territory. From a sound of nature To a mixture of three sounds (=word) From a word having a meaning To a succession of four words (=sentence) WRITTEN LANGUAGE is the sequence of sounds that you have to write down if you want them to be read by those speaking your language. It's what you're reading now... just these words. They're being written by a man that isn't a native speaker of this language. What a wonderful thing... and I may as well go on with my mother tongue, scrivendo come mi fu insegnato in quel lontano giorno del 1961...

73. Background On Buganda The people of Buganda are referred to as Baganda (the singular form is Sometimes the generic term ganda is used for all the above (especially by foreign http://www.buganda.com/bugintro.htm

Introduction Buganda is located in the south-central region of the country known today as Uganda, as shown in the map below. This is right in the heart of Africa, astride the equator, and at the source of the great river Nile . The people of Buganda are referred to as Baganda (the singular form is Muganda ), their language is referred to as Luganda , and they refer to their customs as Kiganda customs. Sometimes the generic term Ganda is used for all the above (especially by foreign scholars). Buganda is home to the nation's political and commercial capital, Kampala; as well as the country's main international airport, Entebbe. Follow this link for more information about contemporary Uganda . If you want to see where Uganda is located within Africa, click here 'Uganda' (Swahili for 'Land of the Ganda') was the name used by the Arab and Swahili traders on the East African coast to refer to the kingdom of Buganda, deep in the interior of Africa. These traders first arrived in Buganda in the mid-nineteenth century in search of slaves, ivory, as well as other merchandise. When the European colonialists eventually extended their hegemony over Buganda and the surrounding territories at the end of the nineteenth century, they used the swahili term Uganda to refer to the new colony. Today, Uganda is made up of almost 40 different ethnic groups with the Baganda being the largest group at a little under 20% of the total population. Check out this link for more information about Uganda's ethnicities.

74. Uganda Uganda Before 1900 They displaced small bands of indigenous huntergatherers , who relocated to the To the north, the Niloticspeaking Acholi people adopted some of the http://www.country-studies.com/uganda/uganda-before-1900.html

Uganda Before 1900 Uganda's strategic position along the central African Rift Valley, its favorable climate at an altitude of 1,200 meters and above, and the reliable rainfall around the Lake Victoria Basin made it attractive to African cultivators and herders as early as the fourth century B.C. Core samples from the bottom of Lake Victoria have revealed that dense rainforest once covered the land around the lake. Centuries of cultivation removed almost all the original tree cover. The cultivators who gradually cleared the forest were probably Bantu-speaking people, whose slow but inexorable expansion gradually populated most of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Their knowledge of agriculture and use of iron technology permitted them to clear the land and feed ever larger numbers of settlers. They displaced small bands of indigenous huntergatherers , who relocated to the less accessible mountains. Meanwhile, by the fourth century B.C., the Bantu-speaking metallurgists were perfecting iron smelting to produce mediumgrade carbon steel in preheated forced draft furnacesa technique not achieved in Europe until the Siemens process of the nineteenth century. Although most of these developments were taking place southwest of modern Ugandan boundaries, iron was mined and smelted in many parts of the country not long afterward. Early Political Systems As the Bantu-speaking agriculturists multiplied over the centuries, they evolved a form of government by clan chiefs. This kinship-organized system was useful for coordinating work projects, settling internal disputes, and carrying out religious observances to clan deities, but it could effectively govern only a limited number of people. Larger polities began to form states by the end of the first millennium A.D., some of which would ultimately govern over a million subjects each.

75. Uganda Uganda, twice the size of Pennsylvania, is in East africa. Up to 1.5 million people in northern Uganda have been displaced because of the fighting and http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0108066.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites Hurricane Katrina Ramadan Children Inventors The Doctor's In ... 2006 TFK Almanac Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Countries Uganda Infoplease Atlas: Uganda Republic of Uganda President: Yoweri Museveni (1986) Prime Minister: Apolo Nsibambi (1999) Area: 91,135 sq mi (236,040 sq km) Population (2005 est.): 27,269,482 (growth rate: 3.3%); birth rate: 47.4/1000; infant mortality rate: 67.8/1000; life expectancy: 51.6; density per sq mi: 299 Capital and largest city (2003 est.): Kampala, 1,461,600 (metro. area), 1,244,000 (city proper) Monetary unit: Ugandan new shilling Languages: English (official), Ganda or Luganda, other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic Ethnicity/race: Baganda 17%, Ankole 8%, Basoga 8%, Iteso 8%, Bakiga 7%, Langi 6%, Rwanda 6%, Bagisu 5%, Acholi 4%, Lugbara 4%, Batoro 3%, Bunyoro 3%, Alur 2%, Bagwere 2%, Bakonjo 2%, Jopodhola 2%, Karamojong 2%, Rundi 2%, non-African (European, Asian, Arab) 1%, other 8% Religions: Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Islam 16%, indigenous beliefs 18%

76. Sukuma/African Bibliography The indigenous political systemof the Sukuma and proposals for political reform, Sukumaland an African people and their country study of land use in http://www.stolaf.edu/people/mbele/bibliography.htm

