41. FuturePundit: Natural Gas Made Into Pellet Hydrates For Easier Transportation natural gas Made Into Pellet hydrates For Easier Transportation succeed thennatural gas could become a much larger percentage of total fossil fuel use. http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/001147.html

FuturePundit Future technological trends and their likely effects on human society, politics and evolution. Go Read More Posts On FuturePundit April 17, 2003 Natural Gas Made Into Pellet Hydrates For Easier Transportation Technology review has an interesting article on the work of Japanese researchers to convert natural gas into a solid form to make it easier to transport from small remote fields that would otherwise be too expensive to operate. Japanese researchers Hajime Kanda and Yasuhara Nakajima at Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding in Tokyo think they’ve found a solution with the aid of hydrates, solid crystals in which natural gas—composed chiefly of methane—is caged inside of water molecules. If the article is correct then currently most of the natural gas in the world is not exploitable because the fields are too small and can't justify the cost of building pipelines to transport the natural gas from them to market. If these Japanese researchers succeed then natural gas could become a much larger percentage of total fossil fuel use. It is worth having a look at world natural gas reserves . The world total known reserves of oil is 1212.811 billion barrels and for natural gas it is 5,501.424 trillion cubic feet. Saudi Arabia has the biggest oil reserves at 261.800 billion barrels or about 21% of world oil reserves. But Russia has 1680 trillion cubic feet of natural gas or over 30% of world natural gas. Russia has only 60 billion barrels of oil reserves while Saudi Arabia has only 224.7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.

42. Data On Natural Gas Hydrates The CODATA Task Group on Data on natural gas hydrates was reapproved at the The amount of hydrated energy is twice that of all the other fossil fuel http://www.codata.org/taskgroups/TGhydrates/

Data on Natural Gas Hydrates Approved by the CODATA 23 rd General Assembly in Montréal 2002 Renewal approved by the CODATA General Assembly, Berlin 2004 The CODATA Task Group on Data on Natural Gas Hydrates was re-approved at the 24th CODATA General Assembly in Berlin Enormous deposits of methane hydrate exist at many worldwide locations in the ocean floor and in the permafrost. The amount of hydrated energy is twice that of all the other fossil fuel energy sources combined. The documentation and understanding of this unconventional gas deposit, is essential to resolve major societal questions such as energy reserve and recovery, climate change, global carbon budget, seafloor hazard stability, gas transportation, and flow assurance in oil and gas pipelines. In 2000 CODATA established a hydrate task group, which was renewed in 2002. In addition, an ICSU grant enabled much of the group activity. The challenge of the group was to deal with a subject whose essence involved many disciplines, such as chemistry, physics, geology, geochemistry, geophysics, chemical engineering, and petroleum engineering. The initial coordination of these disciplines posed a major challenge to the organization of our work. The objective of the current Task Group is the development of the concept of a comprehensive information system of all aspects of natural gas hydrates. We will formulate the requirements on the type of data needed in the system and their quality. This work will enable the users to address problems of natural origin and transformation of gas hydrates from nature.

43. Gas (Methane) Hydrates -- A New Frontier - USGS Fact Sheet the amount of carbon to be found in all known fossil fuels on Earth. USGS investigations indicate that gas hydrates may cause landslides on the http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/gas-hydrates/

Coastal and Marine Geology Program USGS Fact Sheet "Methane trapped in marine sediments as a hydrate represents such an immense carbon reservoir that it must be considered a dominant factor in estimating unconventional energy resources; the role of methane as a 'greenhouse' gas also must be carefully assessed." - Dr. William Dillon, U.S. Geological Survey Hydrates store immense amounts of methane, with major implications for energy resources and climate, but the natural controls on hydrates and their impacts on the environment are very poorly understood. Gas hydrates occur abundantly in nature, both in Arctic regions and in marine sediments. Gas hydrate is a crystalline solid consisting of gas molecules, usually methane, each surrounded by a cage of water molecules. It looks very much like water ice. Methane hydrate is stable in ocean floor sediments at water depths greater than 300 meters, and where it occurs, it is known to cement loose sediments in a surface layer several hundred meters thick. The worldwide amounts of carbon bound in gas hydrates is conservatively estimated to total twice the amount of carbon to be found in all known fossil fuels on Earth.

