81. Who Does Historical Research In Gabon? On returning to gabon he was named an assistant in the history department Yet to one who has attempted to gather oral data in this same region of gabon, http://www.africa-research.org/templates/text\Gray94.htm

WHO DOES HISTORICAL RESEARCH IN GABON? OBSTACLES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SCHOLARLY TRADITION Christopher Gray Indiana University Editor's Note: This article is republished with permission of the author and the publisher. It originally appeared in History in Africa 21 (1994): 413-33. It has been common practice over the years to preface any discussion of Gabonese history with remarks as to how little has been written on the subject. 1982 to 1991 is provided in an appendix. "Old Scrappers" and the First Professionals Notes d’histoire du Gabon during this period.[4] He continued an active intellectual life up to his death in 1968 at the age of 97. Though there exists an unpublished autobiography and some commentary on his work, a full-blown biography of this man's extraordinary life would be a very worthwhile project.[5] It draws on both oral and documentary sources and contains a number of key insights on the evolution of the Orungu and Nkomi kingdoms. It was published with no revisions in 1981, more than a decade after its completion and three years after Ambouroue-Avaro's death. Yves Person provided a brief forward to bring the work up to date. Despite the publishing delay, Ambouroue-Avaro's book remained an original and stimulating contribution to Gabonese history.[10] Sadly, he was not able to develop his promising career as a scholar. While a student in France, he apparently had some problems with the Gabonese regime and lost his government scholarship; he completed his studies at his own expense. Returning to Gabon in 1969

82. Book Review The American Historical Review, 108.3 The Colonial Rule and Crisis in Equatorial Africa Southern gabon ca. 1850–1940.(Rochester Studies in African history and the Diaspora. http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/108.3/br_175.html

You have not been recognized as a subscriber to the AHR online. About 194 words from this article are provided below; about 558 words remain. If you are a individual member of the American Historical Association, you may: login here if you have already registered for online access. register your subscription Set up your online account for the first time. AHA members can go to the AHA individual membership section to locate their member numbers. If you are not a member of the American Historical Association, you can: Join the AHA and receive many member benefits including print and electronic issues of the American Historical Review. Purchase a research pass to gain two hour access to the entire History Cooperative web site. You will have full access to current issues of the American Historical Review (104.3-present). Note: the Research Pass does not provide access to JSTOR's holdings of the American Historical Review. Instititutions can: Subscribe to this journal and receive print and electronic issues. Activate your existing subscription so that we recognize your IP number ranges.

83. Government And History (from Congo, Democratic Republic Of The) --  Britannica between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and five regional states. American history 1992 Democratic Presidential Campaign ( 0053) http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-210586

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Introduction Land and Climate People Economy Government and History Additional references about Democratic Republic of the Congo Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Congo, Democratic Republic of the Student Encyclopedia Article Page 5 of 6 Government and History Congo, Democratic Republic of the... (75 of 4670 words) var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "Congo, Democratic Republic of the."

84. Information Gateway Links List Display Page Flag of gabon, OPIC Investor s Information Gateway Country Links DatabaseInformation for Banking regional Development Banks Islamic Development Bank http://www.opic.gov/links/countryInfo.asp?country=Gabon®ion=afr

85. Nigerian History, Biafra War Nigerian history Page More than 1 million Igbo returned to the Eastern Region . Biafra s independence was recognized by Tanzania, Zambia, gabon, http://www.ypforum.org/history_civilwar1

