41. BP Global a significantly cleaner way of generating electricity from existing fossil fuels fuels and stations, Fuel cards, Liquified petroleum Gas (LPG), http://www.bp.com/home.do?categoryId=1&contentId=2006973

42. Fossil Fuels Without Fossils: Rebuttal Of Nature Article (T. Clarke) That natural petroleum is not a “fossil fuel” has been known (by competentscientists) since the time of Clausius, Boltzmann, Gibbs, and Mendeleev. http://www.gasresources.net/Nature(Editor01).htm

MPBodyInit('Nature(Editor01)_files') Mr. Philip Campbell, Editor Nature 4 Crinan Street London N1 9XW, U.K. Thursday, 12 September 2002. re: J. F. Kenney, V. G. Kutcherov, N. A. Bendeliani, V. A. Alekseev, (2002), “The Evolution of Multicomponent Systems at High Pressures: VI. The Thermodynamic Stability of the Hydrogen-Carbon System: The Genesis of Hydrocarbons and the Origin of Petroleum,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ref: T. Clarke, “Fossil fuel without fossils,” Nature , 21 August 2002. Dear Sir:               The article published in Nature to which reference is given above, is willfully dishonest and gratuitously untruthful.  Clarke and Nature substantially misrepresent our article published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences   Please note the partial corrections which follow. Your statement that “Kenney and his team were unavailable for comment” is an outright falsehood.                             The authors of our article have made ourselves readily available to your reporter Clarke.  We sent five (5) communications to Clarke by e-mail, which included attached documents of other publications and much additional information.                             Clarke never responded with even the courtesy of acknowledgment.  Three days ago (09 September 2002), Clarke finally sent to us a message apologizing for not having responded to our previous messages, giving a lame excuse that he had been “in a hurry to leave for vacation.”

43. DIE OFF - A Population Crash Resource Page petroleum geologists have known for 50 years that global oil production would peak THE END OF fossil fuels. Click here for links to other energy sites http://dieoff.org/

Synopsis Search Oil Depletion Economic Theory ... Systems DIE OFF "If a path to the better there be, it begins with a full look at the worst." Thomas Hardy Petroleum geologists have known for 50 years that global oil production would "peak" and begin its inevitable decline within a decade of the year 2000. Moreover, no renewable energy systems have the potential to generate more than a fraction of the power now being generated by fossil fuels. In short, the transition to declining energy availability signals a transition in civilization as we know it. Read the entire synopsis now! Click here to visitand if you like, subscribeto the EnergyResources (news)Group. Closely associated with this DieOff.Com web site, the EnergyResources Group deals with the systemic aspects of energy, ecology and human culture. This web site was created and maintained from 1999 to February 2003 by Jay Hanson In February 2003, Tom Robertson took over content development, maintenance and operational costs. THE END OF FOSSIL FUELS Click here for links to other energy sites FIVE FUNDAMENTAL ERRORS: The Short Version , by Jay Hanson, 11/13/2001 FIVE FUNDAMENTAL ERRORS: The Long Version , by Jay Hanson, 11/13/2001 ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY , by Jay Hanson, 11/13/2001 A SECT WITH A CREED AND A POLITICAL PROGRAM , by Jay Hanson, 11/13/2001 REACHING FOR HEAVEN ON EARTH , by Robert H. Nelson

44. This Paper Is Issue #3 In A Series Of Studies lifecycle of any of the fossil fuels, including oil, gas, and coal. Encircling the World petroleum Peak. The phase diagram depicts on the x-axis http://dieoff.org/page133.htm

This Paper is Issue #3 in a Series of Studies Based on the World Oil Forecasting Program A PDF Version of this paper is available at http://www.dieoff.com/page133.pdf THE WORLD PETROLEUM LIFE-CYCLE Richard C. Duncan and Walter Youngquist Presented at the PTTC Workshop "OPEC Oil Pricing and Independent Oil Producers" Petroleum Technology Transfer Council Petroleum Engineering Program University of Southern California Los Angeles, California October 22, 1998 Abstract The world oil production peak, we assume, will be a turning point in human history. Our goal is to predict the world peak. To accomplish this goal, we have developed (to our knowledge) a unique new procedure based on oil production data, data analysis, conventional formulas, and heuristic knowledge. It comprises (1) a program, and (2) a method. The program uses the historic oil production data and predicts by statistical and heuristic techniques future production for the world's 42 top oil-producing nations (each modeled separately), grouped into 7 regions, and the world. The method is to build up a series of forecasts which, taken together, will inevitably converge on the peak. This paper presents the third in this series of forecasts designated 'Issue #3.' The peak production year and the expected ultimate recovery for each nation, seven regions, and the world are given in Table 1. Figure 1 graphs the world oil production life-cycle with the peak in 2006. Table 2 gives similar information for each region. Figures 2-8 graph the life-cycle for each region with peaks from 1985 for North America to 2011 for the Middle East.

