81. Gambia Culture History And Archaeology Momodou Camara s extensive page on the history and culture of The gambia. World Atlas of Archaeology on the Web, covering the African country of gambia. http://archaeology.about.com/od/gambia/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Archaeology World Atlas ... Africa Gambia Homework Help Archaeology Essentials Ancient Daily Life ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Archaeology newsletter! See Online Courses Search Archaeology Gambia Culture History and Archaeology Culture history, archaeological sites, and other information related to the past of the modern country of the Gambia. Alphabetical Recent Up a category The Gambia Momodou Camara's extensive page on the history and culture of The Gambia. Stone Circles of The Gambia Images and some discussion of these monumental structures of Gambia and Senegal. From Momodou Camara. World Atlas: Gambia The original page in the World Atlas of Archaeology on the Web, covering the African country of Gambia. Topic Index Email to a Friend Our Story Be a Guide ... New York Times Company Around About Poll: If you had $10 million?!

82. Cultural Africa Holidays. Africa Lives. BBC Africa 05. Africa, Tourism & Poverty The BBC s africa season has raised awareness of africa s rich cultural diversity . Buy Guide Books on africa (more) Further info The gambia http://www.responsibletravel.com/TripSearch/Cultural holidays/Activity100244.htm

Adventure holidays Beach holidays Budget travel Cultural holidays ... S-Z Cultural Africa holidays Search by country Botswana Egypt Ethiopia Gambia ... Zanzibar This micro-site created by responsibletravel.com for the BBC with The Responsible Tourism Partnership , which works with the tourism industry, and with travellers and local communities to realise the aspirations of the Cape Town Declaration "to create better places for people to live in and for people to visit." The BBC's Africa season has raised awareness of Africa's rich cultural diversity. These pages have been designed to enable you to visit Africa to experience these cultures first hand, and make an economic contribution to Africa and its artists. Travel resources The weather in Africa - when to go (more) Advice on visiting tribal cultures (more) Does your lodge benefit local people? (more) Article. Hunting with the San in Namibia (more) Article. Walking the Maasai in Kenya (more) Buy books from our Africa reading list (more) Buy Guide Books on Africa (more) Further info The Gambia Small tourism enterprises in the Gambia (more) South Africa Fair Trade in South South Africa (more) You either get the point of Africa or you don't. If you can't get past thefear of animals, poverty .. the juggernaut of nature, then you probably won't. But if you do stand in it and smell it and listen to it, ... then it willbe one of the biggest, most profound and powerful things you ever feel. Itwill fill the wet evenings and dark mornings. It will mark your card andhave you on call-back for ever.

83. The Living Africa | A Gambian Story These photographs were taken in Newjeswang and Farafeni, gambia by Chris Covert, It is here in Newjeswang that Chris has set up the Jobo Kunda cultural http://library.thinkquest.org/16645/gallery/covert_story.html

Newjeswang, Gambia Farafeni, Gambia In Newjeswang, Gambia live the Jobarta family and their relatives. They are part of a West African ethnic group known as the Manding. Chris Covert and her husband have become close friends with the Jobarta family. At one time Chris and her husband lived with them while waiting for their own apartment to be built. It is here in Newjeswang that Chris has set up the Jobo Kunda cultural exchange program. This program was created to bring people of North America and West Africa together for the purpose of sharing and preserving traditional cultures. Our music and dance instructors are from the jalis or griot society, the historic keepers of the culture. Through her friendship with the Jobartas, Chris has had the opportunity of learning about their culture and working with them to enable others to come and live with the contemporary Manding. Some people come for 4 weeks, others stay for several months. It has proved to be an enriching experience for all involved.

