61. I Began My Life Hearing My Uncle Ray Hart And My Mother Hazel Hartigan Tap Danci Kulintang is the name given to both the indigenous gong and drum This work,in three movements, expresses the struggles of African people in the http://innova.mu/notes/580.htm

Royal hartigan Blood drum spirit Innova.mu I began my life hearing my uncle Ray Hart and my mother Hazel Hartigan tap dancing. Ray danced with Bill Robinson, Peg Leg Bates, the Step Brothers, the Nicholas Brothers, and the Hines Brothers. I started tapping at 3 years of age and felt the whole world through the sound of my taps on wood floors and bakelite mats. At 8 years I started playing piano and drums, listening to Errol Garner, Duke Ellington, Dave Brubeck, Thelonious Monk, and Oscar Peterson. I joined a drum corps at age 11, and shortly after added drumset to my studies. Since those early years drumming, dance, and piano have been a way to understand and express life and things beyond music. I have studied drumset with Clifford Adams, Lenny McBrowne, Clifford Jarvis, Max Roach, and Edward Blackwell. Since the early 1970s I have felt rhythms and time in many patterns: three or four layers at once, playing on different sides of the beat, and time cycles of 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 , 15, 17, 23, and so on, beats. Also, groups of uneven beats, with some longer than others. For me it is important to play these approaches in a way which is natural and not mathematical, so that the sound swings in whatever idiom I am playing: bebop, funk, blues, gospel, reggae, hip-hop, or Afro-Latin styles. My musical home is the African American tradition with a focus on jazz, so my drumset work centers on extending rhythm and time concepts without a repeating beat, flowing over any time cycle in the same way Elvin Jones or Jack DeJohnette make time flow.

62. Let Us Speak Dagaare: Ye E Ka Yele Dagaare Dagaare may be the fourth largest indigenous language of Ghana after Akan, Ewe, Dagara for both the language and a person or people who speak it http://mysite.verizon.net/vze827ph/lawra_language_culture.htm

Dagaare Language and Culture Written by: Dr. A. B. Bodomo Dept of Linguistics University of Hong Kong Introduction: The Dagaare language and its speakers Geographical spread and Genetic classification Dagaare is the major language of the north-western parts of Ghana and adjoining areas of Burkina Faso. The area being delineated is between latitudes 9 o N and 11 o N and longitudes 2 o W and 3 o W. This area covers the Upper-West Region and parts of the Northern Region of Ghana. Other speech forms closely related to Dagaare are Waale; and Birifor. In fact, they constitute a dialect continuum of varying degrees of mutual intelligibility. The Dagaare-Waale-Birifor linguistic continuum is sometimes lumped together as one language in this part of the country. This group is bordered to the east by the Sisaala language and to the South by Gonja, Vagla, and Safaliba. To the west and north, this dialect continuum extends across the Black Volta and the international boundary into Burkina Faso where variants of this linguistic group are spoken in and around towns like Dano, Diebougou, Dissin, and Gaoua. The major towns covered by the linguistic group in Ghana are Wa, Lawra, Jirapa, Nandom, Hamile, Nadawli, Kaleo, Daffiama, and Tuna. It must be realised, however, that Dagaare is not limited to this traditional homeland as has been described above. The language has spread to many parts of Ghana because of the high degree of social and geographical mobility of the people who speak Dagaare as a native language, among other reasons.

63. REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE In 1990, public transport in African cities reached crisis proportions 25 yearold frafra (a northern Ghanaian tribe) truck boy God wants me to push http://www.unhabitat.org/HD/hdv4n2/region.htm

REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE Urban Transport in Sub-Saharan Africa by Xavier Godard and Hubert Ngabmen In 1990, public transport in African cities reached crisis proportions: supply was stable or decreasing as the mobility needs increased very rapidly due to the high urbanization rates. The gap between supply and needs was increasing, threatening the efficiency of cities. The policies of the 1990s have been characterized mainly by privatization and deregulation of the urban transport sector, following the structural adjustment policies promoted by the World Bank. This has confirmed the importance of what is usually called informal transport but which could be preferably considered as small-sized enterprises. Cars Rapides , in operating and financing the urban transport sector. Another aspect of the public transport evolution can be observed at the institutional level, with attempts to set up competent bodies in the field of urban transport organization. The most interesting case is Dakar, with the creation of Conseil Executif des Transports Urbains de Dakar (CETUD) in 1997, after a protracted process. On the other hand, there has also been a growth in private transport operators in Dakar who have been successful enough to build large fleets, estimated at a hundred vehicles. Their vehicles are popular with users as they offer a better service compared to the other

