21. Technology Advances In Harvesting Gas Hydrates Would Mean Massive Geopolitical P (there s far more gas hydrate in the world than all fossil fuels combined) means As a source for natural gas, hydrate today is about where coal bed http://www.newstarget.com/000867.html

NewsTarget.com NewEnergyReport.org CounterThink.org TechnologyNews.info Welcome to the fastest-growing news network on the web. We do news right: Plus, we deliver: Our mission is public education. We are 100% dedicated to finding and reporting the truth on topics that matter. We're 100% independent, we take no money from the companies or products we write about, and we cannot be bought off. It's online news the way news should be. Stick around. Or read the Mike Adams mission statement on health, education and conquering chronic disease. RSS Feed How to reach us: Feedback form About this site: Writers: Mike Adams Jessica Smith Ben Kage Dani Veracity Jessica Fraser Jeremy W. Robert W. Darin R. Maria S. Want more content like this? Receive a daily email alert on NewsTarget and other topics by subscribing now, powered by permission-based bulk email software by Arial Software. Enter your email: Learn more Posted Feb 3, 2004 PT Technology advances in harvesting gas hydrates would mean massive geopolitical power shift away from the Middle East Gas hydrates are frozen bundles of energy located at the bottom of the oceans of the Northern regions of the world. This article explores the scientific challenge of making

22. Newsobserver.com | Columns Methane hydrates. An essential investment for our future natural gas could serve as the last and final bridge between fossil fuels and renewables. http://www.newsobserver.com/opinion/columns/story/2634057p-9070246c.html

Subscribe Vacation Hold Automatic Renewal Wednesday, September 21, 2005 Search: News Local Web Go To: Keyword Home Politics Business Sports ... Education Guide Columns Home Opinion Columns POINT OF VIEW Published: Jul 28, 2005 Modified: Jul 28, 2005 3:00 AM More, and cheaper, natural gas By ANTHONY MILLER GREENVILLE The No. 1 priority of our organization is to bring natural gas prices back to an affordable level. Over the past five years, American consumers have seen the price of natural gas more than triple. We now have the highest natural gas prices of any industrialized country in the world. Simply put, our industry, economy and country are in a crisis. Both the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate have passed versions of an energy bill. They are working out their differences and sending a bill to the president. The final bill, more than five years in the making, will determine U.S. energy policy for years to come. Will it do enough to bring energy prices back to affordable levels? Unfortunately, the answer is no. The opportunity for congressional courage and leadership to enact real solutions to high energy prices must await another day, another Congress. While conservation and energy efficiency efforts have a role to play in a comprehensive energy policy, we must recognize that we cannot conserve our way out of this crisis. To bring natural gas prices back to an affordable level, we need to focus on three areas supply, supply and supply. Specifically 1) increase access to our domestic supplies, 2) accommodate the reasonable growth of liquefied natural gas (LNG), and 3) bring on methane hydrates.

23. Clean Air Online - Natural Gas The cleanest of the fossil fuels, the combustion of natural gas releases fewer of methane as waste gas from landfill sites, and from methane hydrates http://www.ec.gc.ca/cleanair-airpur/Natural_Gas-WS8BCA9C18-1_En.htm

Français Contact Us Help Search ... Home Wednesday, September 21, 2005 Home Pollution Sources Fossil Fuels Print-friendly ... Site Map Quick Search Enter Text: Natural Gas Natural gas is an important fossil fuel used in electricity generation , kitchen stoves, heating homes and many other residential , commercial, and industrial applications. The cleanest of the fossil fuels, the combustion of natural gas releases fewer pollutants than the combustion of other fossil fuels. Natural gas is also being used as a rich source of hydrogen for fuel cells. Natural gas that reaches our homes is composed primarily of methane (CH ). However, upon being extracted from the ground, unrefined natural gas is a mixture of methane (about 70% or more) and other hydrocarbons (about 20% or more) such as ethane (C H ), propane (C H ), butane (C H ), and pentane (C H ) which are collectively known as natural gas liquids. S)(over 5.7mg/m3 of H S). Natural gas can be further processed into a liquid by chilling it to very cold temperatures (-162 o C or -260 o F). This Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has a number of advantages, the main one being that a much greater volume of gas can be transported as a liquid than as a gas. In addition, the process of making LNG removes more of the remaining impurities such as sulphur, CO