84. GO.HRW.COM Web site by African Cultural Center USA. Section 2 History and culture Explore gambia s history, culture, geography, and even listen to its national http://go.hrw.com/ndNSAPI.nd/gohrw_rls1/pKeywordResults?sg1 Ch23

85. Gambia Trip but also to observe the way dance is used in the context of African culture, says Sharpley. It s very easy for African dance to become Americanized. http://www.oberlin.edu/stuorg/afhrtage/diaspora/gambia/gambia.html

Dance Diaspora and the Trip to Gambia By Betty Gabrielli Adenike Sharpley More Photos O CTOBER 1, 1998Last week a Cleveland State University fan talked about Dance Diaspora's September 24 performance this way: "Oh when the drums sound, the earth shakes. Their performance at CSU is going to be packed." And it was. "We blew them away," says Adenike Sharpley, the company's director and choreographer and director of Oberlin's Afrikan Heritage House. "We had standing room only." Enthusiastic audiences greet the dancers whenever they perform off campus, whether it's 400 filmgoers getting in the groove at a gala party highlighting the 20th International Cleveland Film Festival last May or at Tufts University a few days ago. Sharpley, who came to the College with a wealth of experience as a choreographer and dancer, including work with the legendary Katherine Dunham, created Dance Diaspora in 1992 as a touring ensemble. For the last six years, she and the student dancers have broadened access to Africa's rich cultural heritage by performing in venues up and down the Atlantic seaboard. But the longest trip they've ever taken was not in the U.S. but to West Africa, this past summer, to learn the basics of their art form

86. Summer Study Abroad Programs In Africa - Gambia, Ghana, Kenya gambia, Kenya, Operation Crossroads africa, 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 1366, East africa, 3 week Kenya based cultural ecological tour. http://www.isp.msu.edu/ncsa/Summer_G_K.htm

Study Abroad Programs in Africa: Summer Programs: Africa-Ethiopia Mail-Swaziland Tanzania-Zimbabwe The cost/fees associated with these programs are subject to change without our knowledge, use this information only as a guide! African Country Sponsoring Institution Address Phone Cost E-mail/World Wide Web Course of Study Type of Program Gambia optional, Senegal African American Studies Program Prof. Harold Rogers President, AASP PO Box 497327 Chicago, IL 60649 Ph: (773) Fax: (773) 684-6967 Senegal- $1752, with Gambia $1822; December $2002 e-mail: abc@starmail.com Or: hrogers@ccc.edu URL: http://justice1.freeyellow.com/journey.html Senegal Special, look a West African society. Dec. 26-Jan 2, 2000-01; August 4-11, 2001 or December 23-30, 2001 Ghana, African American Studies Program Prof. Harold Rogers President, African American Studies Program PO Box 497327 Chicago, IL 60649

87. VisitGambia - Attractions Reuniting the Diaspora with Mother africa. The gambia s International Homecoming Visit the Motherland and enjoy the cultural experience of a lifetime. http://www.gambianet.com/html/attractions.html

Abuko Nature Reserve Fort Bullen Roots Festival Albert Market ... Wrestling 'Borreh' Abuko Nature Reserve This is Gambia's oldest protected area. It is near the holiday resorts on the Atlantic Coast and is a great tourist attraction. The reserve protects a large tract of gallery forest, and is particularly noted for its bird and monkey populations you can also see lions, hyenas and crocodiles here. Albert Market The enigmatic heart of the capital city, Banjul, is Albert Market. Strolling through the market you can get clothes, shoes, fruits and vegetables, household goods and local handicrafts. Diverse, full of energy and chaotic, the market scene is Banjul at its African best. back to top Arch 22 Built to commemorate the military takeover 22 July 1994 (led by Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh, now The Gambia's president), Arch 22 is by far the tallest building in The Gambia. The arch provides excellent views over the city and it's open to the public daily. back to top Birdwatching It is common knowledge that The Gambia is paradise for bird watchers from all over the world. With over 540 different species of bird (and butterflies, insects, dragonflies and flowers remain to be identified) in a relatively small area it is so popular that many birders return year after year.

