61. Automotive Propulsion Systems Alternative Fuels Electric Powered fossil fuels, Oil Shales Tar Sands fossil fuels, petroleum Geology* Health Safety, fossil Energy Hydrology* Legislation Regulation, Energy http://wings.buffalo.edu/AandL/ahi/irewg/forms/1200000.html

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62. "Fossil Fuels" By Edward Willett Our modern society is based on fossil fuels, which may sound to you like we reburning petroleum has also been used for millenia, but not as a fuel. http://www.edwardwillett.com/Columns/fossilfuels.htm

Web edwardwillett.com LIBRARY NAVIGATION SYSTEM Click on a CD to access data Home My featured science column My science fiction ... Contact me Fossil Fuels Our modern society is based on "fossil fuels," which may sound to you like we're burning dinosaur bones for heat. We aren't, but we are burning the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago, releasing the solar energy the plants captured through photosynthesis and the animals captured by eating the plants. A coal bed starts out (we thinkvery few people have the patience to directly observe a process that takes millions of years) as a silted-over peat bog. As the layer of sediment over the bog increases, it forces water out of the peat. The peat becomes richer in carbon and deficient in oxygen, until eventually hydrogen stops combining with oxygen to form water and instead starts combining with carbon to form hydrocarbons. Spongy, fibrous peat becomes hard, brittle coal: vegetable matter turns into rock. Similarly, petroleum (Latin for "rock oil") starts out as layers of marine planktonmicroscopic plants and animalsat the bottom of the sea. Sediments build up over these layers, and as in coal, the pressure and heat force out water and oxygen, leading to the formation of a variety of hydrocarbons, from tar to gas.

63. Japan May Tax Fossil Fuel Use Japan is considering taxing consumers of fossil fuels, including petroleum andcoal, in their latest plans to meet their targets to reduce greenhouse gas http://www.globalwarming.org/article.php?uid=734

64. Alternatives To Fossil Fuels (from Technology, History Of) --  Encyclopædia Br Alternatives to fossil fuels (from technology, history of) It may well become a Resource on nonpetroleum fuels. Informs about their different types, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-14901

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction General considerations ... Modes of technological transmission Technology in the ancient world Earliest communities The Neolithic Revolution Stone Power ... Military technology From the Middle Ages to 1750 Innovation Byzantium Islam India ... Petroleum Development of industries Metallurgy Iron and steel Low-grade ores Mechanical engineering ... Military technology The 20th century Technology from 1900 to 1945 Fuel and power Gas-turbine engine Petroleum ... Power changeTocNode('toc14899','img14899'); Alternatives to fossil fuels Gas turbine Materials Automation and the computer ... Space exploration Perceptions of technology Science and technology Criticisms of technology The technological dilemma Nuclear technology ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%.

65. Fossil Fuel --  Encyclopædia Britannica fossil fuels include coal, natural gas, petroleum, shale oil, and bitumen.They all contain carbon and were formed as a result of geologic processes from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035002

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents fossil fuel Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products fossil fuel Page 1 of 1 any of a class of materials of biological origin occurring within the Earth's crust that can be used as a source of energy. fossil fuel... (75 of 340 words) var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "fossil fuel."

66. CLEANER FOSSIL FUELS: We All Breathe Easier - Environmental Solutions - Economic reach out to all players and facilities in the upstream petroleum industry, A total of nine projects aimed at developing cleaner fossil fuels are http://www.climatechange.gc.ca/english/publications/team_200103/fossil_fuels.asp

Contact Us Help Search Canada Site ... Full PDF Version Quick Links Assessing clean coal-burning technologies Bringing eco-efficiencies to the oil-and-gas sector Other projects CLEANER FOSSIL FUELS: We all breathe easier With its rich supply of natural resources, Canada has become, quite naturally, heavily dependent on fossil fuels. But while coal-burning plants supply some of our stationary energy grid and petroleum products help meet our transportation needs, we must continue to find ways to both reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and make our consumption of them less harmful to the environment. There is much to be gained by investing in cleaner fossil fuel technologies. While the obvious benefit is the reduced environmental harm, lower average GHG intensity per unit of activity and the improved air quality that results, there are many other benefits to Canadians, as well. Increased efficiency in power production, as just one example, will result in cost savings for users. And lower costs enable users to be more competitive, particularly in the global marketplace. As well, other fossil-fuel-dependent countries are looking to Canada for assistance in dealing with these issues. By investing in cleaner fossil fuel technologies here at home, we will be able to take advantage of those export opportunities.