24. Gas Hydrates One cubic foot of hydrate ice holds 160 cubic feet of natural gas! times morecarbon in gas hydrates then all other fossil fuels in the world combined. http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/Climate.htm

Management Objective - Understanding Past Climate Variations Most of the past 14,000 years is offshore from current sea level. Analyses of ancient shorelines and the modern processes that affect the geologic record in rocks, ancient reefs, and shells (taphonomy) provide a basis for understanding current and predicting future climate changes. Ancient Shorelines Seafloor vents and seeps are significant sources of heat and materials to the oceans. Undersea technologies are required to explore, visit, and measure the rates and impacts of emissions from these features, which range in size from a bubble streams to undersea volcanoes. Gas Hydrate Outcrops in the Gulf of Mexico - Home About Research Technology ... Library NOAA's Undersea Research Program 1315 East-West Highway, R/NURP - Silver Spring, MD 20910 Phone: (301) 713-2427 Fax: (301) 713-1967 Email Contact Info Site Index Updated: April 1, 2005

25. Gas Hydrates At Rice University - About Formation of gas hydrate plugs also plague further refining of natural gas Methane hydrates contain more organic carbon than all known fossil fuels by http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~hydrates/about.html

Gas hydrates offer a vast, untapped source of energy, a key element in the global carbon balance and past global warming events, and the number one problem for hydrocarbon transmission in deepwater oil and gas production. As described in this document, the Rice University Center for Gas Hydrates Research offers an interdisciplinary team of scientists and engineers focused on gas hydrate issues in each of these areas. What are Gas Hydrates? Gas hydrates are crystalline solids composed of gas molecules trapped inside a rigid lattice of water molecules. These compounds are stable at conditions of relatively low temperature and relatively high pressure. Gas hydrates that are primarily composed of methane (the main component of natural gas) and water occur naturally in Arctic permafrost at depths greater than 200 meters, and they also form in marine sediments at ocean floor depths greater than 500 meters where temperatures hover near freezing and the weight of the water produces high pressures. Why is Gas Hydrate Research so important?

26. Googlism : What Is Gas Hydrates gas hydrates is due to the fact that natural gas hydrates is one of the mostpromising non gas hydrates is twice that of all fossil fuels combined http://www.googlism.com/what_is/g/gas_hydrates/

Googlism.com will find out what Google.com thinks of you, your friends or anything! Search for your name here or for a good laugh check out some of the popular Googlisms below. "Can it get any more nerdy than this? ;-)" - Notestips.com Who What Where When Who is What is Where is When is gas hydrates gas hydrates is conservatively estimated to total twice the amount of carbon to be found in all known fossil fuels on gas hydrates is considered to contain at least 1x104 gigatons of carbon in a very conservative estimate gas hydrates is largely due to the huge volume of methane which is assumed to be stored in hydrates gas hydrates is at an all gas hydrates is the cleanest gas hydrates is about 3000 times the amount in the atmosphere gas hydrates is actually closer gas hydrates is at least 10 years away gas hydrates is probably enormous gas hydrates is needed to accurately determine the amount of gas hydrate and associated gas in a given gas hydrates is a continuation of this conference series gas hydrates is a very gas hydrates is led by bill durham gas hydrates is still poorly known gas hydrates is currently taking place in the mackenzie delta gas hydrates is risky because it could gas hydrates is produced locally or gas hydrates is dominantly generated by bacterial degradation of organic matter in low oxygen environments gas hydrates is based on powder diffraction data gas hydrates is easily found if it is known which structure they possess gas hydrates is their possible role in climate change

27. Gas Hydrates Research Within The Laboratory For Applied Thermodynamics And Phase Practical impact of gas hydrates and their ability to store (natural) gas Due to finite resources of fossil fuels, exploration of these gas hydrate http://www.dct.tudelft.nl/ttf/hydrate.htm