45. Fossil Fuel - Definition Of Fossil Fuel In Encyclopedia fossil fuels are hydrocarboncontaining natural resources such as coal, petroleum For details on the subject see the article Abiogenic petroleum origin. http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Fossil_fuel

Add to Favorites General Encyclopedia Legal ... Law forum Search Word: Visit our Law forums Labor Law Accidents Law Bankruptcy Law Business Law ... Tax Law Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon -containing natural resources such as coal petroleum and natural gas . The utilization of fossil fuels has fueled industrial development and largely supplanted water driven mills, as well as the burning of wood or peat for heat. When generating electricity , energy from the combustion of fossil fuels is often used to power a turbine . Older generators used steam generated by the burning of the fuel to turn the turbine, but in newer power plants the gases produced by burning of the fuel turn a gas turbine directly. The burning of fossil fuels by humans is their major source of emissions of carbon dioxide which is one of the greenhouse gases that is believed to contribute to global warming . A small amount of hydrocarbon-based fuels are biofuels which are derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide and thus do not increase the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Contents showTocToggle("show","hide")

46. Natural Petroleum - NO Connection With Biological Matter During World War II, the production of liquid fuels by the FischerTropsch process Material of truly biogenic origin, such as fossil spores or pollen, http://www.rense.com/general65/naty.htm

Natural Petroleum - NO Connection With Biological Matter Gas Resources.net "The claims which have traditionally been put forward to argue a connection between natural petroleum and biological matter have been subjected to scientific scrutiny and have been established to be baseless. The outcome of such scrutiny comes hardly as a surprise, given recognition of the constraints of thermodynamics upon the genesis of hydrocarbons. If liquid hydrocarbons might evolve from biological detritus in the thermodynamic regime of the crust of the Earth, we could all expect to go to bed at night in our dotage, with white hair (or, at least, whatever might remain of same), a spreading waistline, and all the undesirable decrepitude of age, and to awake in the morning, clear eyed, with our hair returned of the color of our youth, with a slim waistline, a strong, flexible body, and with our sexual vigor restored. Alas, such is not to be. The merciless laws of thermodynamics do not accommodate folklore fables. Natural petroleum has no connection with biological matter." Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum (Scientific Paper Published In 'Energia') J. F. Kenney

47. Association For Asia Research- The Sun And Petroleum consumption of socalled fossil fuels (petroleum, coal, natural gas, etc.) . Modern industry depends on fossil fuel energy, so we can clearly see the http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2314.html

Eastern Philosophy Environment Government Health ... East Asia The Sun and Petroleum from "The Edo Period had an Ecological Society" Eisuke Ishikawa Related Articles Know when you have enough Starting Out Slowly The Sun and the Forests Unpaved roads play as a natural air conditioner ... Darker Side of Convenience Throughout the Edo Period the Japanese were living only with solar energy. This was the case with all of humanity prior to the Industrial Revolution, which was founded in Britain and marked the beginning of the use of fossil fuels as the primary energy source, Japan began industrialization approximately one hundred years after Britain (around the late nineteenth century. Among all of the present so-called advanced nations, Japan was the last to use solar energy as its only energy source. Our ancestors built the unique Edo culture by utilizing stored solar energy (which had a maximum life of two years) and plants (which requires solar energy and is an indirect way solar energy was used). They also used solar energy directly. A haiku, attributed to Takeshi Ikeuki, reads:

48. CorpWatch : BP: Beyond Petroleum Or Beyond Preposterous? means being a global leader in producing the cleanest burning fossil fuel. means being the first company to introduce cleaner burning fuels to many of http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=219

49. Petroleum US Conservation of fossil fuels. Cutting Back On petroleum. I have always beenconscious of the fact that the United States uses a large amount of fossil http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/m/l/mlw233/new_page_1.htm

50. NSW SoE97 - Chapter 5: Sustainability - 5.4 Energy - 5.4.3 Supply From Fossil Fu 5.4.3 Supply from fossil fuels. Coal. petroleum. Liquefied petroleum gas.Natural gas. 5.4.4 Impacts of energy production from fossil fuels http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/soe/97/ch5/6_3.htm