67. Earthbeat - 28/11/98: Stop New Fields Wildcat Petroleum Exploration Barry Jones the Executive Director of the Australian petroleum Production It called for a moratorium on all new exploration for fossil fuels in pristine http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/earth/stories/s17588.htm

Radio National on Saturday 28/11/98 Stop New Fields Wildcat Petroleum Exploration Summary: Over 200 non government organisations from over 52 nations have called for a moratorium on all new exploration for fossil fuel reserves in pristine and frontier areas. At the Climate Change convention in Buenos Aires this month Project Underground released a report called "Drilling to the ends of the Earth" explaining why. Director of that Organisation Danny Kennedy discusses the report. Barry Jones the Executive Director of the Australian Petroleum Production and Exploration Association strongly opposes any call for a moritorium and argues the problem lies with the consumer not the industry. Details or Transcript: Another group looking to put pressure on the fossil fuel industries is Project Underground. It's a non-government organisation based in Berkeley, California that supports communities threatened by the mining and oil industries. At the Kyoto Climate Change Convention last December it played a key role in drawing up the Oil Watch Declaration which was signed by 200 organisations from 52 countries. It called for a moratorium on all new exploration for fossil fuels in pristine and frontier areas and an end to all public funding of fossil fuel related projects. This year in Buenos Aires it released a report called "Drilling to the ends of the Earth" which again called for an end to all wildcat exploration in frontier areas. Danny Kennedy, the Director of Project Underground was in Australia this week and I asked him what he means by new wildcat exploration and why he thinks it should stop.

68. Hubbert Peak Of Oil Production document now available Nuclear Energy and the fossil fuels by M. King Hubbert, The Organisation of petroleum Exporting Countries signalled a http://www.hubbertpeak.com/

Hubbert Peak of Oil Production Bulletins Beyond Oil: Intelligent Response to Peak Oil Impacts: A Dialog with the Experts, Denver, November 11, 12 Global Oil Depletion and Implications for the Pacific Northwest, Spokane, October 3-5 The Second U.S. Conference on Peak Oil and Community Solutions, Yellow Springs, Ohio, September 23-25 News ... About Named after the late Dr. M. King Hubbert, Geophysicist, this website provides data, analysis and recommendations regarding the upcoming peak in the rate of global oil extraction. What can I do about rising oil prices "Today, more than ever before, there is the most urgency for answers to the question of why there are no political strategies, long overdue, to achieve peace with nature." Hermann Scheer , A Solar Manifesto As humanity comes to terms with the inevitability of a world beyond oil, the remaining oil supply will be exploited in three ways: To maintain the global economy; To create a new solar economy which will not depend upon oil; To fight over the oil that remains. Oil will become more expensive and less available. This will be painful in the industrialized countries which have become totally dependent upon oil, and in the less developed countries where oil use is extremely sensitive to price escalation.

69. FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES FACT SHEET Cutting government support for fossil fuels is a common sense idea supported byeconomists, John Browne, Group Chief Executive, British petroleum http://www.taxpayer.net/TCS/fuelsubfact.htm

Enter your email: /* example call to CAdrawbox: CAdrawbox(size , width , titlebarcolor , contentcolor , bordercolor , titlefontcolor , contentfontcolor , titlegraphic); argument desciptions: size - small or large, or standard or custom with a width width - width in pixels titlebarcolor - hex color for the titlebar background contentcolor - hex color for the content background bordercolor - hex color for the border titlefontcolor - hex color for title bar text contentfontcolor - hex color for content text titlegraphic - url of image to use in place of titlebar */ CAdrawbox('standard', '190'); Fossil Fuel Subsidies: A Taxpayer Perspective Cut fossil fuel subsidies... Congress and the Administration should act immediately to cut fossil fuel subsidies The fossil fuel industry is no longer an infant enterprise that can argue for government nurturing, but a mature industry that does not deserve government handouts. The sixteen subsidies highlighted in this fact sheet give coal, oil, and natural gas over $5 billion per year. The industry has already received more than its fair share, collecting $150 billion in subsidies from the federal government between 1918 and 1978, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. Finally, many of the existing subsidies, such as funds for a rural electrification agency, continue to drain tax dollars even though their original purpose has long been fulfilled or forgotten.