A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SUKUMA AND NYAMWEZI CULTURE AND SOCIETY Joseph L. Mbele St. Olaf College I have been compiling this bibliography in the course of research on the folklore of the Sukuma and Nyamwezi of Tanzania, which I began in 1993. This was part of my research on Tanzania's Epic Folklore, which was funded by Earthwatch, an affiliate of the Center for Field Research, based in Massachussetts. The Sukuma and Nyamwezi, who are often assumed to be essentially the same people, are among the most well-studied of Tanzania's ethnic groups. For over a hundred years, there has been a continuous stream of books, articles, manuscripts, theses and dissertations on this group in various languages, but notably in Swahili, English, German, French and Sukuma. These writings cover the history, culture, economic and social life of these people. My focus in this bibliography is on folklore and culture in general. I have therefore included works on subjects such as language. Some of the works I have included in this bilbiography may not strike other people as belonging in it. The Sukuma and Nyamwezi may safely be considered close enough to be discussed together, but I have included entries on neighbouring groups such as the Kara and the Kerewe, who live on islands in Lake Victoria. I think they have enough in common with the Sukuma to warrant their inclusion in this bibliography. Such choices are difficult for anybody trying to create a bibliography of this nature. There are materials I have not included in this bibliography, for example sections in various books, most of which I probaby do not even know about. There are also typescripts and manuscripts which I have not even heard about. It is more than likely that such materials exist, in such places as the White Fathers' Archives in Rome, Oxford House in England, and perhaps in Canada as well, since the priests who set up the Sukuma Museum at Bujora, near Mwanza, came from Canada. Though this is a rather comprehensive bibliography for the period it covers, I know that some more work needs to be done to make it even better.

77. Angola News Online (15) - 5/21/98 People hear with their own ears and read with their own eyes messages In relation to central africa, Dos Santos said, there was an urgent need for http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/angno15.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER Angola News Online (15) - 5/21/98 ANGOLA NEWS ONLINE/ANGOLA NEWS ONLINE/ANGOLA NEWS ONLINE Edition #15 21 May 1998 Subscribe to Angola News Online A bi-monthly update of news from Angola! In this edition: Feature: RACISM AND XENOPHOBIA: WHO ARE THE VICTIMS? Stories: 1. TROOPS IN CONGO "GRADUAL WITHDRAWAL" SAYS PRESIDENT 2. DOS SANTOS CONCERNED WITH REGIONAL POLITICAL STABILITY 3. NEW UN MILITARY COMMANDER 4. UNITA'S ARMY INTACT - DEFENCE MINISTER 5. SITUATION AT PRISONS DIFFICULT AND COMPLEX - GOVERNMENT 6. MILITARY TENSION ON THE RISE 7. NOT ENOUGH FUNDS FOR EXPO'98, SAYS CULTURE MINISTER 8. STATE BUDGET TO BE REVISED AFTER OIL PRICE FALL Feature: RACISM AND XENOPHOBIA: WHO ARE THE VICTIMS? "Your country has been devastated and your cities burnt to ground. While you look on, foreigners take over your land". This passage - from today's English version Bible - refers to the prophet Isaiah's call for "righteousness and justice" in the ancient Kingdom of Judah in the latter half of the eighth century BC. Now, seemingly impelled by the social and economic hardships of this time in which they live, thousands of Angolan families have been joining religions they would never have even imagined, let alone joined, before. With this they become active and in some cases blind agents of an unprecedented proliferation of religions in Angola.

78. Report Of The Secretary-General On (b) Poster on the International Decade of the World s indigenous People (DPI/1813) in The African Charter on Human and People s Rights (HR/PUB/90/1) http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.313.En?OpenDocument

79. ECCP Gastrow, writing in People Building Peace, a recent publication of the Into this already explosive mix an antibanditry armed movement - ganda Koy http://www.conflict-prevention.net/page.php?id=45&formid=72&action=show&articlei

80. UGANDA BEFORE 1900 Uganda s strategic position along the central African Rift Valley, its favorable climate at an altitude of 1200 meters and above, and the reliable rainfall http://countrystudies.us/uganda/4.htm

UGANDA BEFORE 1900 Uganda Table of Contents Uganda's strategic position along the central African Rift Valley, its favorable climate at an altitude of 1,200 meters and above, and the reliable rainfall around the Lake Victoria Basin made it attractive to African cultivators and herders as early as the fourth century B.C. Core samples from the bottom of Lake Victoria have revealed that dense rainforest once covered the land around the lake. Centuries of cultivation removed almost all the original tree cover. The cultivators who gradually cleared the forest were probably Bantu-speaking people, whose slow but inexorable expansion gradually populated most of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Their knowledge of agriculture and use of iron technology permitted them to clear the land and feed ever larger numbers of settlers. They displaced small bands of indigenous huntergatherers , who relocated to the less accessible mountains. Meanwhile, by the fourth century B.C., the Bantu-speaking metallurgists were perfecting iron smelting to produce mediumgrade carbon steel in preheated forced draft furnacesa technique not achieved in Europe until the Siemens process of the nineteenth century. Although most of these developments were taking place southwest of modern Ugandan boundaries, iron was mined and smelted in many parts of the country not long afterward.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 4     61-80 of 80    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4