81. Eglash's African Fractals African Fractals Modern Computing and indigenous Design On the cover is theiterative construction of a fulani wedding blanket, for instance, http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/special/eglash.african.fractals.html

African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design by Dr. Ron Eglash http://www.rpi.edu/~eglash/eglash.htm The mathematical operation is called addition modulo 2, which simply gives the remainder after division by two. But in this case, the two "words" produced by the priest, each consisting of four odd or even strokes, become the input for a new round of addition modulo 2. In other words, it's a pseudo random-number generator, the same thing computers do when they produce random numbers. It's also a numerical feedback loop, just as fractals are generated by a geometric feedback loop. "Here is this absolutely astonishing numerical feedback loop, which is indigenous," said Eglash. "So you can see the concepts of fractal geometry resonate throughout many facets of African culture." Lawrence Shirley, chairman of the mathematics department at Towson (Md.) University, lived in Nigeria for 15 years and taught at Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria, Nigeria. He said he's impressed with Eglash's observations of fractal geometry in Africa. "When Europeans first came to Africa, they considered the architecture very disorganized and thus primitive. It never occurred to them that the Africans might have been using a form of mathematics that they hadn't even discovered yet." Eglash said educators also need to rethink the way in which disciplines like African studies have tended to skip over mathematics and related areas.

82. Guinea Guinea The Switzerland of africa is a Land of Contrasts indigenous peoplesWebFuuta Home of the FuutaJaloo and Fuutanke of Guinea. WebMande http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/guinea.htm

Advertise here One World - Nations Online the countries of the world Home Continents Africa Guinea keywords: Guinea information, Guinea news papers, tourist information for Guinea, Guinea map Note: External links will open in a new browser window. Official Sites Map News Culture ... Additional Links Guinea Country Profile Flag of Guinea Background: Independent from France since 1958, Guinea did not hold democratic elections until 1993 when Gen. Lansana CONTE (head of the military government) was elected president of the civilian government. He was reelected in 1998. Unrest in Sierra Leone has spilled over into Guinea, threatening stability and creating a humanitarian emergency. Guinea possesses major mineral, hydropower, and agricultural resources, yet remains an underdeveloped nation. The country possesses over 30% of the world's bauxite reserves and is the second largest bauxite producer. Long-run improvements in government fiscal arrangements, literacy, and the legal framework are needed if the country is to move out of poverty. . (Source: CIA - The World Factbook) border countries: Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Senegal ... Sierra Leone related countries: France Official Name: Republic of Guinea conventional short form: Guinea local short form: Guinee former: French Guinea local long form: Republique de Guinee ISO Country Code gn Actual Time: Wed-Sept-21 21:56 Local Time = UTC Capital City: Conakry (pop. 1.5 million).

83. Africa and spoken as a first language by about 50% of the population (that is 44000000people). The other native languages are Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo and fulani. http://lazarus.elte.hu/~guszlev/gb/afri.htm

Africa Ascension is a part of the UK as a dependency of Saint Helena Botswana was a Crown Colony until 1966. Besides English, Setswana is the other official language, and Bantu is spoken as well. Cameroon was a Crown Colony until 1961. English and French are the two official languages, plus 24 major African language groups exist here. The Gambia gained independence from Britain in 1965, English is the official language but Mandinka, Wolof, Fulani and other indigenous vernaculars are spoken. Ghana became an independent country from the UK in 1957. English is the official, but African languages (Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe and Gã) are native. Lesotho was a protectorate until 1966. Sesotho is official besides English, and Zulu and Xhosa are other important languages. Liberia is the country where liberated slaves from the US were settled from 1822. It has been an independent country since 1847. English is the native tongue of about the 96% of the population, and 20 local languages from the Niger-Congo language group are spoken. Malawi was a protectorate until 1964. The two official languages are English and Chichewa.

