81. Fossil Fuel: Definition And Much More From Answers.com fossil fuel n. A hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas,derived from living matter of a previous geologic time and used for. http://www.answers.com/topic/fossil-fuel

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary Science WordNet Wikipedia Translations Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping fossil fuel Dictionary fossil fuel n. A hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time and used for fuel. var tcdacmd="cc=edu;dt"; Science fossil fuels Coal, petroleum, and natural gas. All of these fuels were formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. All fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide when burned. ( See greenhouse effect Burning fossil fuels is a main cause of air pollution WordNet Note: click on a word meaning below to see its connections and related words. The noun fossil fuel has one meaning: Meaning #1 fuel consisting of the remains of organisms preserved in rocks in the earth's crust with high carbon and hydrogen content Wikipedia fossil fuel Coal rail cars in Ashtabula, Ohio Fossil fuels , also known as mineral fuels , are hydrocarbon -containing natural resources such as coal petroleum and natural gas . The utilization of fossil fuels has fueled industrial development and largely supplanted water driven mills, as well as the burning of

82. The Case Against New Fossil Fuel Exploration Drilling to the Ends of the Earth the case against new fossil fuel exploration This global expansion of petroleum exploration not only threatens to http://www.ran.org/oilreport/

Drilling to the Ends of the Earth the case against new fossil fuel exploration Introduction Order report Contents Introduction How Much Oil Is There? The Changing Climate Frontier Ecosystems ... Conclusion Boxes The Gas Gamble Voices From The Frontier The Numbers Case Studies Western Amazon Central Africa South East Asia Russia Appendices Map Of Impacted Areas Kyoto Declaration The quest for oil has defined the twentieth century. Many still view oil as black gold, a resource to be exploited as economically and expediently as possible. But those who seek to emulate the reserves of Rockefeller or the size of Shell with the power of petroleum are running out of time. Oil's day is over. Over 800 billion barrels of oil have been burned since the search for oil began in 1859. What has happenned to those 800 billion barrels, what it has cost to get those 800 billion barrels, and why we cannot afford to burn 800 billion more, is the subject of this report. It's not that we're running out of oil - it's that we cannot afford to burn what we already have. This business cannot continue as usual. As this report reveals, the oil industry currently spends $156 billion annually seeking new reserves of oil and gas. Meanwhile, the world's top climate scientists agree that to burn this new petroleum ensures devastating climate change. If we burn more than approximately a quarter of existing reserves, we risk sufferring the worst impacts of climate change. Why then, is the industry still looking for more?

83. TRENDS: ANNUAL FOSSIL-FUEL CO2 EMISSIONS BY STATE: 1960-2000 Estimates of Annual fossilFuel CO2 Emitted for Each State in the USA and theDistrict The carbon in some petroleum products (eg, lubricants) is largely http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis_mon/stateemis/emis_state.htm

Estimates of Annual Fossil-Fuel CO Emitted for Each State in the U.S.A. and the District of Columbia for Each Year from 1960 through 2001 Graphics Digital Data (ASCII Comma Delimited) T.J. Blasing and Gregg Marland Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335, U.S.A. Christine Broniak Period of Record Methods Consumption data for coal, petroleum, and natural gas are multiplied by their respective thermal conversion factors, which are in units of heat energy per unit of fuel consumed (i.e., per cubic foot, barrel, or ton), to calculate the amount of heat energy derived from fuel combustion. The thermal conversion factors are given in Appendix A of each issue of Monthly Energy Review, published by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Results are expressed in terms of heat energy obtained from each fuel type. These energy values were obtained from the State Energy Data Report (EIA, 2003a), ( http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/sep_use/total/csv/use_csv.html

84. The Era Of Declining Fossil Fuel Consumption Beyond petroleum. The era of declining fossil fuel consumption. Oilless TransportationA world without abundant and cheap energy is not the future that most http://planetforlife.com/transition/beyond.html

