61. Guinea: Map, History And Much More From Answers.com Guin·ea ( gin e ) A country of western africa on the Atlantic Ocean. Inhabited byFulani, Malinke, and Susu peoples, parts of presentday Guinea. http://www.answers.com/topic/guinea

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Government ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Map Local Time Geography Dialing Code Stats Wikipedia Best of Web Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Guinea Dictionary Guin·ea gÄ­n A country of western Africa on the Atlantic Ocean. Inhabited by Fulani, Malinke, and Susu peoples, parts of present-day Guinea belonged to the medieval kingdom of Ghana and later to the Mali Empire. Explored by the Portuguese in the 15th century, it came under French control in the 19th century, becoming a French colony in 1893 and a part of French West Africa in 1895. Guinea gained its independence in 1958. Conakry is the capital and the largest city. Population: 9,240,000 . var tcdacmd="cc=edu;dt"; Encyclopedia Guinea gÄ­n ), Fr. Guin©e, officially Republic of Guinea, republic (1995 est. pop. 6,549,000), 94,925 sq mi (245,856 sq km), W Africa. It is bounded on the north by Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and Mali; on the east by the C´te d'Ivoire; on the south by Sierra Leone and Liberia; and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean. Conakry is the capital and chief city. The country is divided into 33 administrative regions.

62. MISSIO IMMACULATAE: Missionary Page Of The Franciscans Of The Immaculate Nigerian culture reflects African, Islamic, and European influences. In thesouth, indigenous peoples produced their own art long before Europeans http://www.marymediatrix.com/mission/kb/kb15/6.shtml

FI MISSION IN NIGERIA List of Articles about Nigerian Mission FACTS ABOUT NIGERIA Introduction History Land and Resources The People ... Culture and Arts FACTS AT A GLANCE Country name: Federal Republic of Nigeria Location: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Population: Ethnic groups: more than 250 ethnic groups; the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Nationality: Nigerian Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population:57.1%

63. Ninemsn Encarta - African Literature more Encarta Search. Search Encarta about African Literature of regularcontact between European settlers or traders and the indigenous peoples, http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555353/African_Literature.html

ninemsn Home Hotmail Search Shopping ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Abrahams, Peter Achebe, Chinua more... Encarta Search Search Encarta about African Literature Advertisement African Literature Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 2 items Article Outline Introduction Pre-19th-Century Literature The Early 20th Century Contemporary Literature I Introduction Print Preview of Section African Literature , works of poetry, fiction, and non-fiction, published in written form in various media (books, journals, manuscripts, inscriptions on public monuments), by writers of direct African descent from countries south of the Sahara. African oral traditions of storytelling mean that the pioneering works of African fiction have been largely unavailable in print. Vast numbers of various peoples across sub-Saharan Africa mainly relied on the oral relaying of stories and styles of storytelling from one generation of a family to the next. This preserved a repertoire of tales peculiar to their culture which was also a record of African history. As such, African literature has traditionally blurred the boundaries of fiction and non-fiction as perceived in the West. It continues to confound these categories in other aspects of style. In traditional society, the business of telling stories was often professionalized. Male children learnt the art from their elders and matured when they acquired an established repertoire of stories and styles. Examples of this are in the traditions of the

64. African Languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages. and fulani,the tongue of several million people inhabiting an area from Senegal to a http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africanlng.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. African languages geographic rather than linguistic classification of languages spoken on the African continent. Historically the term refers to the languages of sub-Saharan Africa, which do not belong to a single family, but are divided among several distinct linguistic stocks. It is estimated that more than 800 languages are spoken in Africa; however, they belong to comparatively few language families. Some 50 African languages have more than half a million speakers each, but many others are spoken by relatively few people. Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages. There are usually two or three tones (based on pitch levels rather than the rising and falling in inflections of Chinese tones) used to indicate semantic or grammatical distinction.

