61. General Energy Facts fossil Fuel Use. The United States consumes about 17 million barrels of oil fossil fuels are depleted at a rate that is 100000 times faster than they http://www.maui.net/~jstark/nrgfacts.html

General Energy Facts Worldwide World energy consumption is expected to increase 40% to 50% by the year 2010, and the global mix of fuelsrenewables (18%), nuclear (4%), and fossil (78%)is projected to remain substantially the same as today; thus global carbon dioxide emissions would also increase 50% to 60%. Among industrialized and developing countries, Canada consumes per capita the most energy in the world, and Italy consumes the least among industrialized countries. Developing countries use 30% of global energy. Rapid population growth, combined with economic growth, will rapidly increase that percentage in the next 10 years. The World Bank estimates that investments of $1 trillion will be needed in this decade and upwards of $4 trillion during the next 30 years to meet developing countries' electricity needs alone. Traditional biomass fuels, such as wood, crop residues, and animal dung, remain the primary energy source for more than 2 billion people. United States In 1991, Americans spent about $1,975 per person on all energy purchases. This represents about 7.7% of the U.S. gross domestic product. For comparison, in 1991 Americans spent about $2,280 per capita for housing and about $2,565 for medical needs.

62. Introduction In order to promote this method of conserving fossil fuels, Congress enacted the Questions of general interest were targeted at consumers and focused on http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/rulings/CAFE/alternativefuels/introduction.h

INTRODUCTION Recognizing the substantial portion of energy consumption attributed to the light vehicle transportation sector, the need to conserve the Nation's energy resources, and the need to reduce the dependence upon foreign energy feed stocks and improve air quality, Congress passed the Energy Conservation and Policy Act of 1975 to institute fuel efficiency requirements for passenger cars and light trucks. Corporate average fuel economy, or "CAFE," the weighted sales average of a manufacturer's fleet of new passenger cars and light duty trucks, was mandated for newly manufactured passenger cars produced after 1977 and light trucks after 1978. Congress directed the Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to promulgate these fuel economy standards and to enforce them via civil penalties levied against automakers that do not comply with established CAFE levels. Along with these provisions for light vehicle manufacturing incentives, AMFA directs the Department of Transportation, in consultation with DOE and the Environmental Protection Agency, to conduct an evaluation and issue a report on the impact of the CAFE incentives program on the extent of fossil fuel replacement and other associated benefits and to issue its findings to Congress, along with recommendations for continuing to offer these manufacturing incentives. AMFA also directs NHTSA to issue, by December 31, 2001, either a final rule that extends the incentive program for up to an additional four years with a reduced maximum mile per gallon CAFE credit attribution, or a

63. Issue #3: Global Climate The first references are either general information and/or on the YES side ofthe debate. Evidence for Correlation of fossil Fuel Use and Carbon Dioxide http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/onlcourse/chm110/issues/issue198.html

Menu Lecture/Outline Issues Respond in Blackboard Discussion Charles E. Ophardt, Professor of Chemistry, Elmhurst College ISSUE #3 SHOULD THE NATIONS OF THE WORLD COMMIT TO SPECIFIC GOALS FOR THE REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GASES? GLOBAL CLIMATE WARMING DEBATE The final part of this exercise is the "Global Warming Debate ", where you will use the information and concepts from all the sources to engage other students in a general debate. The instructor will divide the class into groups for the debate. The groups should eventually reach a consensus on one of the the options listed below. DEBATE QUESTION: Should the U.S. Senate ratify the Koyto Treaty and agree to quantified legally-binding objectives for greenhouse gas emission limitations and significant overall reductions within specified timeframes? Option # 1: Yes. Establish an international agreement on a long term goal for stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere at a level that minimizes the risks to the biosphere and to human societies, with a specific commitment to stabilize carbon dioxide emissions at 1990 levels by the year 2010. If you endorse this position, make some recommendations about how to reduce the use of fossil fuels or capture the carbon dioxide emitted from them.