44. Icy Substance Called Gas Hydrate Might Be Source Of Clean-burning Fuel in the form of methane hydrate than in all the other forms of fossil fuels As natural gas is removed from the reservoir, the pressure within the http://www.post-gazette.com/healthscience/19991213hydrate1.asp

Icy substance called gas hydrate might be source of clean-burning fuel Monday, December 13, 1999 By Byron Spice, Science Editor, Post-Gazette Flammable ice sounds like a bad oxymoron, something that belongs on a list with "tight slacks," "fresh frozen," "simply confusing," "Microsoft Works" and the ever popular "military intelligence." But flammable ice is a fair description of the planet's most abundant, if least recognized, form of fossil energy. Called methane hydrate, or gas hydrate, it's an ice-like substance composed of methane the main constituent of natural gas trapped inside cages of water molecules. It forms under pressure, with deposits found underneath permafrost in Arctic regions and beneath deep ocean floors. When extracted and placed in normal atmospheric pressure, chunks of the stuff pop and fizzle as highly concentrated methane escapes. It can even be set aflame. Gas hydrate ceased to be this Mr. Wizard-ish curiosity in 1995, when the U.S. Geological Survey assessed U.S. gas hydrate resources. The study concluded that hydrate deposits entrapped between 112,000 trillion cubic feet and 676,000 trillion cubic feet of methane. The estimate was refined in 1997 to a more conservative 200,000 trillion cubic feet, but it still dwarfed the 1,400 trillion cubic feet in the nation's conventional gas reserves. Worldwide, the figures are even more staggering 400 million trillion cubic feet, compared with 5,000 trillion feet in known gas reserves. Even oil and coal reserves are no match.

45. BBC News | SCI/TECH | Fossil Fuel Revolution Begins The gas hydrates are believed to begin 350 m below the sea floor, due toburning fossil fuels, then you would be concerned at gas hydrates being burned http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_532000/532468.stm

low graphics version feedback help You are in: Sci/Tech Front Page World UK ... Audio/Video Tuesday, 23 November, 1999, 01:40 GMT Fossil fuel revolution begins The methane could be liquefied at sea and transported by tanker By BBC News Online's Damian Carrington The first step in a new era of global energy production is being taken, with a Japanese attempt to recover vast reserves of frozen methane gas from under the ocean floor. End of the energy crisis? Professor Richard Selley The drilling project began on Friday and is the first commercial offshore attempt but it is fraught with danger. Accidental releases of vast volumes of the buried gas have in the past led to the destruction of oil platforms in the Caspian Sea. These releases are also a possible explanation for the mysterious disappearances of ships. "It's horrifically dangerous," said Professor Richard Selley, a gas hydrate expert at the Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London. "If they drill in with a conventional drill ship and they hit the stuff and destabilise it, all the gas comes bubbling up and the ship will sink. "The Japanese are the brave souls who are drilling this first commercial test offshore," added Professor Selley. "It may be very easy to avoid the risk of a catastrophic blowout but this is the first to test it."

46. NaturalGas.org Coal, another fossil fuel, is formed underground under similar geologic Methane hydrates are the most recent form of unconventional natural gas to be http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/unconvent_ng_resource.asp

Home Overview of Natural Gas Background History ... Focus on LNG Unconventional Natural Gas Resources Historically, conventional natural gas deposits have been the most practical, and easiest, deposits to mine. However, as technology and geological knowledge advances, unconventional natural gas deposits are beginning to make up an increasingly larger percent of the supply picture. So what exactly is unconventional gas? A precise answer to that question is hard to find. What was unconventional yesterday, may through some technological advance, or ingenious new process, become conventional tomorrow. In the broadest sense, unconventional natural gas is gas that is more difficult, and less economically sound, to extract, usually because the technology to reach it has not been developed fully, or is too expensive. For example, prior to 1978, natural gas that had been discovered buried deep underground in the Anadarko basin was virtually untouched. It simply wasn't economical, or possible, to extract this natural gas. It was unconventional natural gas. However, deregulation of the area (and particularly the passage of the