70. Petroleum In The Modern World Oil or petroleum energy applications were first developed in the United States in Since oil is, among the fossil fuels, the one with the least reserves, http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/oil.html

HS-22 Readings Petroleum Resources Post World War II Libya United States becomes a net-importer Oil embargo ... Conclusion The energy source, which made the Industrial Revolution possible in England in the 18th century, was coal. Coal powered the steam engines which drove machinery in the factories, and the steamboats and railroads of the early industrial age. It has continued to power electric generation plants throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Among the fossil fuels, coal is the most abundant in the earth, but it is also the most polluting. High sulphur and carbon content, and soot, cause coal to be the least desirable of the fossil fuels. Oil or petroleum energy applications were first developed in the United States in the 1850,s with the discovery of crude oil in eastern Pennsylvania. After refinement into kerosene, it was used for lighting. The invention of the internal combustion engine in the 1880's, and the refinement of gasoline from crude oil, made possible a revolution in transportation. Gasoline became the fuel which powered the automobile, and the airplane. As new oil reserves were discovered and the fuel became increasingly abundant and inexpensive in the 20th century, it became the preferable alternative to coal for other uses, because it was less polluting and, with the building of pipelines, easier to deliver to the end-user. The development of the petroleum industry began in the United States, because there were large reserves of oil, and the automobile and the airplane were invented in the United States. The development of the United States into a great industrial power in the 20th century was built upon the exploitation of oil. When large new reserves were discovered in Texas in the 1930,s, oil became so abundant, that it was cheaper than water. Six major oil corporations, all based in the United States, came to dominate the oil industry. both at home and abroad. The only one of the so-called seven sisters, the seven leading companies in the international oil industry, which was not based in the United States, was British Petroleum.

71. NASAexplores 9-12 Lesson Hydrogen Versus Petroleum (Teacher Sheets) To compare fossil fuel and hydrogen fuel for powering cars. major problemwith combustion engines is that they are based on fossil fuels or petroleum. http://www.nasaexplores.com/show_912_teacher_st.php?id=030815162924

72. DOE - Fossil Energy: Petroleum Reserves An introductory web page to DOE s Strategic petroleum Reserve, that wereopened to development during the 1980s as an alternate source of fossil fuels. http://www.fe.doe.gov/programs/reserves/

HOME ABOUT US NEWS/EVENTS SEARCH Advanced Search Carbon Sequestration Natural Gas Regulation Electricity Regulation ... Home Petroleum Reserves Petroleum Reserves "The Administration has been clear that the Strategic Petroleum Reserve is a national security asset that can be used to protect American consumers and our economy in the event of a major supply disruption, including natural disasters. " Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman August 29, 2005 Strategic Petroleum Reserve The U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve is the largest stockpile of government-owned emergency crude oil in the world. Established in the aftermath of the 1973-74 oil embargo, the SPR provides the President with a powerful response option should a disruption in commercial oil supplies threaten the U.S. economy. It also allows the United States to meet part of its International Energy Agency obligation to maintain emergency oil stocks, and it provides a national defense fuel reserve. NOTICE: Public comments are being sought on the potential environmental impacts of expanding the nation's Strategic Petroleum Reserve capacity to one billion barrels Profile of Reserve Current Inventory Filling the Reserve Crude Oil Assays ... Past News Announcements Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve The Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve is a 2-million barrel supply of emergency fuel oil for homes and businesses in the northeast United States. Established in 2000, the Heating Oil Reserve as an "emergency buffer" that can supplement commercial fuel supplies should the heavily oil-dependent region be hit by a severe heating oil supply disruption.

73. Fossil Fuels For Household Use Are Viable Option For World's Poor Contrary to conventional wisdom, the use of fossil fuels for household cooking Liquefied petroleum gas burns much cleaner than the biomass fuels the http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-12/uoc--fff120302.php

Public release date: 5-Dec-2002 E-mail Article Contact: Sarah Yang scy@pa.urel.berkeley.edu University of California - Berkeley Fossil fuels for household use are viable option for world's poor Berkeley - Contrary to conventional wisdom, the use of fossil fuels for household cooking and heating may make more environmental sense for the estimated 2 billion rural poor in the world, according to a researcher from the University of California, Berkeley. Because they contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuels have been largely dismissed as a viable alternative for the one-third of the world's population who now use coal and local biomass - including wood, crop residues and dung - for cooking and heating, said Kirk R. Smith, professor and chair of environmental health sciences at UC Berkeley's School of Public Health. Efforts have been focused on equipping the rural poor with renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. But in an editorial appearing this week in the journal Science, Smith argues that switching all 2 billion of the world's poor to liquefied petroleum gas for household use would add a scant 2 percent to the global greenhouse gas emissions of fossil fuels. At the same time, using gas fuel would decrease the environmental impact on local biomass resources. The environmental impact of this dependence on local biomass for household fuel has already been documented in some regions of the world. According to the 2001 Annual Report by The Nature Conservancy, a non-profit environmental organization, the use of wood to fuel cook stoves and to heat homes in China's Yunnan Province is leading to deforestation and contributing to soil erosion.