64. The EnviroLink Network - Fossil Fuels Drilling To The Ends Of The Earth The Case Against New fossil Fuel CategoryGeneral Information; 18. The Carbon Pushers Four years ago the http://www.envirolink.org/topics.html?topic=Fossil Fuels&topicsku=2002116191454&

65. Fossil Fuel In General One thousand links for anyone who wants to learn how North America uses its fossilfuel resources. http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/fossil_fuel/fossil_fuel_general.h

Benefits from Fossil Fuel Use Environmental Aspects of Fossil Fuel Use Links About Fossil Fuel in General Trade Associations. There are many associations that represent parts of the fossil energy world. The broadest representation is by these groups: Coal National Mining Association Oil American Petroleum Institute Gas American Gas Association Energy use: Association of Energy Services Professionals - association focusing on energy efficiency in the European municipalities, urban energy planning, urban transport, and European programmes. International Association of Energy Economics - provides a forum for the exchange of ideas, experience and issues among professionals interested in energy economics. National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO) - represents state officials who hold primary responsibility over energy policy within their respective governments. Yahoo Sites: Arts: Humanities: History: U.S. History: Organizations Business and Economy: Companies: Construction: Industry Information: Organizations Science: Energy: Organizations Science: Engineering: Organizations ... Social Science: Economics: Organizations Regulation: burning of fossil fuels is regulated by both the states and the federal government.

66. Environmental Aspects Of Fossil Fuel Use Environmental Aspects of fossil Fuel Use fossil Fuel in general This isbecause carbon is part of what makes fossil fuel useful. http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/fossil_fuel/fossil_fuel_green.htm

Benefits from Fossil Fuel Use Fossil Fuel in General Environmental Aspects of Fossil Fuel Use Overview: Color Pollution: Almost all fossil fuel use is by burning (or "combustion"). Burning produces waste products due to impurities in the fuel, especially particulates and various gases such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds. These waste products may affect our environment or people, in harmful ways. We have gone to great lengths to minimize the adverse effects of fossil fuel combustion, and continue to make progress. Then too, there are serious disagreements over whether some effects of fossil fuel use are harmful at all. In some cases the amount of waste is so small that the effect, if any, is difficult to detect. Mercury from coal burning is an example. Climate change: At the other extreme, all burning produces carbon dioxide and water vapor as byproducts. This is because carbon is part of what makes fossil fuel useful. But whether these byproducts are harmful, or beneficial, is a matter of intense public debate. Some argue that they are beneficial, because water and carbon dioxide are necessary for plant life on earth, which is the basis for all life. Some people believe, however, that our carbon dioxide emissions contribute to harmful global warming and climate change, either now or in the future. Those who fear climate change have proposed new government policies to drastically reduce the use of fossil fuels. Those who do not fear climate change are skeptical of these proposed policies. There is also great debate about the science of climate change.

67. DOE - Fossil Energy - Educational Activities [Energy Study Guide - Coal, General Coal general Info. America has more coal than any other fossil fuel resource.The United States also has more coal reserves than any other single country http://fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/gen_coal.html

HOME ABOUT US NEWS/EVENTS SEARCH Fossil Energy Education Activities Mickey Leland Energy Fellowships Technical Career Intern Program University Research Opportunities ... Go to DOE Home Page America has more coal than any other fossil fuel resource. The United States also has more coal reserves than any other single country in the world. In fact, 1/4 of of all the known coal in the world is in the United States. The United States has more coal that can be mined than the rest of the world has oil that can be pumped from the ground. Large coal deposits can be found in 38 of the 50 states. Coal is used primarily in the United States to generate electricity. In fact, it is burned in power plants to produce more than half of the electricity we use. If your family uses an electric stove, you use about half a ton of coal a year. If your water heater is electric, you are using about two tons of coal a year. If you have an electric refrigerator, that's another half-ton a year. Even though you may never see coal, you use several tons of it every year! The material that formed fossil fuels varied greatly over time as each layer was buried. [Read more about

68. Acid Rain Walking and cycling require no fossil fuels and make you healthier as well!FURTHER READING. Acid Earth The Global Threat of Acid Pollution, John McCormick http://www.enfo.ie/leaflets/bs24.htm