Applied Thermodynamics and Phase Equilibria: Research Gas hydrates Ir. M.M. Mooijer-van den Heuvel Dr. Ir. C. J. Peters Subjects on this page are: What are gas hydrates? The structure of gas hydrates. The fields of interest concerning gas hydrates. Our work on gas hydrates. ... Gas Hydrates on the Internet What are gas hydrates ? Hydrates can be formed in systems of water and small molecules. When the small molecules are gaseous at ambient conditions we are speaking of gas hydrates. These small molecules, e.g. methane (CH ), propane (C H ), carbon dioxide (CO ), nitrogen (N ) but also fluoroform (CHF Figure 1: Burning ice. The structure of gas hydrates. The highly regular structure that accommodates molecules might bring to mind zeolite structures. In fact zeolites correspond to gas hydrates in respect of the highly regular structure, the ability to host foreign molecules and the extent of the interaction forces that play a role in accommodating the guest molecules. Distinction between zeolites and gas hydrates lies in the duration the guest molecules are hosted, i.e., zeolites is short term (for the time a reaction takes place generally) and gas hydrates can 'store' the guest molecules for a much longer time. Also gas hydrates consist of cavities between which no exchange of molecules is possible while zeolites contain canal-like structures through which molecules can move freely. Figure 2: Detail of one of the possible crystal configurations of ice.

28. Environmental Game Changers: The Future Of Energy And Contamination Another less prominent source of hydrates occurs when natural gas migrates Additionally, there are concerns that a vast new source of fossil fuels will http://www.fathom.com/course/10701027/session2.html

Environmental Game Changers: The Future of Energy and Contamination Science and Technology Policy Institute Sessions Session 2 Session 1 Session 3 Fire and Ice: Methane Hydrates GSJ Symposium on Methane Gas Hydrate, June 10, 1996. A flame held over room-temperature hydrates will ignite the evaporating methane and result in "burning ice." New production techniques are now being developed in hopes that hydrates may become a major energy source in the future. Research over the last decade has shown that the oceans around the United States hold immense amounts of methane (the primary component of natural gas) concentrated in cage-like ice structures known as methane hydrates. Occurring naturally both in permafrost regions where cold temperatures persist in shallow sediments, and at ocean depths of 500 meters or more where high pressures dominate, these unique structures encase methane at very high concentrations. In fact, a single unit of hydrate can release as much as 160 times its volume in gas when heated and depressurized. Hydrates are typically found a few meters below the ocean floor in layers a few hundred meters thick. The majority of methane hydrates were formed from accumulations of biogenic methane excreted by deep-sea bacteria over thousands of years. These hydrates are concentrated in areas of organic detritus accumulation or where rapid accumulation of sediments protected the detritus from oxidation. Another less prominent source of hydrates occurs when natural gas migrates up through faults in the Earth's crust to areas of the seabed with sufficient pressure and temperature. Although less common, many geologists believe that these types of hydrates will be easier to recover because of their more localized distribution.

29. GLG101C: Tyburczy: Fall2004:Chapter 22 Energy Resources fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, coal), fuels 5) gashydrates (also known as Methane hydrates or Clathrates) on the sea floor? http://tyburczy101.asu.edu/Chap_22_Notes-Resources-2004.html

Welcome to GLG101C Introduction to Geology Fall 2004 Professor James Tyburczy Department of Geological Sciences Chapter 22 Energy and Mineral Resources Chapter 22 Energy and Mineral Resources from the Earth Check out the USGS Energy Resources Site Our civilization currently depends on energy and mineral resources that are extracted from the Earth. Reserves are known deposits that can be economically and legally extracted today Resources are an estimate of entire amount of material that ever will be available, including known reserves, uneconomic (unprofitable) deposits and deposits to be discovered in the future (very uncertain) U.S. Energy Use 2000: Petroleum + natural gas + coal = Fossil fuels = 85 % of energy use; Energy Resources - Fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, coal), fuels for nuclear energy, geothermal energy Petroleum and Natural Gas These are fossil fuels - Millions of years ago the energy from the sun plus CO2 plus H2O were converted to oil and gas. They are non-renewable - when we use them up today they are gone forever Petroleum is a liquid made of hydrocarbons (compounds made up primarily of carbon and hydrogen). It is less dense than water (it floats on water).

30. ONGC :: Library :: Technical Paper natural gas hydrates are clathrates of natural gas (mainly methane) which are It may also represent twice the amount of all fossil fuels on Earth http://www.ongcindia.com/techpaper1.asp?fold=techpaper&file=techpaper5.txt

31. Coal And Nuclear Resources One problem with this method is that the natural gas produced by this now believed to exist in gas hydrates exceeds that in all known fossil fuels and http://www.earthsci.org/teacher/basicgeol/coal/coal.html