Home Next Beyond Petroleum The era of declining fossil fuel consumption A world without abundant and cheap energy is not the future that most Americans imagine, but it is a fact. Bigger and more powerful automobiles, faster air travel, bigger homes, etc. are what most Americans expect the future to bring. None of these things are possible without abundant and cheap oil and natural gas. Some predict a very bleak future. This is a world wide problem. All countries will be affected and cooperation between them is a paramount necessity. However, the United States is the biggest consumer of oil (on a per capita basis) in the world and therefore the most dependent. If we do nothing, our children will inherit a country with a nonfunctioning transport system. If we do nothing, our children will be cold and hungry. A reduction in energy consumption might be merely inconvenient, or it might be a disaster. It depends on how the problem is addressed. Without oil and gas, farmers can't produce food. Without oil, truckers can't deliver food and people can't get to stores. Without gas and oil, electricity production will be curtailed resulting in rolling blackouts and outages. Without electricity, oil, and gas, people will not be able to heat their homes. The first step toward a long term solution is energy conservation. This can be done immediately and no new technology needs to be developed. Conservation buys time that can be used to develop a transport system that does not use oil. Also, oil will be needed to build the new transport system. Extreme energy conservation measures will be needed to live with sustainable energy resources.

85. Fossil Fuel Headlines - 1 July, 2005 | EnergyBulletin.net | Energy And Peak Oil Lewis does not see an immediate problem with fossil fuel depletion, but insteadfocuses Bridging the Gap Alternatives to petroleum (Peak Oil, Part II http://www.energybulletin.net/7053.html

@import url(/template-assets/styles/compliant1.css); Resources Crude Oil Conventional Oil Arctic Oil Deep Water ... Biomass Regions Middle East Central Asia North America Latin America ... Global Related Issues Agriculture Transport Economics New Currencies ... Solutions E-mail this to a friend Printable version Published on 2 Jul 2005 by Energy Bulletin Archived on 2 Jul 2005. Fossil Fuel Headlines - 1 July, 2005 by Staff RELATED NEWS: The Countdown for the Peak of Oil Production has Begun – but what are the Views of the Most Important International Energy Agencies... On Why High IQ Fails Us, The Freakonomics of Peak Oil, and Horse Breeding, Manhattan Style.... One more oil boom... Politics and Economics Headlines - 12 September, 2005... ... Politics and Economics Headlines - 17 September, 2005... Click on the headline (link) for the full text. Many more articles are available through the Energy Bulletin homepage Peak Oil Powering the Planet: Where in the World Will Our Energy Come From? (video) Nathan Lewis, California Institute of Technology (Caltech) In a Watson lecture, Nate Lewis, Argyros Professor and professor of chemistry at Caltech, discussed what it would take for the world to turn away from fossil fuels and switch over to renewable energy. He outlined the hurdles that must be overcome in order to power the planet with abundant, clean, inexpensive energy in the 21st century. 67 minutes

86. EnergyFiles: Fossil Fuels - Related Resources EnergyFiles fossil fuels horizontalbar. Related Resources and the petroleumindustry; US Department of Energy s Office of fossil Energy The Office of http://www.osti.gov/EnergyFiles/Fossil/related.shtml

EnergyFiles: Fossil Fuels Related Resources Organizations and Agencies Reference Materials Organizations and Agencies American Gas Association - The American Gas Association represents 192 local energy utility companies that deliver natural gas to more than 53 million homes, businesses and industries throughout the United States, accounting for roughly 83 percent of all natural gas delivered by the nation's local natural gas distribution companies American Petroleum Institute - The major national trade association representing the entire petroleum industry: exploration and production, transportation, refining, and marketing Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) - EPRI's home page containing organizational and business group information Energy Research Center of the Netherlands - Over 700 detailed descriptions and characterizations of energy-related information sources accessible through the Internet, made available by the Netherlands Energy Research Foundation International Energy Agency (IEA) - Information on publications, technology and statistics from the IEA National Petroleum Council - An Oil and Natural Gas Advisory Committee to the Secretary of Energy Society of Petroleum Engineers - Home page for the society; contains information on publications, events, and the petroleum industry

87. FOSSIL In any discussion of fossil fuels it is necessary to examine the Commercialpetroleum fuels are divided into ASTM grades, which are based on the fuel http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee463/FOSSIL.HTML