Acid Rain The atmosphere is a thin film of gases which envelops our planet and makes it habitable. Without this layer, there would be no life on earth We know that the health of plants and animals Including humans depends upon an unpolluted atmosphere yet we are putting all kinds of poisonous waste into it. Gases produced when fossil fuels are burnt cause acid rain which can damage forests, lakes, rivers, the land and the plants and animals living there. Developed countries which are dependent on fossil fuels to maintain their high standards of living, are the main culprits. THE MEANING OF ACID RAIN Acid rain is the popular term used to describe acid precipitation. As well as rain, it includes mist, snow and dry deposition. Dry deposition refers to pollutants which are deposited on the environment before they have a chance to be absorbed by the moisture in the atmosphere. MEASURING ACIDITY The pH scale is used as a measure of a substance's acidity or alkalinity. 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic and more than 7, alkaline. A log scale is used, so pH6 is ten times more acid than pH7 and pH5 is one hundred times more acid than pH7.

69. The Greenhouse Effect Since then increasing quantities of fossil fuels have been burnt and the carbon fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are the remains of dead http://www.enfo.ie/leaflets/fs16.htm

The Greenhouse Effect INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT People use the Earth's resources to try to improve their lives - that is development. They need to look after the Earth to make sure it continues to provide the resources that is conservation. Finding the right balance between development and conservation is a major issue facing people today. The growth of industrialised societies has brought huge changes to the lives of people living in them, mainly for the better and the standard of living has improved. All these changes have contributed to improvements in quality of life. These improvements have been made possible by progress in science, which finds out about the forces of nature and technology, which attempts to harness these forces. Agriculture and industry have then applied this knowledge to their activities. In doing this the environment is changed and sometimes damaged. If the world is to be productive and pleasant to live in, we need to know more about how the world works and what effects our activities are likely to have on the natural processes on which we depend for food, air, water and countless other resources essential for our survival. Life can exist only as long as the Earth remains habitable. One of the requirements is to maintain temperatures at the surface so that plants and animals can flourish. The heat that warms the Earth originates from the Sun but it is the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that regulate the temperature.

70. Global Justice Ecology Project: GlobalJusticeEcology.org , Hinesburg, VT Open Letter to UN Secretarygeneral Kofi Annan rights over the earth’s capacityto recycle fossil fuel emissions while also being encouraged to use land http://globaljusticeecology.org/index.php?name=getrees&ID=1

71. Frequently Asked Questions - Science Of Climate Change - [Meteorological Service G. Scientific credibility and human response general Since these aerosolsare primarily a by product of fossil fuel combustion, they suggest that the http://www.msc.ec.gc.ca/education/scienceofclimatechange/understanding/FAQ/secti

Science of Climate Change MSC EC GC FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SCIENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE Table of Contents Previous Next G. Scientific credibility and human response - General G.1  From one week to the next, media reports appear to tell vastly different stories about the importance of climate change.  Do climate change scientists constantly change their minds? Response: No.  The vast majority of scientists studying climate change agree that the basis for concern is scientifically sound. Media reports often tend to focus on the more controversial elements of the science related to the details of climate change, and to talk to those scientists who represent polarized views of scientific understanding. They also frequently fail to place new science within the context of the large body of existing knowledge, hence ignoring the considerable agreement within the expert science community on the fundamental principles and processes involved.  Hence such reports are not a good representation of the understanding of the expert science community. Background: G.2 Who is recommending immediate international action to reduce the risks of climate change? Government or academic scientists?

72. ON THE SUBJECT OF OIL DRILLING IN THE ARCTIC NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE WHEREAS fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources; and WHEREAS the GeneralAssemblies of 1977, 1979, and 1981 adopted resolutions urging the development http://www.uua.org/uuawo/new/print_article.php?id=332&print=1

73. General Fusion general Fusion Inc. is developing a reactor to generate clean, It is nowbecoming apparent that the use of fossil fuel is not without considerable http://www.generalfusion.com/