Coal and Gas Hydrate Resources Earth Science Australia... Contents of Entire Course of "The Earth and Beyond Coal Disadvantages of Coal ... Links adapted to HTML from lecture notes of Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Tulane University Coal Provides 25% of world energy The world has 1 trillion tons of reserve U.S. has about 300 billion tons If all energy was to be supplied by coal, U.S. would have enough for at least 200 years Australia also has hundreds of years of resrerves Formation of Coal Dominantly from plants buried in swamp environment On burial the coal changes character in the following stages: peat lignite bituminous - The coal most of us are used to seeing. Black, "dirty" coal. anthracite - Hard, shiny black rock. Does not easily rub off onto your fingers. The steps in the transformation from buried plant debris to coal. The character of coal changes as pressure and temperature increases. We notice a general trend towards higher carbon content as volatiles and moisture are lost. In the crust, at higher temperatures and pressures, metamorphism turns coal into graphite. Disadvantages of Coal Sulfur as sulfide oxides to form sulfuric acid in mines or on burning causes acid rain.

32. Clathrates - Little Known Components Of The Global Carbon Cycle have become very interested in possibilities of methane hydrates as fossil fuels . natural gas hydrates searching for the longterm climatic and http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees123/clathrate.htm

Clathrates: little known components of the global carbon cycle What are clathrates? Clathrates are also called gas hydrates Hydrates were discovered in 1810 by Sir Humphrey Davy, and were considered to be a laboratory curiosity. In the 1930s clathrate formation turned out to be a major problem, clogging pipelines during transportation of gas under cold conditions. Gas hydrates, also called clathrates, are crystalline solids which look like ice, and which occur when water molecules form a cage-like structure ). 5.75(H of methane gas at standard conditions of temperature and pressure. In nature, one cubic meter of hydrate turns out to contain up to 164 m of methane. Recently clathrates have received attention as a possible energy source, and as playing a role in large undersea slumps which could result in dangerous tsunamis, as well as in climate variability. What is the origin of the methane in clathrates? The methane in gas hydrates is dominantly generated by bacterial degradation of organic matter in low oxygen environments. Organic matter in the uppermost few cm of sediments is first attacked by aerobic bacteria, generating CO d Where do clathrates occur naturally?

33. Clathrates - Little Known Components Of The Global Carbon Cycle become very interested in possibilities of methane hydrates as fossil fuels . Methane hydrates. Possibly LARGE fuel source (natural gas) more than http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees123/clathrate199.htm

return to EES199 home page Methane hydrates (Clathrates): New Fuel or Major Threat for Increased Global Warming, Huge Slumps and Disastrous Tsunami? What are clathrates? What is the origin of the methane in clathrates? Where do clathrates occur naturally? What organisms use clathrates? ... Clathrates as a cause of tsunamis /climate change What are clathrates? Clathrates are also called gas hydrates Hydrates were discovered in 1810 by Sir Humphrey Davy, and were considered to be a laboratory curiosity. In the 1930s clathrate formation turned out to be a major problem, clogging pipelines during transportation of gas under cold conditions. Gas hydrates, also called clathrates, are crystalline solids which look like ice, and which occur when water molecules form a cage-like structure around smaller 'guest molecules'. The most common guest molecule in natural hydrates is methane, CH . In this figure the methane is shown by grey (carbon) surrounded by foor hydrogen atoms (green), trapped in a cage of water molecules (oxygen red, hydrogen white). If all cages would be occupied by methane, one cubic meter of solid hydrate could contain 170.7 m

34. Institute Of Petroleum Engineering. Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh. Research S gas hydrates and crystalline compounds that can form when water or ice and is twice that of total fossil fuels, a vast untouched natural gas reserve. http://www.pet.hw.ac.uk/research/areas/hydrates.htm

Home Contact Us About Us Courses ... WAG (mm) Hydrates Gas hydrates and crystalline compounds that can form when water or ice and suitably sized molecules are brought together under favourable conditions, usually at low temperatures and elevated pressures. Gas hydrates could form in numerous hydrocarbon production and processing operations, causing serious operational and safety concerns. In the natural environment, suitable conditions for methane hydrate formation can be found in some marine and deep lake sediments, and in the subsurface of artic permafrost regions. Current estimates suggest that the energy held in this form is twice that of total fossil fuels, a vast untouched natural gas reserve. The Centre for Gas Hydrate Research at Heriot-Watt University addresses various aspects of flow assurance and gas hydrate research, including: avoiding gas hydrate, wax and asphaltene problems in petroleum production and transportation, design and testing of low dosage hydrate inhibitors and the natural occurrence of hydrates in marine sediments. Further areas of interest include positive aspects of gas hydrate technology, such as their application in processing and transportation of hydrocarbon fluids, role of hydrates as neutron moderators, CO