84. Africaresource.com: Voices - Back To Africa They call it the New York City of West africa. People everywhere. After myarrival in Senegal, my hosts took me to visit a fulani compound in Dakar and http://www.africaresource.com/voi/okantah3.htm

Voices W.A.R West Africa Review IJELE Art eJournal of the African World JENDA A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies African Philosphy Journal on African Philosophy Art Gallery Art works Bibliolist Bibliographies Books Publications Telecom Calling service Scholars Essays Poetry Written word Data Resources eAfrica Database Health HIV/AIDS Conferences Upcoming conferences Fellowships Fellowship opportunities Search ARC Still can't find what you are looking for? Narratives Back to Africa By Mwatabu S. Okantah I understand, now, why Langston Hughes titled one of his autobiographies, " I Wonder As I Wander." The wondering and the wandering began in my life at about the same time I discovered my affinity for the work of Hughes, and several other black writers: Zora Neale Hurston, Aime Cesaire, Gwendolyn Brooks, Leon Damas, Lance Jeffers and Toni Morrison. I did not realize then that this wondering and wandering that began in some distant place in my mind would lead me to my own cultural heritage in West Africa. I did not realize then that there was relief to be found waiting inside the culture, that there was peace to still the tension; self-knowledge to embrace the alienation.

85. Embassy Of The Federal Republic Of Nigeria Hausafulani To the west of Borno around 1000 AD, the Hausa were building similarstates Ibadan was until recently the largest indigenous African city. http://www.nigeriaembassyusa.org/history.shtml

HISTORY AND PEOPLE NIGERIA Much has been said and written about Nigeria, her people and culture, economy and politics, that sheds light on the tremendous potential of this African Giant. However, little is known to the outside world about the many exciting tourist attractions available in Nigeria: Historic sites nestled amid rivers and rain forests, breathtaking mountain vistas, remote creek villages, miles of pristine beaches and exotic national wildlife reserves. There are also museums, festivals, music and dance, a rich cultural melange right down to everyday traditional markets. These are just some of the spectacular sights and sensual delights awaiting the traveler to Nigeria. Nigeria has the largest population of any country in Africa (about 120 million), and the greatest diversity of cultures, ways of life, cities and terrain. With a total land area of 923,768 sq. km. (356,668 sq. mi.) Nigeria is the 14th largest country in Africa. Its coastline, on the Gulf of Guinea, stretches 774 km (480 mi.). Nigeria shares its international border of 4,470 km (2513 mi.) with four neighbors: Chad, Cameroon, Benin, and Niger. Until 1989 the capital was Lagos, with a population of about 2,500,000, but the government recently moved the capital to Abuja. CLIMATE AND WEATHER Nigeria lies entirely within the tropics yet there are wide climactic variations. In general, there are two seasons, dry and wet, throughout Nigeria. Near the coast, the seasons are less sharply defined. Temperatures of over 900F are common in the north, but near the coast, where the humidity is higher, temperatures seldom climb above that mark. Inland, around the two great rivers, the wet season lasts from April-Oct. and the dry season from Nov.-March. Temperatures are highest from Feb-April in the south and MarchJune in the north; they're lowest in July and Aug. over most of the country.

86. Lalonde, Andre (1991) African Indigenous Knowledge And Its Lalonde, Andre (1991) african indigenous Knowledge and Its Relevance to Abstract The nature of indigenous and postcolonial traditional rural africa http://www.indiana.edu/~iascp/abstracts/321.html

Lalonde, Andre (1991) African Indigenous Knowledge and Its Relevance to Environment and Development Activities Conference: Presented at the second annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property (IASCP), Winnipeg, Manitoba, September 26-29, 1991. Abstract: "The nature of indigenous and post-colonial 'traditional' rural Africa, and the constraints or challenges this poses to the current maintenance and practical use of TEK, including the future transmission among indigenous Africans and development planners alike are examined. Main traditional livelihoods and land-use practices which sustainably exploit the ecosystem include sedentary and shifting agriculture, nomadic pastoralism, hunting, fishing, food gathering, rain forest use and limited agroforestry for food materials and medicines, etc. This is demonstrated, where possible, with case studies involving the following regions of African tribal groups: KenyaMaasai; TanzaniaPare, Zaramo, Luguru; Niger Fulani; and the San of the Kalahari. "A few promising options for development agencies to improve their understanding of dynamics of renewable resource management were outlined for integrating TEK into modern resource planning techniques such as environmental assessment and proactive environmental programming. Other promising TEK management applications include: i) Adaptive environmental management approach' ii) Participative rapid rural appraisal; iii) Popular education; and iv) Indigenous peoples and habitat conservation areas."