Energy: our modern way of life depends on it. A large portion of the modern economy rides on it. Colossal fortunes have been built finding and developing energy sources. However, today, the world is heading towards a major crisis. Since the industrial revolution, the world's need for energy has grown exponentially. This growth has been easily sustained, thanks to an inexpensive supply of fossil fuels conveniently stored in the ground, by nature, over millions of years. But these abundant years are coming to an end. It is now becoming apparent that the use of fossil fuel is not without considerable damage to the environment. Acid rain, smog, pollution and global warming; the toll exerted on our planet by the use of this resource has been enormous and if the growth of fossil fuel use continues unchecked, the worse is yet to come. The scientific community and many governments are recognising this fact and are trying to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. But old habits die hard. It will be painful and may reduce economic growth, but this reduction is necessary to prevent further degradation of our environment. General Fusion is working on a new, patented concept that is a combination of an old idea that has been studied for years, inertial confinement fusion (ICF), and a more recent proposal that is generating some excitement in fusion circles, ultrasonic bubble fusion. By taking the essence of these two approaches, a superior fusion reactor design can be built. It is the goal of General Fusion to demonstrate this new clean, safe and economical concept by the end of 2007.

74. EPA : Global Warming : Actions : Waste : Basic Information : General Information fossil fuels for energy, which results in emissions of carbon dioxide.These fossil fuels must be extracted themselves, which requires additional energy http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/0/85256d7a00686a5a85256e71004d6a59

75. Energy Resources In California provide more information on energy topics in California. general InformationFossil fuels Electricity Renewable Energy Alternative fuels Nuclear Energy http://daphne.palomar.edu/calenvironment/energy.htm

Energy Resources in California California has focused on developing a diversity of energy sources, and on increasing energy efficiency. A few sources of energy predominate, however. As of 1994, petroleum provided over half (51%) of the primary energy used in California. (Primary energy is energy that is used directly, for instance, as fuel in cars). Natural gas was second, with about 1/3 (34% in 1994), followed by a mix of other sources, including nuclear (6%), hydroelectric (5%), geothermal (3%), and coal (1%). California produces about 45% of the energy used here, including about half the petroleum used, and 17% of the natural gas. The rest is imported from other states (45%) and foreign countries (10%). In terms of energy use, about half the energy (49% in 1994) goes to transportation (driven any freeways lately?), about a quarter (27%) for industrial use, and the rest for commercial and residential uses. (Figures from the California Energy Commission's Energy Watch , April, 1997). The sections below will provide more information on energy topics in California. General Information Fossil Fuels Electricity Renewable Energy ... Nuclear Energy General Information on Energy and Energy Conservation California's Energy Resources is an introduction to energy in California from the state Resources Agency.

76. Iowa Office Of The Attorney General Welcome to the Department of Justice, Iowa Attorney general Tom Miller AEP owns or operates fossil fuelfired power plants in 11 states including http://www.state.ia.us/government/ag/latest_news/releases/july_2004/global_warmi

For immediate release - Wednesday, July 21, 2004. Contact Bob Brammer - 515-281-6699. States Sue Top Five U.S. Global-Warming Polluters Iowa and seven other states and New York City file lawsuit seeking dramatic reductions in carbon dioxide emissions from power plants. Iowa, California, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont and Wisconsin, and the City of New York filed suit today against the five largest global warming polluters in the United States, power companies that own or operate more than 170 fossil fuel-burning power plants and emit about 10 per cent of the nation's carbon dioxide pollution. (Click here for a copy of the States' Complaint "Global warming threatens Iowa as we know it today," said Iowa Attorney General Tom Miller. "The Earth is heating faster than at any time in history, and that poses enormous long-term risk to Iowa agriculture and Iowans' health," he said. "The risks are especially great for Iowa agriculture," Miller said. "Most scientists believe global warming is likely to cause more extreme weather conditions of various kinds in North America, with hotter heat waves, longer and more frequent drought, and more severe storms.

77. Vision 21: Fossil Fuel Options For The Future -- Executive Summary Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, Advanced fossilfuel technologies, especially coal-based technologies, http://www.nap.edu/execsumm/0309069793.html

Front Matter Contents Exec Summary Full Report ... Back to Book Information Vision 21: Fossil Fuel Options for the Future Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems ( CETS Related Books SEARCH WITHIN THIS BOOK National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This report and the study on which it is based were supported by Contract No. DE-FG01-98EE35047 (Task #4) from the U.S. Department of Energy. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number: Available in limited supply from: Board on Energy and Environmental Systems National Research Council 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.