35. Mining The Oceans' Natural Gas : Industrial Market Trends In methane hydrates, the natural gas is trapped solid within. In spite ofour voracious appetite for fossil fuels on Long Island and in the Northeast in http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2005/03/mining_the_ocea_1.html

Search for: Search what? News Product/Service Directory Company Name Directory Brand Directory Sep 21, 2005 Newsletters Industrial Market Trends Get our free bi-weekly Industrial Market Trends newsletter delivered by e-mail. Subscribe View Sample Product News Alerts Get customized, daily news on the products and services you want to know about. Subscribe View Sample Recent Entries Light(er) Friday: Wooden Ducks, Confused Canadians, Cabbies in Shorts, Entrepreneurial Spies, and Much, Much More Space Engineering on a Budget: A Really Tight Budget Functional Matters: Hurricane Katrina and the Supply Chain Just What Exactly is the Army Corps of Engineers? ... No More Denying It: Hurricane Katrina Confirms Global Warming II Archives by Year Recommended Reading ISBN: Format: Paperback, 320pp Pub. Date: September 2002 Publisher: HarperCollins Publishers Paperback, September 2002 Get it now Read more Main March 15, 2005 Mining the Oceans' Natural Gas By Katrina C. Arabe Below the ocean floor lies a vast reserve of frozen natural gas200,000 trillion cubic feet, geologists estimate. The big question iscould this be the clean and abundant fuel source we've been searching for? Since the 1970s, researchers have been intrigued by methane hydrates, mysterious deposits of natural gas that hold promise as a sustainable energy resource. The problem was that very little was known about these crystalline solidswhere they could be found, how plentiful they were, and how to extract them. As a result, their true potential remained shrouded in mystery.

36. Mark Your Calendar for natural gas, the cleanest of all available fossil fuels with the highest Of all known sources of unconventional natural gas, methane hydrates http://www.engconfintl.org/6aq.html

Mark Your Calendar! Science and Technology Issues in March 5 - 9, 2006 Kauai, Hawaii Organizing Committee Chair Dr. Devinder Mahajan Brookhaven National Laboratory SUNY at Stony Brook E-mail: dmahajan@bnl.gov Co-Chair Dr. Ponisseril Somasundaran Columbia University E-mail: ps24@columbia.edu Dr. Emrys Jones (Chevrontexaco, USA) Dr. Richard B. Coffin (Naval Research Lab, USA) Dr. William J. Winters (USGS, Woods Hole, USA) Dr. P. Raj Bishnoi (University of Calgary, Canada) Dr. Juan Diaz Naveas (Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile) Dr. Tsutomu Uchida (Hokkaido University, Japan) Dr. Georgy A. Cherkashov (Institute for Geology and Mineral Resources of the Ocean (VNIIOKeangeologia), Russia) TBA (India) Synopsis Fossil fuels and their consequential impact on global warming remains a hotly debated issue in this millennium but the worldwide demand for oil and gas is increasing despite a sharp hike in oil and gas prices. While we search for inexpensive non-CO producing alternatives, oil and gas will continue to serve our energy needs for the foreseeable future. It is more so true for natural gas, the cleanest of all available fossil fuels with the highest hydrogen/carbon ratio. In a sense, natural gas could be viewed as a transition to " Hydrogen Economy " especially if the resulting CO

37. W0098: Natural Gas Hydrates: A Review natural gas hydrates are icelike crystalline inclusion compounds in which guest is more than twice the combination of all other forms of fossil fuels. http://www.hwi.buffalo.edu/ACA/ACA01/abstracts/text/W0098.html

Natural Gas Hydrates: A Review . E. D. Sloan , Z. Huo , K. T. Miller Chemical Engineering Department, Metallurgical Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO80401. Natural gas hydrates are ice-like crystalline inclusion compounds in which guest molecules stabilize the cages formed by hydrogen-bonded water molecules at low temperatures and high pressures. There are three known types of natural gas hydrates: structure I (sI), structure II (sII) and structure H (sH). Both sI and sII hydrates have cubic unit cells, while sH has hexagonal unit cell. We suspect that there might be more natural gas hydrate structures based on XRD studies. Hydrate structures are primarily determined by the size of guest molecules. Hydrate is a problem to natural gas industry because they can form plugs in pipelines under certain T P conditions and cause significant production loss; and the dissociation of sea-floor hydrates may cause safety problems. On the other hand, hydrate can be beneficial. It is estimated that the amount of energy stored in sea-floor methane hydrates is more than twice the combination of all other forms of fossil fuels. Hydrate can also be used for energy storage and transportation, and sequestrating green house gases (i.e. CO Our lab has studied hydrate issues by means of Raman Spectroscopy, Nuclear-Magnetic Resonance (NMR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and other traditional means. In this talk, we will discuss XRD studies on hydrate solid solution range, which may have significant impacts on energy recovery and CO