About Us Join The Forum Today's Feature Discussions Job Search Career Advice Nigerian Directory Nigerian Schools Women's Corner Leisure Photo Gallery Nigerian Events Related Links Contact Us Nigerian History Page Home http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/ops/war/biafra.htm Biafra War By Federation of American Scientists Military Analysis Network In July 1966 northern officers and army units staged a coup. The Muslim officers named thirty-one-year- old Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) Yakubu "Jack" Gowon, a Christian from a small ethnic group (the Anga) in the middle belt, as a compromise candidate to head the Federal Military Government (FMG). A young and relatively obscure officer serving as army chief of staff, Gowon had not been involved in the coup, but he enjoyed wide support among northern troops who subsequently insisted that he be given a position in the ruling body. Throughout the remainder of 1966 and into 1967, the FMG sought to convene a constituent assembly for revision of the constitution that might enable an early return to civilian rule. Nonetheless, the tempo of violence increased. In September attacks on Igbo in the north were renewed with unprecedented ferocity, stirred up by Muslim traditionalists with the connivance, Eastern Region leaders believed, of northern political leaders. The army was sharply divided along regional lines. Reports circulated that troops from the Northern Region had participated in the mayhem. The estimated number of deaths ranged as high as 30,000, although the figure was probably closer to 8,000 to 10,000. More than 1 million Igbo returned to the Eastern Region. In retaliation, some northerners were massacred in Port Harcourt and other eastern cities, and a counterexodus of non-Igbo was under way.

86. Unocal History the company from regional to national status with operations in 37 states . The history of Unocal has been marked by tenacity and technological http://www.unocal.com/aboutucl/history/

The first gasoline-powered automobile had not yet appeared in the Western United States when the Union Oil Company of California was founded on Oct. 17, 1890. The oil industry was barely 30 years old. Headquarters for the new company were established in Santa Paula, heart of the state's oil country. One hundred years later, when Unocal celebrated its centennial, the original two-story building was renovated. Today it is the California Oil Museum To form Union Oil, co-founders Lyman Stewart, Thomas Bard, and Wallace Hardison merged their holdings. Although they could not then have foreseen the tremendous impact the automobile would soon have on oil demand, they were aware of oil's potential as an industrial and transportation fuel. Stewart and Hardison met in the Pennsylvania oil fields, which boomed after the country's first oil well was drilled near Titusville in 1859. The partners built up modest oil fortunes, then sold out and moved west in the 1880's to seek greater opportunities in California. In 1890, Stewart and Hardison combined their oil assets with those of Thomas Bard, a prominent businessman, to form the Union Oil Company of California. The company was incorporated on October 17, 1890, in the small town of Santa Paula, located about 100 miles northwest of Los Angeles.

87. Peace Corps Online | February 20, 2002 - Allentown Morning Call: Gabon RPCV "Ed The closest links to our own Southern regional cuisine are West African, says We preserve the history and traditions of the diaspora, says Eyele http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/2629/7240.html

Peace Corps Online Peace Corps News Peace Corps Library Reference ... RPCVs in the News By Admin1 (admin) on Thursday, February 21, 2002 - 09:29 am: Edit The Congo Cookbook dedicated to recipes from Africa at: This link was active on the date it was posted. PCOL is not responsible for broken links which may have changed. How African cooking came to American tables is of particular interest to the Zawadi Collective, an Allentown-based performance and education ensemble that shares African culture through dance, poetry, visual arts and storytelling. This story has been posted in the following forums: : RPCV News - What RPCVs are doing; Gabon Add a Message This is a public posting area. If you do not have an account, enter your full name into the "Username" box and leave the "Password" box empty. Your e-mail address is optional. Username: Password: E-mail: Post as "Anonymous"

88. IHS Energy Products Services - Studies - Africa Saharan Africa is a growing region of hydrocarbon exploration and the region isa proven African Exploration Opportunities gabon and Douala Basins, 1995 http://www.ihsenergy.com/products/studies/africa/index.jsp

89. MSN Encarta - Gabon Related Items. Africa Cameroon more Facts and Figures. Quick informationand statistics for gabon. Encarta Search. Search Encarta about gabon http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577671_6/Gabon.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Search ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Africa Cameroon more... Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics for Gabon Encarta Search Search Encarta about Gabon Advertisement Page 6 of 7 Gabon Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 7 items Article Outline Introduction Land and Resources Population Economy ... History E International Organizations Gabon is a member of the United Nations (UN), OPEC , the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), and the African Union VI History Print Preview of Section Discoveries of tools from the end of the Old Stone Age and the New Stone Age indicate early settlements in what is now Gabon, but little is known about the first inhabitants. By the 13th century ad the Mpongwe people were established in the country. The first contact with Europeans was with the Portuguese in the 1470s. During the following 350 years, first the Portuguese and later the French, Dutch, and English carried on a lucrative trade in slaves from Gabon. A French Rule The first permanent European settlement was made by the French, with the “agreement” of the Mpongwe ruler, in 1839. Libreville was founded a decade later by freed slaves. The French gradually extended their rule inland, and in 1866 appointed a governor to Gabon, which was then attached to the French Congo; it became part of French Equatorial Africa in 1910.