65. Black British Forums Black British Forums View Topic - African This is the purpose of the indigenous African America Reparations Tribunal. The trade in human beings by the West African peoples is fully acknowledged. http://www.blackpresence.co.uk/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=737&

66. IK Monitor Articles (8-2) First, people often adopt a mocking or otherwise negative attitude towards such All the supernatural healing practices used by fulani indigenous http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/8-2/ngeh.html

Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, July 2000 Contents IK Monitor (8-2) IKDM Homepage ikdm@nuffic.nl Ethnoveterinary healing practices of Fulani pastoralists in Cameroon: combining the natural and the supernatural by Mopoi Nuwanyakpa, Ngeh J. Toyang, Sali Django, Christopher Ndi, and Clare Wirmum The role of indigenous knowledge in sustainable agricultural production in developing countries is beginning to gain recognition within scientific circles. However, the usefulness of supernatural practices for the treatment of disease is still controversial. A careful analysis of supernatural healing practices used by Fulani pastoralists reveals that some of these practices are routinely applied in animal health management. Recognition of the potential contribution of supernatural healing practices could permit a more objective scientific assessment of the effectiveness of many indigenous systems. One of the most important elements of indigenous knowledge systems and practices is human and animal health care. Many of these practices fall into the category of 'religio-magico' or 'religio-medico' healing. Worldwide, there are a wide variety of supernatural practices designed to cure or prevent disease. See, for example, Mathias (1994), who presents an extensive literature review pertaining to supernatural cures for infectious diseases, treating and preventing dog and snake bites, warding off and casting out evil spirits, and preventing witchcraft, spells, and theft. The problem with these practices is that they are not well understood, due to the secrecy and the lack of specific information.

67. World Civilizations Online Chapter 27 -- Chapter 27 Outline Slavery was an indigenous feature of African culture and economy. The Sufireform movements had a powerful impact on the fulani people of the western http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/stearns_awl/chapter27/object

Chapter 27 Outline Africa and the Africans in the Age of Atlantic Slave Trade Introduction With the rise of the West, the traditional alignment of Africa with the Islamic world was altered. External influences exerted both by the West and by Islam accelerated political change and introduced substantial social reorganization. After 1450, much of Africa was brought into the world trade system, often through involvement in the slave trade. Through the institution of slavery, African culture was transferred to the New World, where it became part of a new social amalgam. Involvement in the slave trade was not the only influence on Africa in this period. East Africa remained part of the Islamic trade system, and the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia continued its independent existence. In some parts of Africa, states formed into larger kingdoms without outside influence. The Atlantic Slave Trade Introduction Along the Atlantic coast of Africa, the Portuguese established trade forts and trading posts, the most important of which was El Mina. Forts normally existed with the consent of local rulers, who benefited from European trade. The initial Portuguese ports were located in the gold- producing region, where the Europeans penetrated already extant African trade routes. From the coast, Portuguese traders slowly penetrated inland to establish new trade links. In addition to trade, the Portuguese brought missionaries, who attempted to convert the royal families of Benin, Kongo, and other coastal kingdoms. Only in Kongo, where Nzinga Mvemba accepted conversion, did the missionaries enjoy success.

68. Violence Jolts The Still Fragile Democracy In Nigeria The indigenous people tend to be farmers; the settlers are usually cattle You know the fulani man believes in vengeance, Mr. Bayeri said with relish. http://www.nigeriavillagesquare1.com/Articles/NYT_plateau_violence.htm

var google_hints = "Violence,Politics+and+Government,Nigeria"; var google_ad_channel = "ar_international"; May 24, 2004 Violence Jolts the Still Fragile Democracy in Nigeria By SOMINI SENGUPTA ELWA, Nigeria, May 18 - A rash of sectarian clashes has left dead bodies in the green highlands of central Nigeria, prompted tens of thousands of Muslims and Christians to flee in opposite directions and thrown Africa's most populous nation into one of the most serious political crises since the restoration of democracy just five years ago. The latest and most widely publicized carnage was carried out on two days early in May, when a Christian militia, armed with Kalashnikovs and clubs, stormed this Muslim market town and crushed it. Two weeks after that attack, Yelwa is a blackened shell. Houses and shops are burned. Cooking pots litter the streets. The town's people are huddled miles away in makeshift camps. The handful left here are piling their belongings into the backs of big trucks and leaving. Among them is a mother named Adama Ali, who has waited in vain for news of her baby girl. The child was taken from her arms, she said, by the gang that attacked this town. The death toll here is impossible to verify: it ranges from an official figure of 67 to residents' estimates of up to 10 times that number.