Contacts Feedback Search whole of DEC Botanic Gardens Trust ... Environmental links Search Change text size Sitemap Help Core Indicator 5B: Waste management ... 5.5 The urban environment 5.4.3 Supply from fossil fuels NSW continues to rely on non-renewable fossil fuels for its energy. In 1994-95, 98.5% of primary energy supply (that is, including exports) were from fossil fuels (80% from coal, 15% from petroleum and 3% from gas). There have been few major shifts towards renewable or to less-polluting energy sources. The exception is the rapid increase in the use of natural gas. It is expected that by 2009-10, natural gas will represent 28% of total consumption for Australia, up from 18% in 1995-96 ABARE 1997 Coal NSW has vast resources of coal and it is the main fuel source for electricity generation in the state and an important export commodity. In 1994-95, production of saleable black coal in NSW was 88.6 million tonnes which was an increase in production of 5.5% over 1993-94 Australia's Mining Series 1996 ). Of this, 66% was exported, earning $2.8 billion or about 24% ofthe state's export income. Coal mining employs 13,760 people directly in 88 mines in NSW (

51. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS What are fossil fuels and why are they called that? The most common fossilfuels are coal, oil (also called petroleum) and natural gas. Some other fuels http://www-ed.fnal.gov/ntep/f98/projects/nrel_energy_2/faq.html

National Teacher Enhancement Project Middle School Home Energy Audit FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS NTEP Home Project Homepage Teacher Homepage Student Pages Click on the Topic Section that matches your question: Energy/power Meter Reading Utility Bill Reading Appliances ... Ask An Expert Energy/power: What are the ten major sources of energy? Petroleum, Natural gas, Coal, Uranium, Propane, Hydropower, Biomass, Geothermal, Solar and Wind What are the top coal producing states? Wyoming, Texas, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia What are the types of power plants in the United States? Fossil fuel, nuclear, and hydropower What are the top natural gas producing states? Wyoming, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana What consumes the most energy in your home? Heating and cooling consumes half of the average home's energy consumption. What is an electrical grid? The electricity generated in different areas of the United Stated are placed onto a series of wires that connect to each other. Electricity maybe produced in Washington state but will be consumed by a home owner in Los Angeles, California. The electricity was sent through the grid. The California electric company would have purchased the electricity from the Washington state company and the delivery of energy came through the grid. A customer does not receive only the Washington state power but would be using energy from a pool(several suppliers). What are "fossil fuels" and why are they called that?

52. Photoelectrochemical Generation Of Hydrogen Man began using petroleum as source of energy a little over a century ago, Another concern associated with the use of fossil fuels is that the http://atom.ecn.purdue.edu/~vurade/PEC Generation of Hydrogen/Main01.htm

Photoelectrochemical Generation of Hydrogen by Vikrant Urade School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN-47907 1. Limited fossil fuels, growing demand 2. Hydrogen: Fuel of the Future 3. Methods of hydrogen production from solar energy 4. Introduction to photoelectrochemical hydrogen production 5. Properties of semiconducting electrode material ... Hillhouse Research Group Website 1. Limited Fossil Fuels, Growing Demand: When we pump up that gas in our cars, or use electricity in our homes, a significant part of which comes from coal fired power stations, or heat our homes using natural gas, little do we realize how short-lived these supplies are going to be. Man began using petroleum as source of energy a little over a century ago, and it is being predicted that global oil supplies will peak out in only about 10 years from now, according to a report by a team from Sweden's University of Uppsala New Scientist , 2 August 2003, p 8) . After this peak, the oil production will start falling, accompanied by a rise in the prices of oil. If we consider the invention of agriculture as the starting point of a settled human civilization, which occurred about 8,000 years ago, this period of 100 years is only a minuscule interval of time, within which we have exhausted almost all the petroleum reserves on the earth. The formation of the petroleum from organic matter took millions of years, which makes petroleum a very valuable source of energy. Man, however, has not shown any discretion in the use of this valuable resource. (

53. Fossil Fuels We will essentially use up all the world s petroleum resources by 2050. When we run out of fossil fuels will we use these sources again or find new http://www.earthsci.org/teacher/basicgeol/fossil_fuels/fossil_fuels.html

Fossil Fuels Earth Science Australia... Contents of Entire Course of "The Earth and Beyond Average Consumption Oil ... Other Fossil Fuel Sources adapted to HTML from lecture notes of Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Tulane University Average Consumption The energy consumption of a nation is proportional to its Gross National Product (GNP). (The higher the GNP of a nation, the higher its consumption.) The minimun energy needed by an individual is 2000 calories per day. In a technological society, the average individual uses 230,000 calories per day. Calories per day Purpose Preparing food Home and Commerce Industry and Agriculture Transportation We will essentially use up all the world's petroleum resources by 2050. We will essentially use up all the world's coal resources by 2500. The graph above illustrates the energy sources of mankind through history. We are currently using more energy than ever before, due to the availability of fossil fuels. Before 1500 A.D. we used slaves, animals and firewood. When we run out of fossil fuels will we use these sources again or find new technology? Oil (U.S.A as an example)