78. Climate Change Debate — Links Climate change All burning of carbon based fossil fuel produces carbon general environmental activism, plus a major program on fossil fuel power plant http://www.climatechangedebate.org/debate_links.html

Wednesday, September 21, 2005 Search our Archive of the Debate The search engine now indexes The World Climate Report The Greening Earth Society and Fossil Fuels as well as our own Archive Suggest reading material View suggestions Buy Suggestions Net-On's Banner Exchange - Business Advertising Climate Change Debate Links Overview: Color Climate change: All burning of carbon based fossil fuel produces carbon dioxide and water vapor as byproducts. This is because carbon is part of what makes fossil fuel useful. Deforestation, agriculture and other human activities also produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct. But whether these byproducts are harmful, or beneficial, is a matter of intense public debate. Some argue that they are beneficial, because water and carbon dioxide are necessary for plant life on earth, which is the basis for all life. Some people believe, however, that our carbon dioxide emissions contribute to harmful global warming and climate change, either now or in the future. Those who fear climate change have proposed new government policies to drastically reduce the use of fossil fuels. Those who do not fear climate change are skeptical of these proposed policies. There is also great debate about the science of climate change. Climatechangedebate.org is dedicated to promoting an informed discussion of climate change science and policy issues. To that end we provide the following annotated links to useful sources of information. We have tried to balance this list among those who believe that climate change is real and harmful, and those who are skeptical of these claims.

79. GCSE CHEMISTRY  Revision Questions - Fossil Fuels - Crude Oil - Hydrocarbons - fossil fuels Crude Oil. 1, Name the three fossil fuels. Answer. 2, What is theOriginal Source of Energy in fossil fuels? Answer. 3, Are fossil fuels a http://www.gcsescience.com/o72.htm

gcsescience.com gcsescience.com Products from Oil Questions Fossil Fuels Crude Oil Hydrocarbons The best way to remember the information in this chapter is to get a pen and paper and write down your answers before clicking on the Answer link which will take you to the correct page You may have to read through some of the page before you find the answer If the answer you have written is not right change it to the correct answer by copying down the information from the correct page Fossil Fuels Crude Oil Name the three Fossil Fuels Answer What is the Original Source of Energy in Fossil Fuels Answer Are Fossil Fuels a Finite Resource Answer Are Fossil Fuels Renewable Answer What has Crude Oil come from? Answer Under what Conditions has Crude Oil formed? Answer What is Natural Gas mostly made from? Answer Crude Oil is a mixture of mostly what type of Substance Answer Describe the Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil Answer Name the Fraction used as Fuel for Cars Answer Name the Fraction used as Fuel for Aircraft Answer Name the Fraction used as Fuel for Trains Answer Name the Fraction used for a Road Surface Answer Why is Cracking used?

80. Howstuffworks "How Oil Refining Works" Crude oil is a fossil fuel, meaning that it was made naturally from decaying plants general formula CnH2n+2 (n is a whole number, usually from 1 to 20) http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining1.htm

TCDA("cc=oth; dt"); Auto Stuff Science Stuff Health Stuff Entertainment Stuff ... Shop for Stuff Top Subjects Car Engines Lock Picking Nuclear Bombs Tattoos ... Gas Turbine Engines Sponsored By: Subjects Earth Science Engineering Life Science Military ... Oil and Gas Exploration Explore Stuff Lidrock.com Stuffo.com Big List of Articles Get the Newsletter ... Physical Science How Oil Refining Works by Craig C. Freudenrich, Ph.D. Table of Contents Introduction to How Oil Refining Works Crude Oil From Crude Oil The Refining Process Fractional Distillation Chemical Processing Treating and Blending the Fractions Lots More Information Shop or Compare Prices Crude Oil On average, crude oils are made of the following elements or compounds: Carbon Hydrogen Sulfur - 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur) Nitrogen - less than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups) Oxygen - less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols, ketones, carboxylic acids) Metals - less than 1% (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic) Salts - less than 1% (sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride)

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