FOSSIL (Also see Coal Power Plant Flash animation) There are three classes of fossil fuels: coal oil natural gas The general chemical formula for the hydrocarbon compounds is H x (H C) y although they are many times composed with nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur derivatives. Some important hydrocarbons are methane (CH ), ethane (C H ), propane (C H ), and butane (C H ). Burning of sulfur creates SO which reacts with atmospheric water vapor to form acid rain. natural gas consists mostly of ethane and ethane; whereas liquified petroleum gas (LPG) is primarily composed of propane and butane. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the U.S. Coal found in the eastern U.S. typically has high-sulfur and is found in deep deposits (underground shaft mined); conversely, western coal is of low-sulfur content found at the surface (strip or open-pit mined). One of the important properties of a fuel is its heating value (the negative of the heat of combustion). In most instances, the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel is quoted. However, the lower heating value (LHV) may be a more appropriate quantity since the heat to vaporize any moisture in the fuel is accounted for (i.e., LHV=HHV - h fg water Combustion In any discussion of fossil fuels it is necessary to examine the combustion process. There are three important exothermic chemical reactions:

88. Argonne TransTech - V4n3 - GREET Projects Role Of Biomass In America's Energy Fu Biofuels offer substantial savings in petroleum and fossil fuel consumption. WTW fossil Fuel Energy and petroleum Displaced by Cellulosic MultiProducts http://transtech.anl.gov/v4n3/greet.html

GREET Projects Role of Biomass in America's Energy Future As members of a multidisciplinary research team, CTR researchers are analyzing and assessing the potential of transportation fuels derived from cellulosic biomass in the years 2015 to 2030. Biofuels offer substantial savings in petroleum and fossil fuel consumption. By switching to cellulosic E85, bio-Fischer-Tropsch diesel (FTD), or bio-dimethyl ether (DME) in passenger cars and light-duty trucks, the U.S. transportation sector can potentially reduce its use of petroleum by 68% (cellulosic E85) to 93% (bio-FTD and bio-DME) and fossil energy by 65% (cellulosic E85) to 88% (bio-FTD and bio-DME). Without gasoline blending (i.e., with ethanol [EtOH] in E85) the fossil energy reduction increases to 89% and the petroleum reduction to 93%. With support from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the CTR conducted a mobility chains (or well-to-wheels) analysis with the G reenhouse gases, R egulated E missions, and E nergy use in T ransportation ( GREET ) model developed at Argonne. The mobility chains analysis was intended to estimate the energy consumption and emissions associated with applications of different production biofuels in light-duty vehicle technologies. Bio-EtOH with cogeneration of power by means of gas turbine combined-cycle (GTCC) (bio-EtOH/GTCC) Bio-EtOH with cogeneration of power by means of steam Rankine cycle (bio-EtOH/Rankine) Bio-EtOH and bio-FTD with cogeneration of power by means of GTCC (bio-EtOH/bio-FTD/GTCC) Bio-EtOH and protein with cogeneration of power by means of steam Rankine cycle (bio-EtOH/protein/Rankine)

89. Fossil Fuels A Viable Option For World's Poor 9 December 2002 fossil fuels A Viable Option For World s Poor Liquefiedpetroleum gas burns much cleaner than the biomass fuels the rural poor are http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/20021108215723data_trunc_sys.shtml

The latest science news, research tidbits and science discussion Home ... News Extra 9 December 2002 Fossil Fuels A Viable Option For World's Poor Contrary to conventional wisdom, the use of fossil fuels for household cooking and heating may make more environmental sense for the estimated 2 billion rural poor in the world, according to a researcher from the University of California, Berkeley. Because they contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuels have been largely dismissed as a viable alternative for the one-third of the world's population who now use coal and local biomass - including wood, crop residues and dung - for cooking and heating, said Kirk R. Smith, professor and chair of environmental health sciences at UC Berkeley's School of Public Health. Efforts have been focused on equipping the rural poor with renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. But in an editorial appearing this week in the journal Science, Smith argues that switching all 2 billion of the world's poor to liquefied petroleum gas for household use would add a scant 2 percent to the global greenhouse gas emissions of fossil fuels. At the same time, using gas fuel would decrease the environmental impact on local biomass resources. The environmental impact of this dependence on local biomass for household fuel has already been documented in some regions of the world. According to the 2001 Annual Report by The Nature Conservancy, a non-profit environmental organization, the use of wood to fuel cook stoves and to heat homes in China's Yunnan Province is leading to deforestation and contributing to soil erosion.