54. Imported Fossil Fuels: Crude Oil, Refined Petroleum Products, And Coal As you know, Hawaii has no fossil fuels. Oil and coal must be imported.petroleum comes into the state as either as crude oil or as refined products. http://www.state.hi.us/dbedt/ert/icw/kaya/sld005.htm

Publications Proceedings of the Interconnection Workshop M. Kaya, Energy for Hawaii Slide 5 of 21 Notes: As you know, Hawaii has no fossil fuels. Oil and coal must be imported. Petroleum comes into the state as either as crude oil or as refined products. The crude oil is refined at the two refineries on Oahu, which produce most of the oil products used in Hawaii. They obtained 30.7% of their crude oil from U.S. sources, principally Alaska, in 2000. The rest (approximately 70%) came mostly from Asia. The refined oil products brought into Hawaii also came from a variety of sources – about 40% from the U.S. and the remainder (about 60%) principally from Asia. Coal met about 5% of Hawaii’s energy needs in 2000. Most of the imported coal was used by AES Hawaii on Oahu. AES Hawaii brings its coal in from Indonesia under a long-term contract. Hilo Coast Power Company on Hawaii, and Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar on Maui import smaller amounts from Australia. The table shows amounts used in 2000. As you can see, only a small amount of the refined product came from the volatile Middle East. However, Indonesia, a prime supplier of both oil and coal, has had recent internal political instability.

55. E-print Network Subject Pathways: Fossil Fuels Consortium for fossil Fuel Liquefaction Science (CFFLS) Stanford University,Department of petroleum Engineering, Horizontal Well http://www.osti.gov/eprints/pathways/fossilfuels.shtml

E-print Web Log Fossil Fuels Collections: Argonne National Laboratory - Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials Program Colorado School of Mines, Reservoir Characterization Project (RCP) Darmstadt, Technische Universität - Fachgebiet Energie- und Kraftwerkstechnik Illinois State Geological Survey, Coal Publications ... Top of Page Preprints Provided by Individual Scientists: Abdi, Majid A. - Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland Backe, Knut - Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Bannwart, Antonio Carlos - Departamento de Energia, Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz", Brazil Bekele, Elise - Land and Water Division, CSIRO ... Zevenhoven, Ron - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology * This site is not searchable via our search engine, but it is included here for your information. We welcome suggestions for additional preprint sites. If you are aware of a site we have not included, please submit via the Comment form Top of Page Add Your E-prints to the Network!

56. Nuteeriat: The Origins Of Fossil Fuels Of course, the main fossil fuels are coal, mineral oil, and natural gas, petroleum is very commonly associated with salt, and as the use of deep drilled http://www.aoi.com.au/matrix/Nut03.html

CHAPTER 13 THE ORIGINS OF FOSSIL FUELS "Science when well digested is nothing but good sense and reason" - Stanislaus, King of Poland: Maxims, No.43. By now we have set the scene for a more detailed look at the origin of fossil fuels. Of course, the main fossil fuels are coal, mineral oil, and natural gas, with a few less important sources such as lignite, bitumen, and tar sands. The outstanding feature of all fossil fuels is that they contain a lot of carbon. Coal is especially rich, with up to 95%. The others are mainly hydrocarbons, compounds of carbon with hydrogen, sometimes with other elements present, but even in these the proportion of carbon is high, around 82-87% by weight. About Coal Coal was one of the earliest minerals to be be developed in today's technological society, in fact it was one of the main props for the Industrial Revolution, which started in Britain. Britain has considerable coal deposits and a long history of geological discovery, so the nature of coal deposits in that country have become known in great detail. Figure 13.1 (taken from the 1875 Encyclopaedia Britannica) shows the various geological strata found in conjunction with the Coal Measures of different parts of Britain. The actual coal seams vary in thickness from a mere film to as much as 15 metres. In other parts of the world even thicker seams have been found, as in the south of France and in India, up to 60m thick or more.