47. The Top Ten Technologies: #2 Hydrogen Economy Enablers Pollution burning fossil fuels generates alarming levels of pollution that affect gas hydrates are abundant At the bottom of the colder regions of the http://www.newstarget.com/z001332.html

NewsTarget.com printable article Monday, September 19, 2005 The Top Ten Technologies: #2 Hydrogen Economy Enablers One of the most significant global trends arriving in the near future is a shift away from fossil fuels and towards hydrogen. The term, "hydrogen economy " refers to a global economy powered by hydrogen, not oil. The hydrogen economy is important for the advancement of humanity for several reasons. First off, the oil economy is fraught with problems: Pollution: burning fossil fuels generates alarming levels of pollution that affect every living organism on the planet. We pollute our cities the worst, contributing to tens of millions of premature deaths each year due to the disease-causing effects of inhaled by-products from combustion engines, coal plants and other machines powered by fossil fuels. Fossil fuels also contribute to global pollution through oils spills, oil extraction, oil refining, and other processes. Global warming: although this topic is aggressively debated, there is growing consensus that the burning of fossil fuels contributes strongly to global warming. The true impact of this warming is often lost on the general public, because it seems so remote from modern life. The natural consequences of global warming are quite severe: rising oceans , disappearing coastlines, mass extinction of ocean life, severe and unpredictable

48. Fuel Cell Works Supplemental News Page gas hydrates are abundant At the bottom of the colder regions of the world soceans, Hydrogen is renewable Unlike fossil fuels, hydrogen is renewable. http://www.fuelcellsworks.com/Supppage2482.html

for (var i=0; iArchives Charts Companies/Links Conferences ... Search Stay Updated every week With a Free Subscription To "Inside The Industry" As Well as a Weekly Updated Patents Page The Top Ten Technologies: #2 Hydrogen Economy Enablers Publication Date:22-April-2005 Source: The Ten Most Important Emerging Technologies For Humanity , an ebook by futurist Mike Adams One of the most significant global trends arriving in the near future is a shift away from fossil fuels and towards hydrogen. The term, "hydrogen economy" refers to a global economy powered by hydrogen, not oil. The hydrogen economy is important for the advancement of humanity for several reasons. First off, the oil economy is fraught with problems: Pollution: burning fossil fuels generates alarming levels of pollution that affect every living organism on the planet. We pollute our cities the worst, contributing to tens of millions of premature deaths each year due to the disease-causing effects of inhaled by-products from combustion engines, coal plants and other machines powered by fossil fuels. Fossil fuels also contribute to global pollution through oils spills, oil extraction, oil refining, and other processes. Global warming: although this topic is aggressively debated, there is growing consensus that the burning of fossil fuels contributes strongly to global warming. The true impact of this warming is often lost on the general public, because it seems so remote from modern life. The natural consequences of global warming are quite severe: rising oceans, disappearing coastlines, mass extinction of ocean life, severe and unpredictable climate change, a sharp increase in natural disasters, and so on. Essentially, global warming makes the planet an unfriendly place in which to live.

49. Untitled Document the burning of fossil fuel might effect the stability of methane hydrates . Methane hydrate is also significantly denser than liquid natural gas. http://www.odp.usyd.edu.au/odp_CD/oceplat/opindex2.html