90. Fossil-Fuel Vampires Part II By Rick Marianetti fossilFuel Vampires (Part II) By Richard Marianetti No surprise really, whenyou consider that in 2000, petroleum industries gave $13 to George Bush http://www.alternativesmagazine.com/25/marianetti.html

Home Archives Advertisers Events ... Book Reviews Spring '03 Issue 25 Radical Astrology: It Starts This Spring By Emily Trinkaus Skillful Means: The Practical Wisdom of Presence-Centered Psychotherapy By Kerry Moran Listening to the Heart By Carol Hwoschinsky The Underground Healthcare Revolution By William B. Ferril, MD By Russ Reina What Are You Sending? By William Benz By Rick Bayer, MD By John Borowski Fossil-Fuel Vampires (Part II) By Richard Marianetti By Carolyn Bolton The Idolatry of Ideology Why Tax Cuts Hurt the Economy By Russ Beaton Leaving Home: Money and Intimacy By Ness Mountain Living as a Free Human Being By Alan Clements Innocence By Catherine Ingram Fossil-Fuel Vampires - Part II by Rick Marianetti Bill Moyers: The Non-Partisan Center for Responsive Politics says less than one-tenth of one percent of the country gave 85 percent, almost 85 percent, of all itemized contributions in our recent elections. What does that tell you, Senator? ~Transcript from NOW with Bill Moyers, December 13, 2002.

91. Journal Of Geoscience Education: Elementary Students' Ideas Concerning Fossil Fu None of these researchers has focused on fossil fuel energy conceptions. Further, students should learn that the energy in fossil fuels such as oil and http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4089/is_200505/ai_n14715204

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles Journal of Geoscience Education May 2005 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Elementary Students' Ideas Concerning Fossil Fuel Energy Journal of Geoscience Education May 2005 by Rule, Audrey C Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. ABSTRACT Forty-two academically gifted and thirty-two average-achieving elementary students in grades one through six were interviewed to determine ideas concerning fossil fuel energy. There were no significant differences between the responses of the two populations. Major categories of misconceptions encountered during interviews included misconceptions about: configuration or distribution of petroleum reservoirs, gasoline manufacture and storage, the origin of petroleum, the importance of petroleum in our society, petroleum prospecting and recovery; and the nature of coal and natural gas. Misconceptions about fossil fuels arise for a variety of reasons. Students sometimes misunderstand scenes from movies, televisions shows or cartoons, make incorrect analogies with more familiar experiences, misinterpret diagrams in printed materials, misconstrue the meanings of symbols, or confuse similar-sounding terms or words with more than one meaning.

92. Small Times: News About MEMS, Nanotechnology And Microsystems INNOVATORS WHO VIEW THE fossil FUEL INDUSTRY AS A fossil INDUSTRY MISS OUT ON In fact, the petroleum industry already has a difficult time replacing its http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?section_id=76&document_id=9013

93. Howstuffworks "How Oil Refining Works" It is also known as petroleum. Crude oil is a fossil fuel, meaning that it wasmade naturally from decaying plants and animals living in ancient seas http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining1.htm

TCDA("cc=oth; dt"); Auto Stuff Science Stuff Health Stuff Entertainment Stuff ... Shop for Stuff Top Subjects Car Engines Lock Picking Nuclear Bombs Tattoos ... Gas Turbine Engines Sponsored By: Subjects Earth Science Engineering Life Science Military ... Oil and Gas Exploration Explore Stuff Lidrock.com Stuffo.com Big List of Articles Get the Newsletter ... Physical Science How Oil Refining Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D. Table of Contents Introduction to How Oil Refining Works Crude Oil From Crude Oil The Refining Process Fractional Distillation Chemical Processing Treating and Blending the Fractions Lots More Information Shop or Compare Prices Crude Oil On average, crude oils are made of the following elements or compounds: Carbon Hydrogen Sulfur - 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur) Nitrogen - less than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups) Oxygen - less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids) Metals - less than 1% (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic) Salts - less than 1% (sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride)