74. Grade Eight Science - Energy Resources In Saskatchewan Much of the petroleum produced in Saskatchewan is classified as heavy crude oil . Assess the impact that the use of fossil fuels has on Saskatchewan and http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/docs/midlsci/gr8udmsc.html

Science 8 Core Unit: Energy Resources in Saskatchewan Unit overview The definition of resources can be narrow or broad. It may include only what is extracted from the earth for the economic benefit of humans or what supports and enhances all forms and aspects of life. The broader definition is the guiding principle for the conservation emphasis in Middle Level science. In this unit however, students consider three primary energy resources which are extracted and used in Saskatchewan. This unit has strong connections to the grade 7 optional unit Resource Use Coal is mined across a large area of southern Saskatchewan. The lignite coal which is produced is used primarily as a heat source in the production of electricity. Along with the formation, extraction, and distribution of coal, the production, distribution, use, and conservation of electricity is considered. Saskatchewan is a major natural gas producer. Since the predominant use of natural gas is for space heating, students will examine the construction of, and design of, energy efficient buildings. This topic offers teachers and students who are interested a chance to explore the topic of heat flows. Much of the petroleum produced in Saskatchewan is classified as heavy crude oil. What is heavy crude? How does it differ from light and medium grades of crude oil? How does the production of ethanol in Saskatchewan supplement gasoline as a fuel for internal combustion engines? What conservation measures can be effective for conserving petroleum?

75. Science -- Sign In After all, fossil fuels are in principle limited, and the fossil carbon they contain 3) That, being nonrenewable, petroleum cannot be relied on to serve http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/298/5600/1847

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76. Science -- Sign In Large shifts to the use of fossil fuels would reduce GHG emissions by 1 to 10% . Transition to petroleumbased fuels provides the next largest http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/308/5718/98

You do not have access to this item: Full Text : Bailis et al., Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Biomass and Petroleum Energy Futures..., Science You are on the site via Free Public Access. What content can I view with Free Public Access If you have a personal user name and password, please login below. SCIENCE Online Sign In Options For Viewing This Content User Name Password this computer. Help with Sign In If you don't use cookies, sign in here Join AAAS and subscribe to Science for free full access. Sign Up More Info Register for Free Partial Access including abstracts, summaries and special registered free full text content. Register More Info Pay per Article 24 hours for US $10.00 from your current computer Regain Access to a recent Pay per Article purchase Need More Help? Can't get past this page? Forgotten your user name or password? AAAS Members activate your FREE Subscription

77. What Are Fossil Fuels? Oil, petroleum, natural gas, gasoline, petrol, coal, coke all these are types of It is this which makes coal and the other fossil fuels so useful for http://tiki.oneworld.net/penguin/global_warming/fossil_fuels.html

Clues about fossil fuels? Here's my mini-guide! Oil, petroleum, natural gas, gasoline, petrol, coal, coke: all these are types of what people call 'fossil fuels'. So why are they called 'fossil fuels'? Because, like fossils of shells or plants which you can find in some rocks, they are old, often hundreds of millions of years old. In fact, fossil fuels are part of the remains of living things which once flourished on the planet, but died and became buried under thick layers of younger rocks. Coal is the best example of this. If you pick up a lump of coal, it's black and shiny. What made it? Occasionally, you'll find a clue in the form of impressions of plants, usually tree trunks. For coal started out as lush tropical swampy forest, bursting with rapidly growing trees and smaller plants. As they died, more plants grew in the swamps, covering and burying the dead ones whose remains did not decay because they were soaked by stagnant water. No air could get at them . Instead they became peat which got thicker as more swamp forest grew above them. Eventually, the weight of all the material above them became so great it squeezed the peat into the rock you call coal. It is almost pure carbon. And that's where the trouble starts because carbon (coal) will burn in air (oxygen) to make heat. It is this which makes coal and the other fossil fuels so useful for people because the heat from them can be used to make homes comfortable in the winter. It can also be used to boil water and make steam to drive turbines and generators and so produce electricity. And carbon in its liquid form, petroleum, can make all kinds of chemicals and, of course, fuel for transport: cars, trucks, ships and aeroplanes. Petroleum and natural gas are not pure carbon. They are chemicals which contain hydrogen as well. So they're often called 'hydrocarbons'.