Index Sediments Why Bother Isotopes ... Exercises This section is divided into 3 parts; Marine Sediments Gas Hydrates Marine Sediments II Organic Carbon - Fire in Ice - Gas Hydrates Tetrahydrofuran (THF) gas hydrate crystal synthesized in the laboratory of FRP member Dr. J. Carlos Santamarina - from Georgia Tech. Introduction - Man and Hydrocarbon Petroleum refers to any naturally occurring hydrocarbon found beneath the Earth's surface. It forms from when organic carbon is trapped in sediments and buried. Humans for millennia have exploited hydrocarbons. For example the Babylonians used the solid form of hydrocarbon known as asphalt to pave roads and seal boats and the Egyptians used tar to embalm mummies. The Greeks used condensate, which is a clear volatile form of oil, as the main ingredient in their "Secret Weapon of Byzantium" also know as "Greek Fire" which they used to decimate Turkish navies for five centuries. Around 500 BC the Chinese used natural gas to light their imperial palaces. The Ancient Greek Navy decimated the Turks with a secret weapon known as Greek Fire. The chief ingredient was oil condensate which burns on water. Later in the 14th century, the Greeks had forgotten about their secret weapon and were conquered by the Turkish Empire wielding their own form of burning hydrocarbon.

50. Fossil Energy Technologies-Conducts Innovative, Science-based Research And Devel Our methane gas hydrate research includes governmentfunded programs and The Alternative fuels Program focuses on liquefied natural gas and compressed http://www.scitechresources.gov/Results/show_result.php?rec=2014

51. EMD Luncheon 04:2004 EXPLORER next 25 years we will be very dependent on fossil fuels, particularlynatural gas. We are witnessing that change today from oil to natural gas. http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2004/04apr/dal_emdluncheon.cfm

AAPG Site Search Home EXPLORER Archives ... Return to Luncheon Talks EMD: Down to the Crossroad The energy industry is at a crossroads petroleum is in the rearview mirror and a methane-based economy is squarely ahead. What will this fundamental change in the energy mix mean for public policy, the environment and earth sciences? Many of the answers to those questions rest with the U.S. Geological Survey. "I think our role over the next 20 years will be identifying, assessing and determining the availability of the world's remaining energy resources," said Patrick Leahy, USGS associate director of geology. Leahy, who said his agency's job is to "develop scenarios ... and try to understand any environmental and economic affects that accompany those resources in terms of their development," will be the keynote speaker at the Energy Minerals Division luncheon Wednesday, April 21, at the Dallas Convention Center. His talk is titled "The USGS Role in Preparing for the Energy Mix of the Future."

52. Tinker Commentary 05:2003 EXPLORER Importantly, fossil fuels account for 84 percent of global and US energy consumptiontoday. natural gas, on the other hand. Is an efficient fuel. http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2003/05may/commentary_energybudget.cfm

AAPG Site Search Home EXPLORER Archives ... Advertising By SCOTT W. TINKER A Commentary: Oil and Gas Research at Critical Juncture Editor's note: Tinker is director of the Bureau of Economic Geology, The University of Texas at Austin. Energy Consumption by Fuel Type Energy Dollars Recoverable Portion of In-Place Gas Resource Historical U.S. Composition of Total Oil Discoveries This column addresses the proposed budget cuts to the U.S. Department of Energy's Fossil Energy Research and Development specifically the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) and the National Petroleum Technology Office (NPTO) programs. The oil technology budget was reduced from $56.2 million in 2002 to $42.3 million in 2003 to $15.0 million in 2004. The natural gas technology budget was kept level from $44.1 million in 2002 to $47.3 million in 2003, and reduced to $26.6 million in 2004. Fossil Energy Consumption and Trends The past 20 years (1980-1999) have seen: A steady and predictable decrease in the percentage of global energy consumption satisfied by oil (46 percent down to 40 percent) and coal (26 percent down to 22 percent).