64. SIL Bibliography: Ghana 1993. Helping people get involved Reactions to the first cassette of Akyode indigenoushymns in Ghana. . Collected field reports on the phonology of frafra. http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country_bibl.asp?name=Ghana

65. Nations Of The World And Their Languages GUINEABISSAU, Republic of, Portuguese, Crioulo, African languages MOZAMBIQUE,Portuguese indigenous languages/dialects http://www.state.nj.us/njded/bilingual/resources/languages.htm

Bilingual Education Bureau of Bilingual/ESL Education Bilingual Home COUNTRY AFGHANISTAN ALBANIA ALGERIA Arabic, French, and Berber Dialects AMERICAN SAMOA (territory of U.S.) ANDORRA Catalan-Valencian-Baer, French ANGOLA ANGUILLA (territory of U.K.) English, Leeward Caribbean Creole English, Leeward Caribbean Creole ARGENTINA Spanish ARMENIA ARUBA (territory of the Netherlands) AUSTRALIA English (235 Other Living Languages) AUSTRIA German, Slovenian AZERBAIJAN Azerbaijani BAHAMAS English, Bahamas Creole BAHRAIN Arabic BANGLADESH Bangla (Bengali, Sylhetti) BARBADOS English, Bajan BELARUS Belarusan BELGIUM BELIZE English, Creole, Kriol, Spanish BENIN BERMUDA (territory of U.K.) English, Bermudan English BHUTAN Dzongkha BOLIVIA BONAIRE (Netherland Antilles) BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BOTSWANA English, Tswana BRAZIL Portuguese BRUNEI DARUSSALAM BULGARIA Bulgarian, Turkish BURKINA FASO French, Moore, Fulfulde, Jula

66. ACASA Triennial Final Program The Role of Free People of Color in the Evolution of New Orleans Architecture Comparative Analysis of frafra and Igbo Aesthetic Concepts http://www.h-net.org/~artsweb/conferences/triennial_program.html

67. Diocese Of Damongo, Ghana The Holy Ghost Fathers (CSSp Spiritans) of the West African Foundation are incharge of the The major occupation of the people is subsistence farming. http://diodamongo.catholic.org/damongo_parishes.php

Diocese of Damongo Parishes The Diocese has 8 Parishes: DAMONGO: St Anne Cathedral Parish. This is the oldest Parish in the Diocese. It used to be an outstation of Tamale Parish, and comprised of the whole territory of the current Diocese. It was opened in 1955 by Bishop Champagne of Tamale and the Missionaries of Africa were put in charge. The main ethnic group is the Gonja paramount chief; the Yabonwura is resident in Damongo. In the 1950s, the then colonial government settled farmers from the overpopulated area with shortage of arable land (Upper East and Upper West Regions) in settlement farms around Damongo. A canteen was provided for them. This has given rise to the names of outstations as Canteen , and settlement . Many of the settlers are from Christianized tribes e.g. the Dagaaba from Upper West Region, the Frafra from Bolgatanga, and the Kasena from Navrongo all in the Upper East Region. Settler farmers from the eastern part of the Northern Region (Konkomba, Nawuri, Basari, Chumburu) had to leave the area during the 1994 ethnic conflict. The Parish has 20 outstations with about 2,200 Catholics, 10 resident priests, 6 of whom are working full time at the Diocesan Catholic Secretariat and help out in the pastoral work in the parish when they are available. One of our major outstations, Busunu is being prepared to be opened as a parish. The parish has 3 full time catechists and 10 voluntary catechists. The presbytery is almost completed and as soon as this is done and the personnel are there, the parish will be opened. In the meantime, a trained catechist mans this outstation and the priests from the parish visit it every Sunday. Busunu also has a clinic, a primary school and a junior secondary school.

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