88. Gambia Vacations, Gambia Travel, Gambia Luxury Resorts, Gambia Hotels gambia Vacations and Cruise Consultants africa Luxury Vacations Call 1 415-446 5252 to book. The gambia is a developing country in West africa. http://www.travelwizard.com/africa/Gambia_Overview.html

Gambia Luxury Vacations, Gambia Cruises, and Gambia Hotels Guide Gambia Vacation Guide: Romantic Gambia Hotels and Honeymoons Gambia Vacations and Cruise Consultants Africa Luxury Vacations: Call 1- 415- 446 5252 to book. Open every day! Africa Vacations Botswana Vacations Egypt Vacations Ethiopia Vacations ... Bookmark this page Gambia: Overview The Gambia is a developing country in West Africa. Facilities for tourism in the area of Banjul, the capital city, are good, but they are limited in availability and quality outside the capital. ENTRY REQUIREMENTS: A passport and visa are required. Travelers are urged to obtain the latest information on customs and entry requirements from the Embassy of The Gambia, Suite 1000, 1155 15th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005, telephone (202) 785-1399 and 1359; or from the Permanent Mission of The Gambia to the U.N. at 820 Second Avenue, Suite 900-C, New York, N.Y. 10071, telephone (212) 949-6640. Overseas inquiries should be made at the nearest Gambian embassy or consulate. Book Your Africa Vacation Submit a vacation planner to our Africa Travel Specialists Client Testimonials Search Your Vacation

89. Islamic World.Net: Countries The Republic of gambia the official website of the government; The gambiaEmbassy in the culture and entertainment, sports and regional African news http://islamic-world.net/countries/gambia.htm

Other Sections: H O M E Our Plan Our Policy Our Papers Parenting Sister's Page Muslim Youth Children's Page Shahadah Da'wah Khalifah Asphorism Islamic Books Islamic News Multimedia Countries Links Index Ask Scholar Search Engines Contact Us H O M E countries Country Facts G O V E D U ... G e n e r a l Country Facts Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and Senegal Population: 1,367,124 (July 2000 est.) Ethnic groups: African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1% Religions: Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1% Languages: English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars Area: total: 11,300 sq km land: 10,000 sq km water: 1,300 sq km Natural resources: fish G O V top The Republic of Gambia - the official website of the government The Gambia Embassy in the U.S. Department of State for Education High Commission for Canada to Gambia Biography of the President ... Gambia Expansion Corporation - is conected with the Government of the Republic of the Gambia ,and is a foreign trade company whose core business has been to develop and conduct international trade operations and to provide services to exporters and importers in differents countries, with special emphasis on Spanish companies Danish representation in the Gambia E D U top Gambia College - the only institution offering University level education in the Gambia Gambia Schools - an extensive list of schools in the Gambia Banjul American Embassy School Cinchips Institute - computer, secretarial and professional development institute

90. People And Culture (from Gambia, The) --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia People and culture (from gambia, The) The gambia shares much of its culture andhistory with Senegal because of the unique configuration of the country. http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-229677

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Introduction Land and Climate Plants and Animals People and Culture Culture Education and Social Welfare Major Cities Economy ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Gambia, The  Student Encyclopedia Article Page 4 of 18 People and Culture A minaret stands in The Gambia, where a great majority of the people are Muslims. The Gambia shares much of its culture and history with Senegal because of the unique configuration of the country. The two countries also share ethnic groups and languages, as well as religious and cultural habits. Gambia, The...

91. Gambia, The, History Of --  Encyclopædia Britannica Tourist resource to this West African country. Covers history, culture gambia, The The FamilyEducation Network Fact sheet on this westAfrican country http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110761

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Introduction Precolonial history European colonization British protectorate Independence ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Gambia, The, history of Page 1 of 6 The Gambia, history of history of the area from precolonial times to the present. Gambia, The, history of... (75 of 781 words) var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "Gambia, The, history of."