53. Climate Change Database , natural gas, as a relatively clean fossil fuel, represents an gas hydrates incorporate natural gas into a solid icelike structure under...... http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/textbase/pamsdb/detail.aspx?mode=cc&id=328

54. Middle East Technical University   Areas Of Interest   Department Of Petroleum Characterization of world fossil fuels Transportation and Storage of naturalgas as Frozen Hydrate gas Hydrate natural natural gas natural gas http://ia.metu.edu.tr/en/as/000b0321petrolvedogalgazmuhendisligibolumu.htm

Middle East Technical University Areas of Interest Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Faculty of Engineering Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering web pages: Türkçe phone: fax: Department of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering : AREAS OF INTEREST A Study on the Application of Improved Oil Recovery Techniques to Bati Kozluca Field Oil Oil Recovery Recovery Alkaline Flooding ... Stone artificial neural network Artificial Artificial Neural Networks Networks Neural ... WAG process Characterization of Shale Formations for investigating Hole instability mechanisms Characterisation Formation Mechanisms Stability ... Oil shales Comprehensive Modeling of Gas Condensate Relative Permeability and Its Influence on Field Performance Gas Gas Condensate Gas Condensate Relative Permeability Modeling ... Transport Determination of Rock Mechanics Parameters of Limestone Reservoir Rocks and Its Effect on Reservoir Parameters Limestone Limestone Reservoir Rocks Mechanics Reservoir ... Stone Development of database program for efficient use of drilling field data collection and utilization Data Database Development Drilling ... Mathematics Fuel Characterization Characterisation Fuel Fuel Characterisation Gas well performance and well data analysis ... Relative Permeability Reservoir Characterisation Characterisation Reservoir Reservoir Characterization Reservoir Characterization ... Steam Injection The effect of locations of vertical and horizontal wells on the conning phenomenon of the bottom water zone

55. Centre For Energy™ total twice the amount of carbon to be found in all known fossil fuels on Earth.gas hydrates, also known as clathrates, are frozen, crystalline solids http://www.centreforenergy.com/generator2.asp?xml=/silos/ong/GasHydrates/gasHydr

56. IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Greenhouse gas releases from fossil fuel power stations. SR1. The capture ofcarbon dioxide from fossil fuel fired natural gas and Methane hydrates http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/prereports.html

..providing an informed source of objective information since 1991 Contents Members Only Technical Reports Historical Reports (Phase 1,2 and 3) 1991 - 1999 Reports Listed by Subject Area Power Generation and CO Capture Greenhouse gas releases from fossil fuel power stations The capture of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel fired power stations Initial assessment of fuel cells CO recovery from air blown gasifiers Orimulsion: CO capture in power generation, hydrogen production and methanol production Fuel cells with CO removal Advanced systems - assessment method Advanced systems - report of expert workshop Precombustion decarbonisation The assessment of a water-cycle for capture of CO Multiple products with CO capture: Power and thermal energy Key components for CO abatement: Gas turbines Leading options for the capture of CO emissions at power stations The assessment of advanced power generation systems: Methodology development CO capture via partial oxidation of natural gas Capture of CO using water scrubbing International Test Network for CO Capture: Report on a Workshop CO abatement by use of carbon-rejection processes Storage of CO The disposal of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel fired power stations

57. Gas Hydrate Origin It seems to me that we really are running out of natural gas at prices in the range There is more energy in this gas than all other fossil fuels put http://listserv.repp.org/pipermail/gasification/2003-July/000248.html

Gas hydrate origin Kevin Chisholm kchisholm at CA.INTER.NET Mon Jul 7 11:31:29 EDT 2003 Previous message: Gas hydrate origin Next message: ..grrrrr: Out of Office AutoReply: [GASL] Gas hydrate origin Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] ... GASIFICATION at LISTSERV.REPP.ORG On Sun, 6 Jul 2003 22:51:11 -0600, tombreed at ATTBI.COM b5affd0c at TOMBREED ..? Url? I'm not aware of any such deep drilling over here. ..there was some deep drilling near Mora?, Sweden around the mid thru late 1980'es, I believe they made it down to about 7 or 9 km before they ran out of money, and all they ever found turned out to be lube oil traces from the drilling. ;-) > the bottom of the ocean as a "glacier" 1-2 km thick covering MOST OF shortage and pollution and the global population exploding and shit? ..draw that one mile thick dome over half this damned planet, and divide it by 25 billion people over the next few millenia, and you'll see we'll ..venting frustration on this above policy is OT in the gas list, cooked down there?