87. Race And Ethnicity Blood Type Analysis - BloodBook.com, Blood Information For Li BLOOD TYPES OF RACE ETHNIC peoples BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS TEST RESULTS OF Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, http://www.bloodbook.com/race-eth.html

RACE and ETHNIC BLOOD TYPE ANALYSIS BLOODBOOK.COM TO HOME PAGE CLOSE WINDOW Racial and Ethnic Distribution of Blood Types African American Black Blood Donor Emergency COUNTRY RACIAL and/or ETHNIC ANALYSIS of PEOPLE GROUPS Afghanistan Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Uzbek 6%, Hazara 19%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 61%, Andorran 30%, French 6%, other 3% Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, Mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian (see Barbuda) Argentina European 97% (mostly of Spanish and Italian descent), 3% other (mostly Indian or Mestizo) Armenia Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi Kurds) 2% (1989) Note: as of the end of 1993, virtually all Azeris had emigrated from Armenia Australia Caucasian 95%, Asian 4%, aboriginal (353,000) and other 1%

88. MISSIO IMMACULATAE: Missionary Page Of The Franciscans Of The Immaculate Many people of nonHausa origin, including the city-based fulani, Nigeria alsohas many independent African churches, such as Cherubim and Seraphim, http://www.marymediatrix.com/mission/kb/kb15/5.shtml

FI MISSION IN NIGERIA List of Articles about Nigerian Mission FACTS ABOUT NIGERIA Introduction History Land and Resources The People ... Culture and Arts FACTS AT A GLANCE Country name: Federal Republic of Nigeria Location: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Population: Ethnic groups: more than 250 ethnic groups; the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Nationality: Nigerian Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population:57.1%

89. Ethnicity And Race By Countries Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Venezuela,Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0855617.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 21, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Texas Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Ethnicity and Race by Countries Afghanistan Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians (1989 est.) Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998) Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua and Barbuda black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian Argentina white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%; mestizo, Amerindian, other 3%

90. Dictionary - Ethnic Groups - English Gbandi, Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people http://www.exxun.com/enpp/dy_ethnic_groups_20.html

exxun.com america europe africa ... world Evolving xxlarge UNion - thousands of windows on the world - constantly updated Home Countries Flags Maps ... Notes and Definitions Ethnic groups Dictionary A B C D ... Z Translation word Country Ethnic groups English Gibraltar Spanish, Italian, English , Maltese, Portuguese, German, North Africans English Ireland Celtic, English English United Kingdom white ( English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh 4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani 1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census) entered Portugal homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal Equatorial Cameroon Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African less than 1% escaped Suriname ... 15%, "Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior) 10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2

91. 2004 Conference Abstracts This social reciprocity defines local people as citizens of rebel groups for indigenous Africans, reinforcing the notion that indigenous African men http://www.cas.ed.ac.uk/confabstracts04.html

92. 3 British Colonial Policies Uganda Protectorate (briefly British Imperial East africa Co. with MoslemFulani conquerors as an aristocracy and other people subordinated by conquest; http://husky1.stmarys.ca/~wmills/course317/3brit_policies.html

Wallace G. Mills Hist. 317 3 Brit. Colonial Policies British Colonial Policies British Colonial Policies in South Africa - Britain had longer, more continuous colonial experience than most imperial powers, even if not all of that was relevant (especially where white settlers predominated). 1. Natal - there were separate legal and political systems for whites and Africans even though the line tended to be a bit ad hoc). - Natal did have procedures whereby Africans could go from traditional law and custom to European law. There were procedures to allow Africans to obtain the right to vote; these procedures were so difficult that few were able (or willing) to acquire the vote. 2 Cape Colony no differentiation. - initially, a separate territory, Kaffraria, was set up in order to recognise and administer Xhosa law and custom. However, in the 1850s, Sir George Grey initiated the policy of assimilation that was to be policy in the Cape until 1936. he set out to achieve assimilation as rapidly as possible through schools and hospitals; he recognised that it would take time and have to be accomplished in an evolutionary fashion. in criminal aspects European law was used .