78. U.S. Global Change Research Information Office Our reliance on carbonrich fossil fuels beganlike most other dependenciesin Without question, the availability of distilled petroleum fuels vastly http://www.gcrio.org/CONSEQUENCES/vol4no1/carbonecon.html

New Library About Ask Dr. Global Change ... Vol. 4, No. 1 From A Carbon Economy To A Mixed Economy: A Global Opportunity Search Updated 15 November 2004 Consequences Vol. 4, No. 1, 1998 See also: summary From A Carbon Economy To A Mixed Economy: A Global Opportunity By Richard C. Rockwell A curious feature of human economies is that they have always been based upon the same chemical element that is the foundation for life itself. Carbon is the common ingredient in the fuels we buy and burn, and also the fuel for photosynthesis and the raw material of which we are made. Photosynthesis is critical for our lives and well-being, for despite all advances in modern technology, we still lean almost entirely upon that elemental process for both energy and food. Through photosynthesis, plants on land and in the oceans harness the power of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide, water, and minerals into organic (carbon) matter such as leaves and wood. In these materials, the captured energy is stored until they slowly decay or chance to burn. The energy of carbonmost of it in coal and oil deposits from organisms that lived millions of years agois one of the major natural resources that we utilize today. Carbon powers factories, heats and lights homes and working places, and fuels transportation. It was carbon that made the Industrial Revolution possible, and it is the ever-increasing use of carbon fuels since that time that has so profoundly improved the quality of life for many of the Earth's peoples. But as is now well known, in pursuing these ends we have released enough carbon dioxide into the air to affect the course of climate, and potentially, the well-being of peoples and nations around the world, for centuries to come. And each day we add more.

79. Applied Sections Of CA and uses of fossil fuels, petroleum and coal; refining, treatment, Flame studies and combustion of fossil fuels are included in this section. http://www.cas.org/PRINTED/applsc.html

Applied Sections of Chemical Abstracts 47 Apparatus and Plant Equipment This section includes laboratory apparatus for research and development, industrial apparatus and equipment for carrying out any of the unit operations (involving physical change) and unit processes (involving chemical change), when the equipment has a multipurpose application. Apparatus and equipment having a singular use, identifiable with a specific section, are placed in that appropriate section. Included also in this section are high- and low-temperature apparatus (e.g., furnaces, Dewars), material-handling apparatus (e.g., conveyors, vessels), and general construction materials for the equipment. Apparatus and equipment undefinable as to specific area of application or for multiple areas of application are placed here. 48 Unit Operations and Processes This section includes general multipurpose unit operations (physical change involved) and unit processes (chemical change involved). Unit operations and processes identifiable with a specific section are placed in that appropriate section. Included are experimental and theoretical studies of chemical engineering subjects (e.g., transport processes, material handling, separation and mixing processes, size reduction and enlargement, process control, optimization, and mathematical modeling). Design fundamentals and automation are also included. Flame propagation and flame stability of unspecified materials are placed here, but flame studies of specific materials are placed in the appropriate section, e.g., propellants in Section 50, fossil fuels and blends in Section 51, fireproofing of textiles in Section 40.

80. Fossil Fuel | Oil | Natural Gas | Petroleum | Energy | Uses | Negative Effects | That lump of coal you get in your stocking for Christmas could be used to heatyour house or cook dinner. Like oil, petroleum and natrual gas, http://www.kidzworld.com/site/p1423.htm

quick advanced Scroll down for the article Oil Well Fossil Fuel Energy Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy sources that formed more than 300 million years ago during the Carboniferous Period - long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth . Fossil fuels are made up of plant and animal matter. When plants and animals died, their bodies decomposed and were buried under layers of earth. Millions of years later we have the three forms of fossil fuel: oil, natural gas and coal. Fossil Fuel Energy - Oil Oil is a thick, black, gooey liquid also called petroleum . It's found way down in the ground, usually between layers of rock. To get oil out, a well is dug. Digging a well is like putting a straw into a can of pop . The oil is then pumped out of the ground, just like when you suck pop up the straw. Oil Gas Pump is carried in pipelines and large tanker ships . A refinery changes the oil into products like gasoline, jet fuel and diesel fuel. It's also burned in factories and power plants to make electricity . The oil is burned, which produces gases that turn a turbine to create electricity.

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