94. Unable To Set Browser Cookie ASTM Book of Standards Volume 05.04 petroleum Products, Lubricants and FossilFuels petroleum Products and Lubricants (IV) D 6335 - latest http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=1207446

95. Unable To Set Browser Cookie ASTM Book of Standards Section 5 - petroleum Products, Lubricants, and FossilFuels (Vols 05.01-05.06) Document Number ASTM Section 5-04 http://www.techstreet.com/cgi-bin/detail?product_id=1207445

96. Fossil Fuel Headlines - 8 August, 2005 | EnergyBulletin.net | Energy And Peak Oi fossil Fuel Headlines 8 August, 2005. by Staff US Occidental PetroleumCorporation announced on July 30 that Libya had approved the company to resume http://www.energybulletin.net/7673.html

@import url(/template-assets/styles/compliant1.css); Resources Crude Oil Conventional Oil Arctic Oil Deep Water ... Biomass Regions Middle East Central Asia North America Latin America ... Global Related Issues Agriculture Transport Economics New Currencies ... Solutions E-mail this to a friend Printable version Published on 6 Aug 2005 by Energy Bulletin Archived on 6 Aug 2005. Fossil Fuel Headlines - 8 August, 2005 by Staff RELATED NEWS: What to do in a failing civilization... How to avoid oil wars, terrorism, and economic collapse... Fuelling the Future DVD Released and Audio Files available... Politics and Economics Headlines - 12 September, 2005... ... Western refineries spurning sulphurous Saudi oil... Click on the headline (link) for the full text. Many more articles are available through the Energy Bulletin homepage Peak Oil The crystal ball, though murky, is not empty Heading out, The Oil Drum [blog] Halfin has commented on the risks of projecting demand, and the inaccuracies of those who anticipate Peak Oil. Now, being one of those that, 30 years ago, would post predictions on the board outside my office, I now know that there are a lot of unforeseen circumstances that can influence demand, and hesitate to date peak oil. But that being said, it is a fool that ignores the warning signs of trouble ahead. This awareness of concern began, for me, with a Michael Lynch comment last year that oil prices would, by now, have dropped back to $30 a barrel. And from there, as I looked further, that price seemed harder and harder to defend. Move ahead a year and a bit, and this situation remains much worse than the optimists might have it. I suppose that I would be less concerned if I could find more credibility in the arguments thrown up against the positional sense that has developed at this site over the past few months.

97. Wired News: Ethanol Grows As Gas Alternative The it is a processing plant that turns corn into ethanol, a fuel that is by the petroleum industry to 5 billion gallons per year starting in 2012. http://www.wired.com/news/planet/0,2782,67416,00.html

Welcome to Wired News. Skip directly to: Search Box Section Navigation Content Search: Wired News Wired Magazine HotBot (the Web) Ethanol Grows as Gas Alternative Page 1 of 1 By John Gartner Also by this reporter 02:00 AM May. 04, 2005 PT Workers are clearing Iowa fields, hoping that if they build it, cars will come. The "it" is a processing plant that turns corn into ethanol, a fuel that is increasingly replacing gasoline today and may help to power the fuel-cell vehicles of tomorrow. Iowa is home to 16 of the nation's 87 ethanol processing plants, and another seven are under construction, according to the Renewable Fuels Association . Ethanol production increased 21 percent in 2003, to 3.4 billion gallons, the association said. See also Biodiesel Boosters Plan Co-Ops Green Cars Strive to End Oil Era Shocking Way to Transform Waste Hydrogen Gets Boost From Ethanol Pay a visit to Planet Earth Today's Top 5 Stories Squid Labs: Suckers for Novelty Fraud Sinks Subway's Sub Club Nix the Ban on Sports Drugs Cell Ban Proposed for New Drivers ... Wired News RSS Feeds Breaking News Hinckley's Approaches to Women Questioned Houston Mayor Orders Partial Evacuations Gov. Perry Urges Voluntary Evacuations

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