92. AFRICA 2009 Projets Situés - Senegal And Gambia: Stone Circles Sites The Cultural Heritage organisations of Senegal and The gambia have presented This group included former participants to the africa 2009 courses and http://www.iccrom.org/africa2009/english/activities/sites/senegalgambia.shtm

Activities Printer friendly Senegal and The Gambia: Cross border serial Nomination to the World Heritage of the Senegambian Stone Circles PARTNERS FUNDING SOURCE IMAGES Background The Cultural Heritage organisations of Senegal and The Gambia have presented individual nomination dossiers to the World Heritage Centre in the past (1995 for the Gambia, and 2003 for Senegal), for the nomination of some of their Megalithic sites, but these individual dossiers had not been accepted. To strengthen the nomination dossier, they decided to join their forces and prepare a cross border nomination file for 4 of the Senegambian Stone Circles sites. Objectives Structure Results The nomination file has been completed. It has been submitted for consideration by WHC in 2006. Gambian and Senegalese professionals who had already participated in some of the Africa 2009 activities have been able to put their knowledge into practice. A common cross-border management platform was defined Experiences and ideas were shared between the professionals of the 2 countries About 100 persons have been involved (more or less) in the elaboration of the management plan for the site. And the mission at the site has been the occasion of a media campaign, including TV coverage

93. AFRICAN AMERICAN CHURCH TOURS - SENEGAL AND THE GAMBIA | African American | Blac FROM 1414.00 PER PERSON DOUBLE SENEGAL AND THE gambia OFFER SITES OF HISTORICAL The gambia South africa. Specialty Categories. Cultural Expeditions http://www.infohub.com/TRAVEL/SIT/sit_pages/8450.html

You are here: Home Africa Ghana Trip Listing Service ... Home Categories Active Adventure Affinity Family Hobby ... Sports Destination Africa Asia Australia Caribbean ... South America Popular Activities Bicycle Language Schools Naturist Railway Trips ... Maps Weekend Getaways Backroad CityEscape Unique Stays Castle Hotel Eco Lodge Outdoors Fishing Lodge Guest Ranch Hunting Lodge Resorts Diving Golf Naturist Spa Are you interested? Want to learn more about this tour, order travel brochures, pose questions to the tour operator or book this tour? Click for details. AFRICAN AMERICAN CHURCH TOURS - SENEGAL AND THE GAMBIA This tour is offered by: ( Try Africa Click here for info FROM 1414.00 PER PERSON DOUBLE SENEGAL AND THE GAMBIA OFFER SITES OF HISTORICAL INTEREST AND A RICH CULTURAL HERITAGE WHICH IS TREASURED AND PRESERVED BY A VARIETY OF ETHNIC GROUPS. TOUR INCLUDES; GOREE ISLAND, DAKAR CITY TOUR, BANJUL CITY TOUR, JUFFUREH, ROUND TRIP AIRFARE FROM NEW YORK, 6 NIGHTS FIRST CLASS HOTELS, 6 BREAKFASTS, TAXES AND SERVICE CHARGE Your Itinerary Day 1: Welcome to Senegal and The Gambia, West Africa

94. Gambia Arts gambia Arts. http//www.wauu.de/Regional/africa/gambia/Arts_and_Entertainment/.gambia Gateway Directory of over 1000 gambian Websites .. http://www.ezilon.com/world/countries/gambia/gambia_arts/index.shtml

Home Site Submit Advertise Select: Europe World News Images MP3/Music EUROPE WEB DIRECTORY AND INTERNET SEARCH ENGINE Home World Countries Gambia Gambia Arts Sponsored Listings Search Results Gambia on the Internet gambia, west africa, banjul. ... Has programs in the Gambia. http://www.aheadinc.org ... Photographs from "Passport to Paradise': Sufi Arts of Senegal and Beyond (the "urban visual culture of the Mourides, a ... http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/gambia.html Gambia, The http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107560.html Banjul, Gambia SIBMAS International Directory of Performing ... ... International Directory of. Performing Arts Collections and Institutions. Gambia. Banjul, Gambia. Index: Institution names followed by are members of SIBMAS ... http://www.sibmas.org/idpac/africa/gmb001.html allAfrica.com: Gambia allAfrica: African news and information for a global audience ... Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho ... and Assistance Arms and Armies Arts Athletics Banking Book Reviews Books Business ... http://allafrica.com/gambia