57. Fossil-Fuel Dependency - Do Oil Reserves Foretell Bleak Future? For an economy still reliant on fossil fuels, the effects would be catastrophic.As the oil supply shrinks, essential petroleumdependent products (that is, http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0402-10.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Featured Views Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Friday, April 2, 2004 by the San Francisco Chronicle Fossil-Fuel Dependency - Do Oil Reserves Foretell Bleak Future? by Alejandro Eggers Moreno Gasoline prices have reached their highest mark ever in the United States just as oil giant Royal Dutch/Shell has slashed its petroleum reserve estimates by 20 percent, after a monumental accounting scandal. While soaring prices at the pump have the public worried about another 1970s-style oil crisis, waiting in line might ultimately be the least of our concerns. An increasing number of prominent petroleum geologists including many former oil company employees have warned that official estimates of available global oil reserves are dangerously exaggerated. They may well be right. For energy companies such as Shell, proven oil and gas reserves are their primary indicator of economic health. They have every incentive to boost reserve estimates; the more oil they can claim, the more competitive and attractive to shareholders they appear. But private companies are not the only ones with an incentive to inflate estimates. In the mid 1980s, OPEC decided to factor in member states' reserves when determining their market share. Global oil reserves jumped overnight. Today, the more oil a country can claim the methods each uses to determine this are a closely guarded secret the more influence it has on the global energy scene. As a result, say the geologists, there may be considerably less oil in the world than the oil-producing countries and energy companies claim, and global oil production could peak far sooner than expected some predict as early as 2010. Once that happens, getting at the remaining oil becomes increasingly difficult and expensive. For an economy still reliant on fossil fuels, the effects would be catastrophic. As the oil supply shrinks, essential petroleum-dependent products (that is, nearly everything in modern society, from transportation to electricity to basic foodstuffs) are rendered either unavailable or unaffordable. Eventually, as companies such as Shell employ even more complex and invasive drilling techniques, the energy required to extract a barrel of oil exceeds the amount it can generate, and oil ceases altogether to be an energy source.

58. The Growing Abundance Of Fossil Fuels Moreover, an array of unconventional fossilfuel sources promises that, backstop fuel at worst and a significant extension of the petroleum age at best. http://www.fee.org/vnews.php?nid=4475

59. EESC V2200 - Fossil Fuels As Energy Sources petroleum not produced in conversion of terrestrial organic matter to coal. fossil fuels are therefore by far the most important sources of energy for http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/lithosphere/lectures/lec10.html

The Solid Earth System EESC 2200 Fall 2005 Lectures - Monday and Wednesday, 2:40 PM - 3:55 PM Lab - Wednesday, 4:00 PM - 7:00 PM Lecture 10: Fossil Fuels as Energy Sources PowerPoint Class Notes PDF Class Notes Origins of fossil fuels. Importance of structure Most of world's reserves of oil and natural gas contained in deformed rocks fig Most coal exploited from relatively undeformed sedimentary strata. Importance of depositional environment A few large oil fields in lake (lacustrine) sediments. Mostly sediments with lots of marine organic matter yield large amounts of oil and gas. Importance of high productivity and good preservation (low oxygen or anoxic basins). Coal forms from peat which accumulates in bogs and swamps ( fig Freshwater swamps are low in sulfate and thus the goal generated is lower in sulphur. Importance of burial and thermal reactions Burial preserves the organic carbon from oxidation and predation. Chemical changes accompany conversion from plants to peat, thence to lignite, to sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, and semi-bituminous coal, finally to anthracite coal, and ultimately to graphite. As heating progresses at higher and higher temperatures ( fig carbon content increases.

60. MoDNR - Energy Center Missouri Fossil Fuel Use Increase in Consumption of fossil fuels in Missouri, 19901999. Missourians leanheavily on fossil fuels– coal, petroleum and natural gas – for energy use. http://www.dnr.state.mo.us/energy/eia-fossilfuel.htm

Divisions and Programs Administrative Support Air and Land Protection Air Pollution Control Environmental Services Hazardous Waste Land Reclamation Solid Waste Mgmt. Administration Geological Survey Land Survey Water Resources Energy Center Environmental Assistance State Historic Preservation State Parks and Historic Sites Regional and Satellite Offices Water Protection Home Page Site Map Help Forms and Permits ... Strategic Plan Missouri Fossil Fuel Use at a Glance Increase in Consumption of Fossil Fuels in Missouri, 1990-1999. Missouri has very limited fossil fuel resources. Nearly all the coal, petroleum and natural gas used in Missouri are imported from out of state. During these years, coal use increased at an average annual growth rate of 2.7 percent, followed by petroleum at 2.6 percent and natural gas at 1.2 percent. To continue the consumption of fossil fuels into the 21 st century at these same rates of increase, imports of fossil fuel into the state would have to more than triple by mid-century. renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy and biomass.

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