90. Alsace Region-Encyclopedia-History Already occupied, the region was subject to multiple invasions, In 58 BCAlsace entered the history books when Julius Caesar conquered Gaul, http://www.region-alsace.fr/v2001/alsace/uk/outils/encyclopedie/histoire.html

THE HISTORY OF ALSACE OVER THE CENTURIES - As archaeology showed originally, the Alsace Plain is a vast space where the Rivers Ill and Rhine meet. The region only started to become populated during the bronze age : the final Celtic wave, coming from the Danube region, brought the beginnings of civilisation. Alsace was already benefiting from trade because of its geographic position where the north-south and the west-east contraflow systems cross. Already occupied, the region was subject to multiple invasions, where one led to the intervention of Rome. In 58 BC The small Celtic town of Argentoratum (Strasbourg) experienced a rapid expansion as a military camp, possessor of a developed road network and as an intense production and trade centre. The Roman legions also founded Saletis (Seltz), Mons Brisiacus (Brisach), Tres Tabernae (Saverne), Argentovaria (Horbourg), Brocomagus (Brumath), which are key points on both the military and trade maps. - From 352 AD , Alsace was once again subject to invasion. The Alemanni (an old German population) occupied the plain and progressively imposed their authority and their language on the entire region, which later became Germanic. In the 5th century the Franks drove out the Alemanni and then established themselves in the region. They were in favour of spreading Christianity, which was developing in Alsace, taking over from the Roman Empire. The Church tried to join Gallo-Roman communities and managed to convert the region to Christianity. Churches and abbeys were built in abundance in Munster, Wissembourg and Marmoutier, as the monks cleared the land, cultivated the vines and grew crops. In

91. Chad - HISTORY Rock art of the Round Head style, found in the Ennedi region, has been dated Bagirmi s political history was a function of its strength and unity in http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/chad/HISTORY.html

COUNTRY STUDIES Chad - HISTORY Chad - Historical Setting THE CONTEMPORARY ATTITUDES, institutions, and problems of Chad are the outgrowth of historical traditions and tendencies that have evolved over more than 1,000 years. The country is populated by diverse, yet in many cases, interrelated peoples whose evolution was characterized by intersecting migrations, splinterings, and regroupings. Most of the country's population groups originated in areas generally north and east of Chad's present-day boundaries. Chad's geographic position along major trans-Saharan trade routes has also affected its historical development. In early times, trade consisted of goods and slaves seized in raids on groups in the south. Consolidations of small chiefdoms led to the evolution of a series of kingdoms and empires in the central region, of which the most important were Kanem-Borno, Bagirmi, and Wadai. The kingdoms and empires based their power on, and were ultimately subjected to, raids or the payment of tribute. Although there were early communities in both northern and southern Chad, most of the country's known history is focused on the Muslim peoples of the central region. The political fortunes of the various kingdoms and empires were constantly affected by internal factionalism and external invasion- -factors that still influenced political affairs in the 1970s and 1980s. Political disintegration was evident in both Borno and Bagirmi when the French arrived in the late nineteenth century. The rulers of Wadai resisted the French advance. The leaders of Borno and Bagirmi, however, regarded the French less as conquerors than as a counterbalance to the ascendant Wadai.