95. Events In The Countries Of The African Region Mental health Programmes included on the “Breakfast Show”, gambia Television Television Show “Tsorabitsika” inspired on malgache culture. http://www.afro.who.int/whd/countries2.html

Events in the Countries of the African Region Home Health Topics Contact WHO/AFRO WHO Headquarters ... World Health Day Country Venue Event Date Organizer and Address Gambia Campama Psychiatric Unit Targeted 15 Districts Mental health Programmes included on the “Breakfast Show”, Gambia Television School contest (12-23 March) Panel Discussions in Television, Interviews and articles in the Newspapers, Prayers in Mosques and Churches Address by Secretary of State and other officials, Exhibitions, Musical show and drama, interviews Open Field days (Health Education sessions in the Health facilities) January and February 2001 15 march to 3 April 2001 4 April April to June 2001 MOH in collaboration with WHO country Office Ghana Accra Civil Servants Association Conference Hall National launching : speeches by the Ministry of Health , WHO Representative, culture activities Open for all Psychiatric Hospitals in the country. Mental health walk Radio and TV talk shows in Psychiatric Symposium/Debate on Mental health for some selected Second Cycle Schools Mental 7 April 6 April th April Ministry of Health, Mental health Department in Collaboration with WHO country office

96. A F R I C A YAN KUBA KORA MUSIC FROM gambia Yan Kuba Saho Three aspects of Shonaculture (language, religion and music) remain intact despite an onslaught of http://www.rootsworld.com/rw/motw/africa.html

Asia Europe India Latin America ... Special editions YAN KUBA: KORA MUSIC FROM GAMBIA Yan Kuba Saho The kora is the best known and most beautiful string instrument from West Africa, and dates back many centuries to the royal courts. Its harp-like sound is unique and immediately appealing. On this recording, Yan Kuba Saho plays the 21-stringed kora and sings on several selections. He is accompanied on several tracks by Bintu Suso. (LAT 50611) Ephat Mujuru For many centuries, the mbira has been used by the Shona people of Zimbabwe to maintain contact with the spirit world and to recount fables. Ephat Mujuru is one of the world's most accomplished players of the mbira, or African thumb piano, and this recording presents a beautiful blend of spiritual and contemporary songs. (LAT 50616) mid-price series Ngoma: Music from Uganda Compiled by the acclaimed Ndere Troupe in 1995, the recordings from the Ngoma Project for Cultural Preservation present a wealth of traditional music from Uganda. This is the most comprehensive collection of traditional Ugandan music to date. Inspired performances by master musicians from the region's most important ethnic groups utilize a wide range of instruments including harps, mbiras, zithers, xylophones, and a wide array of African percussion. Fourteen tracks of music, digitally recorded and mastered.

97. Culture Gambia, Gambia, The culture gambia Resources Ministerial Conference on Agriculture and TechnologyWest African Perspectives US Department of State http://creekin.net/k10582-n69-culture-gambia-gambia-the.html

Creekin.net World Travel Information Source Countries About Us Contact Culture Gambia Gambia, The Principal Locations Bakau Banjul Basse Santa Su Brikama ... Tanji Resources Football Gambia Flag Gambia Gambia History Gambia ... Accommodation Gambia Culture Gambia Education Gambia Africa Gambia West Beach Gambia Calling Card Gambia ... Gambia Map Culture Gambia Gambia, The In 1999, however, President Jammeh announced that The Gambia would not ban these practices. He also stated that FGM/FGC was part of Gambian culture. Several members of the National Assembly and the Supreme Islamic Council have publicly supported continuation of FGM/FGC. The Vice President, on the other hand, has voiced support for reform. ... The estimated percentage of all women in The Gambia who have undergone one of the forms of FGM/FGC ranges from 60 to 90 percent. The Foundation for Research on Women’s Health, Productivity and the Environment (BAFFROW) reports that seven of The Gambia’s nine ethnic groups practice one of these forms. Nearly all Mandinkas, Jolas and Hausas (together 52 percent of the population) practice Type II on girls between 10 years and 15 years of age. The Sarahulis (nine percent of the population) practice Type I on girls one week after birth. The Bambaras (one percent of population) practice Type III, which takes place when girls are between 10 years and 15 years of age. The Fulas (18 percent of the population) engage in a practice analogous to Type III that is described as "vaginal sealing" or Type IV on girls anywhere between one week and 18 years of age. ... [