69. Search Results For Islam - Encyclopædia Britannica Malinke Cluster of peoples occupying parts of Mali, Guinea, Côte d Ivoire, Among Muslims, the Sunnite sect is preferred by the indigenous people. http://www.britannica.com/search?query=Islam&ct=gen1&fuzzy=N&iq=5&show=20&start=

70. Central African Republic Muslims, particularly Mbororo (also known as Peulh or fulani) herders, indigenous People. Despite constitutional protection, there is societal http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/af/731.htm

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Releases Human Rights Africa Central African Republic Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor February 23, 2001 The Central African Republic is a constitutional democracy with a multiparty legislature. Ange Felix Patasse, leader of the Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People (MLPC), who first was elected president in 1993, was reelected with a narrow majority in 1999. The 1999 presidential election, like National Assembly elections held in late 1998, generally was free but was controlled by the Government and was marred by irregularities that tended to favor the ruling party candidate. Although the Constitution provides for separation of powers, the legislature is vulnerable to manipulation by the President, who dominates the Government. The president can veto legislation, although two-thirds of the unicameral legislature can override his veto, and he can rule by decree under special conditions. The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary; however, it is subject to executive interference. RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From

71. Western And Central Sudan, 1800-1900 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metrop 1800–1880 Building on Islamic fulani resentment of unfair treatment at the in the Futa Jallon region allows Sudanic peoples access to the West African http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/10/sfw/ht10sfw.htm

Encompasses present-day Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Niger, and eastern Chad See also Central Africa Eastern Africa Guinea Coast , and Southern Africa Jenne and Timbuktu . By the end of the century, Senegal emerges as France's most productive and populous colony, with important mercantile centers located at Dakar and Saint-Louis along the coast. Building on Islamic Fulani The Mossi kingdoms of Yatenga and Ouagadougou, in what is today Burkina Faso, disintegrate. The agrarian Lobi peoples migrate into the Upper Volta region from present-day Ghana. Due to the British- and French-enforced ban on the international slave trade, slave exports in the region of Senegambia (present-day Senegal and the Gambia) are replaced by local products such as gum, gold, hides, ivory, beeswax, and groundnuts. By the 1830s, the average annual value of gum exports is five times what the slave trade was at its peak. Political stability resulting from the establishment of Islamic states in the Futa Jallon region allows Sudanic peoples access to the West African coast in Senegambia and what is today Guinea and Guinea-Bissau, influencing coastal peoples such as the Baga and Nalu. Sculptural forms and styles associated with inland cultures are integrated into the artistic practices of local peoples. Reflecting the presence of foreign populations are masks such as dimba created by the Baga and Nalu peoples that appear to represent Fulbe women originating from the Futa Jallon area. Other works by Baga and Nalu sculptors exhibit stylistic elements associated with Bamana art in present-day Mali such as horizontally oriented masks representing composites of animal forms.

72. The People Of Mali (the linguistic name for the Bamana and Bamakan people), fulani (the English It is these indigenous cultures that are the subject for this research. http://www.princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/p-ofmali.htm

THE PEOPLE OF MALI Incredible @rt Dept ART HOME Program Goals Lesson Plans ... Art Home What do the people think about art What are their beliefs What are some masking trends today? Today, most of the population of Mali (estimated at 10,878,000 in 1995) is African. The major groups are the Bambara (the linguistic name for the Bamana and Bamakan people), Fulani (the English name for the Fulfulde or Peul groups), Soninka (which includes the Marka), Senoufo (the linguistic name for groups also referred to as "Senufo"), Songhai, Maninke (includes the Malinka and the Maninka), and the Dogon. Nomadic Tuaregs and other Berbers roam the Sahel and parts of the Sahara. In all, there are thirty-two languages listed for Mali, but French is the official language and Bambara is widely used. The Bambara are the largest cultural segment, but the Dogon (roughly 5% of the population) are world-renowned for their artwork and dance festivals (Grimes 1996; "Mali, Republic" 1998). The influence of the Bambara extends far beyond the areas that they inhabit. Art historians often include in discussion of the Bambara style the works of the Khassonke (of the Kassonke linguistic group- about 1% of the population of Mali), Malinke, Marka (of the Soninke group) and Minianka (the Minianka are of the Senoufo Mamara). Different variants of style cannot be easily identified from pieces that have been collected (Luezinger 1960, p. 76). While there are some distinctive differences, their sculpture was all in the hands of the Nuni (today called