93. Ogoni: Addendum To The MOSOP Shadow Report To The Committee On The Elimination O The Continuation of the Discrimination Against the Ogoni People Discriminationagainst indigenous and Minority Languages in Nigeria http://www.unpo.org/news_detail.php?arg=43&par=2334

94. LANGUAGES-ON-THE-WEB: BEST XHOSA LINKS ombrarossapiccola.jpg (728 byte) South African Language XHOSA In these warsthe Xhosa, agricultural and pastoral peoples native to the Eastern Cape, http://www.languages-on-the-web.com/links/link-xhosa.htm

languages-on-the-web is now www.lonweb.org The page you are looking for is now HERE

95. Report Of Bassam 2000 The Role of the indigenous African Church, Reconciliation, and National A special time of focusing on specific strategic unreached people groups was http://www.ad2000.org/re00605.htm

Report of Bassam 2000 Dear AD2-Announce Reader: Greetings from Africa, a continent on the move for God! Praises be to Him! Please pray for God's continued hand and provision on the church and leadership in that region. I would urge those so inclined to send words of encouragement and support to Wayne and the other ministries laboring there throughout that region. Against the backdrop of wars, AIDS, poverty, etc. - the church of Christ is on the move in Africa, a sense I pray you will see and agree as you review this report. May His name be praised! That all may hear! Luis Bush International Director Report of Bassam 2000 - May 8-12, 2000 350 key church and mission leaders from across French speaking Africa came to Grand Bassam, Cote d'Ivoire for Bassam 2000, a follow-up consultation to Dakar '98 focusing on the remaining Unreached Peoples Groups of West and Central Africa. These leaders came from 30 different countries, both African and non-African. They represented a wide array of different cultures and languages, not to mention a variety of church and mission organizations, denominations, and agencies. The following main points represent a brief summary of what took place at what many participants referred to as the most strategic, inspirational and widely representative of any Franco-phone West and Central African consultation that they have ever attended. There were many inspiring reports of what God is doing through partnership efforts as well as in a number of different National Initiatives across West and Central Africa. Challenging plenary sessions were greatly appreciated and included; The Challenge of the Remaining Task, The Role of the Indigenous African Church, Reconciliation, and National Missionary Training and Sending. Each afternoon the following working groups meet for two hours each day: Research, Social Action, Prayer, Radio, Women's Ministry, Translation and Literature, Mission to Muslims, and National Mission training and sending. A special time of focusing on specific strategic unreached people groups was held for each of the following groups: the Tamacheq, the Fulani, the Malinke related peoples, the Wolof, and the UPGs of the Lake Chad Basin.

96. Guinea-Bissau - Atlapedia Online PEOPLE The majority of the population is of Black African origin and includes the The indigenous people all speak dialects derived from the NigerCongo http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/guin_bis.htm

OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Guinea-Bissau CAPITAL: Bissau SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: Multiparty Republic AREA: 36,125 Sq Km (13,948 Sq Mi) ESTIMATED 2000 POPULATION Guinea-Bissau is located on the coast of West Africa. It is bound by Guinea to the south and east, Senegal to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. The territory consists of the mainland, the Bissagos archipelago which is a group of over 18 islands and various other coastal islands. The mainland terrain has a forested coastal plain typified by mangrove lined estuaries as well as a transitional savannah covered plateau which forms the Planalto de Bafata and Planalto de Gabu. The country is drained by a number of rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean and the principal rivers are the Cacheu or Farim, Mansoa, Geba, Corubal, Rio Grande and Cacine. Major Cities (pop. est.); Bissau 125,000, Bafata 14,000, Gabu 8,000 (1988). Land Use; forested 38%, pastures 38%, agricultural-cultivated 12%, other 12% (1993). CLIMATE: Guinea-Bissau has a tropical climate with two seasons, a wet season from June to November with August the wettest month and a dry season from December to May with April and May the hottest months. The prevailing wind is the hot dust laden Harmattan which blows from the Sahara Desert in the west. Average annual precipitation in Bissau is 1,950 mm (77 inches) while average temperature ranges are from 24 degrees Celsius (75 degrees Fahrenheit) to 27 degrees Celsius (81 degrees Fahrenheit) all year.

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