58. Gas Hydrate Origin There is more energy in this gas than all other fossil fuels put together, It is very belivable that some natural gas and sulfur compounds have been http://listserv.repp.org/pipermail/gasification/2003-July/000247.html

Gas hydrate origin Arnt Karlsen arnt at C2I.NET Mon Jul 7 10:29:45 EDT 2003 Previous message: Gas hydrate origin Next message: Gas hydrate origin Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] ... b5affd0c at TOMBREED Dear Dan: Good reply below. The Thomas Gold experiment of deep drilling in Norway was inconclusive on the subject of whether methane comes from the core. More conclusive is the composition of the gas hydrates collected at the bottom of the ocean as a "glacier" 1-2 km thick covering MOST OF THE DEEP OCEAN (1/2 the earth's surface). There is more energy in this gas than all other fossil fuels put together, past present and future. We have experts here at the Colorado School of Mines who educate me on these topics, Typically the bottom half of the methane in the hydrate comes from below - thermogenic in origin. The other half is generated from dead material falling from above that composts to organic methane (and Someday these hydrates may be a major source of energy for Humans, but they won't be easy to extract at a depth of .4 -4 km.

59. Gas Hydrates And Cold Seeps gas hydrates are large reservoirs of methane, which is a fossil fuel and survey of Hydrate Ridge, offshore Oregon, In natural gas hydrates Occurrence, http://www.mbari.org/volcanism/Margin/Marg-Hydrates.htm

Submarine Volcanism Submarine Volcanism Hot spots Mid-ocean ridges Seamounts ... Margin Gas hydrates and cold seeps Larger version Bacterial mat (orange) fueled by chemical-rich fluids seeping through the walls of Monterey Canyon Image © MBARI 1997 Gas hydrate deposit detection and instability Chemosynthetic biological communities are evidence of the presence of reduced, chemical-rich fluids at the seafloor. When the fluids are generated at ambient temperatures, as opposed to high temperatures such as at hydrothermal vents, they are said to be "cold seeps". Cold seeps have now been found in diverse locations, such as on canyon walls, on active continental margins, from limestone escarpments, and above hydrocarbon deposits. Acoustic surveys also provide evidence of cold seeps, and of layers of gas hydrates (carbon-dioxide, methane, and other hydrocarbon gases frozen into an icy slush at high pressure and low temperature) within the sedimentary pile. Gas hydrates are large reservoirs of methane, which is a fossil fuel and green-house gas. Methane is also the compound required by methane oxidizing microbes whose by-product feeds the hydrogen-sulfide oxidizing microbial symbionts that feed the cold-seep biota. Instabilities of the gas hydrate reservoirs may be a consequence of slumping and earthquakes on a local scale, and of increasing ocean temperatures on a global scale. Our research on gas hydrates and cold seeps The discussions below are paraphrased from abstracts of papers published by the Submarine Volcanism group.

60. World Oil: The Extraordinary Promise And Challenge Of Gas Hydrates - Statistical gas hydrates are icelike, crystalline accumulations formed from natural gas all known fossil-fuel deposits ever found on continents and their margins, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3159/is_9_220/ai_56177059

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles World Oil Sept 1999 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Related Searches Petroleum industry / Forecasts Gas industry / Forecasts Hydrates / Forecasts Geographical research / Planning Featured Titles for Academy of Marketing Science Review Accounting Historians Journal, The Accounting History AgExporter ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports The extraordinary promise and challenge of gas hydrates - Statistical Data Included World Oil Sept, 1999 by Allen Lowrie Michael D. Max Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. Evidence is growing that vast reserves of natural gas, in the form of hydrate, exist in permafrost regions and continental margins, Current research efforts are intensifying This article presents the rationale behind the growing interest in methane hydrates as a potential resource. It discusses what hydrates are, how and where they form and are found, as well as how their fragile nature creates a geohazard. The authors further discuss the current state of international interest, exploration and geopolitical impact.

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