98. INASP Database: Book Chain In Anglophone Africa INASP Database Book Chain in Anglophone africa Search Results Full record.Organisation Observer Company (gambia) Country gambia http://www.inasp.info/pubs/bookchain/db.cgi?db=bookchain&uid=default&view_record

99. Googlism : Where Is Gambia gambia is a multi ethnic and a multi cultural society gambia is one of thetiniest of africa’s countries gambia is te vinden op http://www.googlism.com/where_is/g/gambia/

Googlism.com will find out what Google.com thinks of you, your friends or anything! Search for your name here or for a good laugh check out some of the popular Googlisms below. "Takes all the effort out of coming up with an opinion" - B3TA.com Who What Where When Who is What is Where is When is gambia gambia is a small country on the west coast of africa gambia is a narrow country following the gambia river gambia is malaria endemic" says gambia is here gambia is malaria endemic" says who's consultant gambia is yet to gambia is surrounded north gambia is right here gambia is a developing country in western africa gambia is volstrekt niet te vergelijken met de west gambia is in the savannah region of west africa gambia is the smiling coast of west africa gambia is 460km long by 25 gambia is mainly dependent on agriculture gambia is it legal gambia is a dinner party murder mystery game for 7 to 10 guests gambia is a freeform murder mystery party for 7 to 10 guests gambia is located on the atlantic coast of west africa gambia is part of the province of west africa gambia is located in western africa bordering the north atlantic ocean and senegal gambia is on the western coast of africa gambia is one of mainland africa's smallest states gambia is a small gambia is losing its genuine smile says susan waffa ogoo gambia is working to improve the capacities of women gambia is a multi ethnic and a multi cultural society gambia is among the list of third world countries attracting the attention of non other than pedophiles

100. Educational CyberPlayGround: Gullah Culture By Cecile McHardy Independent Schola Gullah culture by Cecile McHardy Independent Scholar West African Krio=creoleof Sierra Leone, gambia, Cameroons and Gullah Geechee. http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Linguistics/gullah.html

var ecp_channel="Linguistics" Linguistics Area Language Home AAVE Websites African Languages Army Navy ... CreoleTalk Mailing List Related Links Evolution of Language About Dialect Jamaican Creole Black Language Pioneers ... ECP RingLeaders HOT SITE Awards Gullah Culture by Cecile McHardy Independent Scholar Please forgive the long preamble. To frame the issue re big lens - recommend inter alia It is Dalby's thesis that a Black Portuguese developed as a lingua franca in West Africa in the 15th century and spread around the globe as a maritime creole. That it was an African construct for communication not only between black and white but a trade language between indigeneous coastal people who spoke different languages. It set a pattern. Even today for every European or American able to speak an African language, millions of Africans are able to speak a European language. [Also even today a great number of people in West Africa are multi-lingual] Black Portuguese had a full century of development before the Dutch displaced the Portuguese in the slave trade. A similar phenomenon - Black Dutch = Afrikaans characterised speech communities in the Dutch Islands in the Caribbean and Surinam, it is the mother tongue of Cape Coloureds, not only of Afrikaners of SA. [ consult Dalby for linguistic arguments re phonological, grammatical and semantic structure reminiscent of many African languages though vocabulary derived from European language]. So too Black French which developed by the middle of the 17th C around the French bases and colonies on both sides of the Atlantic. Goodman points out the

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