92. Download Interdisciplinary, Cross-regional And Standard-specific Units, Outreach Outreach World Download interdisciplinary, crossregional and A Brief Historyof Vietnam (1858-2004) and Its Evolving Communist System http://www.outreachworld.org/searchresources.asp?timeperiodid=5

93. The Head Heeb: Regionalizing The Oil Ali Bongo, gabon s defense minister and son of the president, Given thehistory of oilrelated frontier disputes in the region, however, http://headheeb.blogmosis.com/archives/020435.html

The Head Heeb « Children of battle Main Great moments in judicial activism » January 24, 2004 Regionalizing the oil Gabon and Equatorial Guinea have agreed to United Nations mediation to resolve a long-standing border conflict over the islands of Mbanie, Cocotiers and Congas in Corisco Bay. As with many boundary disputes, this one dates to the colonial era; according to one lawyer familiar with the conflict, "the Spanish colonial authorities in Equatorial Guinea removed a French presence on the disputed islands in the mid-1950's." Although France never protested, it also never consented to Spanish jurisdiction, and the dispute continued to simmer after Gabon and Equatorial Guinea became independent nations. The discovery of oil reserves in the Corisco Bay region has naturally brought the conflict to the forefront. Ali Bongo, Gabon's defense minister and son of the president, recently "visited Mbanie, a 30-hectare island inhabited by a handful of fishermen, and declared it part of Gabon." This provoked an intense reaction including accusations of "illegal occupation" by the Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea, following which the African Union and United Nations stepped in. The agreement between Gabon and Equatorial Guinea did not provide for ICJ resolution as has occurred in the Bakassi Peninsula and Lété Island conflicts. Given the history of oil-related frontier disputes in the region, however, the Gabon-Equatorial Guinea controversy is likely to end up in court. Gabon, which currently has physical control of the islands, is facing the decline of its existing oil resources and has reportedly been surpassed by Equatorial Guinea in terms of prosperity. With Gabon having strong concerns about being shut out of the Corisco Bay oil fields and Equatorial Guinea unwilling to consider joint exploitation, talks alone will probably resolve the conflict. Indeed, if the tortured history of the Bakassi dispute is any guide, even an ICJ ruling might not settle the matter.

94. Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication -- African Region, 1997 This report summarizes progress in the African Region of WHO in 1997 with the eight countries in the region (Burundi, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, gabon, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00051777.htm

Progress Toward Poliomyelitis Eradication African Region, 1997 In 1988, the World Health Assembly established the goal of eradicating poliomyelitis worldwide by 2000 (1). To achieve this goal, the World Health Organization (WHO) promotes the implementation of specific strategies (2,3). Eradicating polio from the African continent is one of the remaining major challenges to achieving global eradication by the target date. This report summarizes progress in the African Region of WHO in 1997 with the implementation of polio eradication strategies, and suggests that polio eradication by 2000 remains a feasible target. During 1997 and the first quarter of 1998, a total of 36 countries in the region conducted National Immunization Days (NIDs) * ( ). These were the first NIDs for seven countries (Burundi, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, and Senegal). Because of political instability, NIDs could not be conducted in Liberia, Republic of Congo, and Sierra Leone. Vaccination coverage was reported at greater than or equal to 80% for both rounds in all countries except Central African Republic (81% and 73%), Gabon (78% and 82%), Kenya (76% and 80%), Lesotho (67% and 65%), Mozambique (65% and 75%), Nigeria (72% and 91%), Rwanda (73%, first round results only), and South Africa (81% and 76%) ( ). DR Congo conducted Subnational Immunization Days (SNIDs) ** in 47 cities (25% of the total population); coverage was greater than 85% for both rounds.

95. AllAfrica.com Kenya Clan Conflicts With A Long History As a barrier, NFD was closed and, to enter the region, the colonialists demanded In Gabra oral history is an allegation that they were enslaved by the http://allafrica.com/stories/200507180215.html

96. International Ombudsman Institute: History And Development The history and Development of the Public Sector Ombudsman Office Latin America,the Caribbean, Africa, the Australasia and Pacific region and Asia. http://www.law.ualberta.ca/centres/ioi/eng/history.html

By 2004, the ombudsman office, at the national level of government, exists in approximately 120 countries around the world (see Appendix I for countries and territories with ombudsmen at the national and/or sub-national level of government). Some countries have ombudsman offices at the national and subnational levels, such as Australia, Argentina, Mexico and Spain, while other nations have ombudsman offices only at the subnational government level, as in Canada, India and Italy. Public sector ombudsman offices are located in countries in Europe, North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, the Australasia and Pacific region and Asia. The word "ombudsman" is of Swedish origin, and means "representative". Many other names are used to represent the ombudsman office in the different countries th at have adopted the office. For example

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