38. What's New | Newsroom | Steacie Institute For Molecular Sciences (SIMS) natural gas hydrates, most of which contain methane, There are far morecarbon stores in hydrates than in all other fossil fuels combined, http://steacie.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/overview/newsroom/whatsnew_e.html

@import url(../../styles/percent.css); What's New Have Hydrogen, Will Travel NRC-SIMS research uncovers a better way to pack hydrogen for fuel cell use Gas hydrate researchers at the National Research Council's Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences (NRC-SIMS) have laid the theoretical groundwork for a hydrogen storage solution for fuel cells. Clathrate hydrates are compounds in which small 'guest' chemicals are contained within a lattice of hydrogen-bonded water molecules. Clathrates, latin for 'behind bars', are solids that form in conditions of low temperature and high pressure. "Finding cheap and easy storage methods will be crucial to establishing hydrogen as a fuel of the future," states an editorial in the April 7 issue of Nature where the NRC research is published. "Until now the pressure required to maintain the stability of such systems has been too high." A group of chemists led by Dr. John Ripmeester, Program Leader of the Materials Structure and Function Group at NRC-SIMS, are pioneers in the study of gas hydrates. They showed how adding just a touch of stabilizer allowed them to load twice the hydrogen molecules into the gas hydrate framework.

39. Gauging The (natural) Gas The price of natural gas, a clean fuel that s preferred for new electric gas hydrate has 10000 gigatons of organic carbon, while fossil fuels have half http://whyfiles.org/119nat_gas/

Global energy consumption is expected to grow 60 percent by 2020 over 1997, from 380 quadrillion BTUs to 608 quadrillion BTUs. One barrel of oil supplies about 5.8 million BTUs. U.S. Energy Information Administration Globally, natural gas consumption is expected to more than double by 2020. Is this increase sustainable with present supplies? U.S. Energy Information Administration More than half the Earth's organic carbon is found in gas hydrates Courtesy USGS Notice This article won the 2002 Science in Society writing award from the National Association of Science Writers, and the Science Journalism Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Energy crisis III? 5 Oct 2000 With the price of energy heading north and winter heading into the Northern Hemispheric, President Clinton has uncorked the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. While he hopes spilling 30 million barrels of oil will ease the price spiral, other politicians want to drill for oil in the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge. Survived Energy Crisis I? Then you must remember this: In 1973, in Oregon, price was no object: this gas station had nothing to sell. The twin energy shocks of the 1970s shook the American economy and lead to dramatic sales of [the horror, the horror!] small, efficient cars. Read about

40. MSN Encarta - Fossil Fuels Vast deposits of gas hydrates are contained in ocean sediments and in of gashydrates has not yet been developed, this type of fossil fuel is not http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761586407_2/Fossil_Fuels.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Coal environmental effects of fossil fuel use more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Fossil Fuels Search for books and more related to Fossil Fuels Encarta Search Search Encarta about Fossil Fuels Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Fossil Fuels ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 2 of 5 Fossil Fuels Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 12 items Article Outline Introduction Formation of Fossil Fuels Removing and Refining Fossil Fuels Consumption of Fossil Fuels ... World Fossil Fuel Supply C Natural Gas Formation Most natural gas is formed from plankton —tiny water-dwelling organisms, including algae and protozoans—that accumulated on the ocean floor as they died. These organisms were slowly buried and compressed under layers of sediment. Over millions of years, the pressure and heat generated by overlying sediments converted this organic material into natural gas. Natural gas is composed primarily of methane and other light hydrocarbons. As discussed previously, natural gas frequently migrates through porous and fractured reservoir rock with petroleum and subsequently accumulates in underground reservoirs. Because of its light density relative to petroleum, natural gas forms a layer over the petroleum. Natural gas may also form in coal deposits, where it is often found dispersed throughout the pores and fractures of the coal bed.

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