73. Nigeria Section Causes And Background Sub-section Displacement Local people said aggrieved fulani herdsmen who lost relatives and their cattleherds Integrated Regional Information Network for West africa (IRINWA), http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/IdpProjectDb/idpSurvey.nsf/wViewCountries/EDB

www.idpproject.org Nigeria Section : Causes and Background Sub-section : Displacement related to ethno-religious conflicts Nigeria menu List of sources Maps Ethno-religious violence between Hausa-Fulanis and other ethnic groups in Plateau State displaces thousands, September 2001- 2002 Major displacement caused by the September 2001 clashes between the Hausa-Fulanis (mostly Muslims) and "indigenes" groups (mostly Christians) in the State capital Jos Tensions rooted in disputes between one side seen as "indigenes" and the other as "settlers" After five days of fighting the Red Cross put the total number of displaced in Plateau State at some 60,000 Although calm returned to Jos, violence spread to other parts of Plateau State such as Langtang, Kuru and Pankshin districts New displacement during 2002 because of retaliatory attacks and bandit raids apparently involving Fulani herdsmen and elements from neighbouring Niger and Chad The specific incident that sparked off the violence occurred outside a mosque in the area of Jos known as Congo Russia. On Friday, September 7, a young Christian woman tried to cross the road through a congregation of Muslims outside the mosque. She was asked to wait until prayers had finished or to choose another route, but she refused and an argument developed between her and some members of the congregation. Within minutes, the argument had unleashed a violent battle between groups of Christians who appeared at the scene and Muslims who had been praying at the mosque or who happened to be in the neighborhood.

74. SIM Country Profile: Mauritius A. There are no indigenous peoples; all ethnic groups immigrated within African People Groups ? Asian People Groups ? South American People Groups ? http://www.sim.org/country.asp?cid=32&fun=2

75. SIM Country Profile: Zimbabwe Meanwhile, mass migrations of indigenous peoples took place. African PeopleGroups ? Asian People Groups ? South American People Groups ? http://www.sim.org/country.asp?cid=52&fun=1

76. KAM Kanem Bornu And The Hausa Kingdoms Near central africa, however, arose another great empire called Kanem around 1200AD . A pastoral people, the fulani were in search of a land that could http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Classroom/9912/kanemhausa.html

Kanem Bornu and the Hausa Kingdoms Kanem-Bornu In the late 1300's, civil strife within Kanuri territory began to seriously weaken the empire. By the early 1400's, Kanuri power shifted from Kanem to Bornu, a Kanuri kingdom south and west of Lake Chad. When Songhay fell, this new Kanuri empire of Bornu grew rapidly. The Kanuri grew powerful enough to unite the kingdom of Bornu with Kanem during the reign of Idris Alawma (1575-1610). Idris Alawma was a fervent Muslim and set about building a Muslim state all the way west into Hausaland in northern Nigeria. This state would last for another two hundred years, but in 1846, it finally succumbed to the growing power of the Hausa states. Pictured above are Bornu trumpeters sounding the Frum-Frums. The Bornu were well known for their chain-mailed cavalry. These trumpeter may have served to lead the medieval African kingdom's powerful shock troops into battle. (Photo courtesy of WSU) The Hausa Kingdoms Being in close contact with one another, these kingdoms all shared a common language, Hausa. In the late 1300's Islam began to filter into Hausaland through traveling merchants. But the pace was relatively slow. It was not until the 1450's that a group of people from the Senegal River, known as the Fulani, began immigrating in large numbers into Hausaland that a strong Islamic presence took root. The Fulani immigration was driven by the desertification of north and western Africa. A pastoral people, the Fulani were in search of a land that could support their herds. Devoutly Muslim, with a great deal of indigenous beliefs therein, the Fulani not only brought Islam and its books, but also began to set up Islamic schools and learning centers all throughout Hausaland. Pictured above is a 1959 picture of Kano, a city that traces back to one of the early Hausa kingdoms. (Photo courtesy of WSU)

77. Human Organization: Sustainability And Pastoral Livelihoods: Lessons From East A This paper compares two pastoralist populationsEast African Maasai and such as removing indigenous peoples from endangered habitats through the http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3800/is_200307/ai_n9257750

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles Human Organization Summer 2003 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Sustainability and pastoral livelihoods: Lessons from East African Maasai and Mongolia Human Organization Summer 2003 by Fratkin, Elliot Mearns, Robin Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. "Sustainable development" currently has a firm grip on the lexicon of development agencies from the World Bank to small nongovernmental organizations, but it offers little practical guidance for tackling diverse problems in specific places. The concept is of particular importance to pastoral populations throughout the world-those people dependent on livestock raising in arid or semiarid lands whose survival depends on their ability physically and politically to maintain access to their pastures. This paper compares two pastoralist populations-East African Maasai and pastoralists of Mongolia-to discuss recent changes in the pastoral way of life and to describe what sustainability has meant in the past and what sustainability needs to mean in the future for pastoralist populations.

78. Ogoni  rights of indigenous peoples and tribal communities in the country readmore PFII Hears on Demolitions and Forced Evictions of Ogoni People from the http://www.unpo.org/member.php?arg=43

79. BBC NEWS | World | Africa | Muslims Seek Nigeria Clash Probe Muslim fulani cattle herders and Christian Tarok farmers have been In 2001more than 1000 people died in religious clashes in the state capital of Jos. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3683015.stm

Home TV Radio Talk ... Newswatch LANGUAGES Arabic Somali French More Last Updated: Wednesday, 5 May, 2004, 14:49 GMT 15:49 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version Muslims seek Nigeria clash probe Thousands fled Yelwa during the violence A spokesman for Nigeria's Muslims has called for a judicial enquiry into clashes in the central Plateau State, which claimed at least 67 lives. Justice Abdulkadir Orire told the BBC that some 200 Muslims were killed when they were attacked by Christian militiamen with machine guns. Some 600 armed police have been sent to the town of Yelwa to restore order. A curfew has been imposed in Yelwa and the security forces have been told to shoot trouble-makers on sight. Justice Orire, a retired judge, also urged the Plateau State governor to clarify reports that he told non-indigenous people to leave. BBC Africa analyst Elizabeth Blunt says that "'non-indigenes" means the Muslim community, even though it may be 100 years since their families settled in the area. Plateau State police commissioner Innocent Iluzuoke told the BBC that the police had counted 67 dead but it was impossible to say exactly how many people had been killed because townspeople had already started burying their dead.

80. The Cultured Traveler Newsletter Bantu (most West and Central African tribes other than Pygmies and Hausa/Fulaniare Many indigenous people around the world have lost much of their http://www.theculturedtraveler.com/Archives/JUN2004/Dzanga.htm

Home Themes Destinations Tourist Boards ... More Travel Stories Volume 6, June 2004 ISSN 1538-893X document.writeln FormatDateTime(Now,1) This Issue The Rise of Eco-Tourism Travel, a benefit to local communities - Tour Host Review The Endangered Leatherback Turtle Leaving a positive footprint in the Andes ... Calendar Global partners assure Dzanga-Sangha’s protection Dzanga-Sangha Special Preserve is part of Dzanga-Ndoki National Park, which in turn is one piece of a huge tri-national park system also including the Nouabale-Ndoki National Park in the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville), and Lobeki National Park in Cameroon. Home to thousands of animal species, from driver ants to forest elephants and from butterflies to gorillas, this beautiful rainforest is threatened by multinational logging companies. In 1990, the Dzanga-Sangha protected area was created through a partnership between the WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) and the Central African government, with technical support from Germany and the United States. This area in the heart of the Congo Basin rainforest, with its rivers and salines, or

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