41. The Republic Of Turkey, SRB 97-01 Luxembourg, Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, former ussr, UnitedKingdom, USA. general Directorate of Agricultural Product Development http://www.nal.usda.gov/atmic/pubs/srb9701.htm

ISSN: 1052-536X The Republic of Turkey Special Reference Briefs Series no. SRB 97-01 Updates SRB 90-01 March 1997 Compiled by: Mary E. Lassanyi Agricultural Trade and Marketing Information Center National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: Lassanyi, Mary E. The Republic of Turkey. (Special reference briefs ; 97-01) 1. TurkeyBibliography. 2. TurkeyCommerceBibliography. 3. Farm produceTurkeyMarketingBibliography I. Title. aS21.D27S64 no.97-01 This Special Reference Brief covers selected materials from 1990 to the present with emphasis on publications, online systems, and Internet servers containing information on economic growth, free market enterprize, market opportunities, and international trade. Names, addresses, trade organizations, and trade fairs were verified at the time of data gathering, September-December 1996. Many of the publications listed are available in local major public, special, and university libraries or international trade development centers throughout the United States, or can be accessed electronically. For ordering or subscription information, interested individuals should contact the publishers directly. Items included in the National Agricultural Library (NAL) collection are given the NAL call number, e.g., NAL call no: DT30.A38. Please note; that most directories are considered reference materials and are not available for loan.

42. Vignettes, No. 13, August 1993 Contents Economic reform in former ussr, recent changes in Ukrainian Washington, DC general Government Division, US general Accounting Office, http://www.nal.usda.gov/atmic/news/vign0893.htm

Vignettes The Agricultural Trade and Marketing Information Center Newsletter No. 13, August 1993 (Issued Quarterly), ISSN: 1055-2847 About Vignettes TITLE: Vignettes, The Agricultural Trade and Marketing Information Center Newsletter, No. 13 PUBLICATION DATE: August 1993 ENTRY DATE: July 1995 CONTACT: Mary Lassanyi, USDA, NAL, Agricultural Trade and Marketing Information Center, 5th Floor, 10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705 DOCUMENT TYPE: Newsletter DOCUMENT SIZE: 36K Go to: Top of Document About Vignettes Vignettes is issued quarterly by the Agricultural Trade and Marketing Information Center (ATMIC) at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS) National Agricultural Library (NAL) . The newsletter is available free upon request from ATMIC, NAL, Room 304, 10301 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705-2351. Vignettes also is accessible on the Internet at http://www.nal.usda.gov/atmic/publist.htm Vignettes is edited and compiled by: Mary Lassanyi, Coordinator, ATMIC Internet sites are provided by: Carol Singer, Reference Librarian

43. Access To THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1993 Provided Courtesy Of The 1969) Head of Government Chairman of the general People s Committee (Premier) refined petroleum products, natural gas partners Italy, former ussr, http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1993/wf940139.txt

44. CIA WORLD FACTBOOK 1995 Via The Libraries Of The University Of Missouri-St. Loui other 64 Judicial branch Prosecutor general Government Political parties and Tajikistan had the nextto-lowest per capita GDP in the former ussr, http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/1995/wf950232.htm

From: The CIA's THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1995 University of Missouri-St. Louis Index to The World FactBook 1995 UMSL Government Documents ... UMSL Home Cite: The World Factbook IN National Trade Data Bank: The Export Connection (disk 2 of a 2 disk set), January, 1996, United States Department of Commerce ( http://www.doc.gov/ ),Economics and Statistics Administration ( http://www.doc.gov/resources/ESA_info.html SuDoc No: C1.88:996/2/v.2 This publication is also available online from the CIA ( http://www.odci.gov/cia ) as 1995 World Factbook http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/95fact/index.html The printed version of this item can be found under the title: The World Factbook 1995 SuDoc No: PREX 3.15:995 Select this link for contact information about the UM-St. Louis Librarians maintaining this site. Updated: March 12, 1996

45. Country Website http//www.abs.gov.au. System of trade general trade. ValuationImports Fob (Free on Board) BEN, Benin, KAZ, Kazakhstan, SUN, former ussr http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/2/1947934.htm

COUNTRY NOTES REPORTING COUNTRY NOTES LIST OF PARTNER COUNTRIES COUNTRY ZONES REPORTING COUNTRY NOTES AUSTRALIA Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Website : http://www.abs.gov.au System of trade: General trade. Valuation: Imports: F.o.b. (Free on Board) ; Exports: F.o.b. (Free on Board). Partner countries: Imports: Country of production. Exports: Country of last consignment. Coverage: The following items are excluded from the statistics: Special remark: - From 1988, Australia has shown under section 9 the whole of its confidential trade. This explains the discrepancies that may be noted at some levels. - Trade with Australia concerns re-imports. AUSTRIA Source: Österreichisches Statistisches Zentralamt. Website : http://www.statistik.at/index.shtml System of trade: Special trade. Valuation: Imports: C.i.f. (Cost Insurance Fret); Exports: F.o.b. (Free on Board). Partner countries: Imports: Country or area of origin.

46. NARA - IWG - General Records Of The Department Of State (RG 59 Other residual WWII related problems include disputes between the former Educational Cultural Exchange Agreementsussr-general-Publication Amerika http://www.archives.gov/iwg/declassified-records/rg-59-state-department/rg-059-g

var sectionSearchOn = true; @import url("/includes/css/main-import.css"); Skip Navigation NARA Archives.gov Home Subject Index ... FAQs Search Search All NARA Web Pages Search Current Section Only Advanced Search Form Interagency Working Group (IWG) Home IWG ... RG 59 State Department General Records of the Department of State (RG 59) Declassified Records Dept. of State Foreign Service Posts FBI FBI-Other ... Bookmark Page Records of the Office of the Assistant Legal Advisor for Educational, Cultural, and Public Affairs 1945-1997 (Record Group 59) Contents of RG 59: Subject Files 1945-1997 (A1 5397) location: 150/72/01/02 Boxes 1-17 Boxes 18-104 Boxes 105-228 Researchers are cautioned that, although major topics are described below for each lot file individually, topics often overlap. They should consult the box list for all the records in the series. Most of the records in Lot Number 96D269 Boxes 1-17 relate to two topics: claims against the United States for seizing, vesting, and liquidating property declared to be enemy-owned or enemy-controlled during World War II; and the disposition of external German assets seized during the War. The records of claims reflect attempts at achieving diplomatic remedies to losses suffered in federal courts in suits handled by the Office of Alien Property. Among the records of claims are those of Internationale Industrie - und Handelsbeteiligungen AG (Interhandel) of Switzerland, and Manfred Weiss, and his heirs, of Hungary.

47. US Government Sales::Multicultural Manners: Essential Rules Of Etiquette For The general SelfHelp general Self-Help Independent Members of the former ussr.Middle Easterners. Bibliography. http://gov.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471684287,descCd-tableOfCont

Shopping Cart My Account Help Contact Us By Keyword By Title By Author By ISBN By ISSN Wiley Resources for Government Self-Help General Self-Help Multicultural Manners: Essential Rules of Etiquette for the 21st Century, Revised Edition Related Subjects Business Self-Help Career Development General Consumer Health Motivational Self-Help ... Self-Help for Relationships Related Titles More By This Author Multicultural Manners: New Rules of Etiquette for a Changing Society (Paperback) General Self-Help Depression For Dummies (Paperback) by Laura L. Smith, Ph.D., Charles H. Elliott, Ph.D. Astrology For Dummies (Paperback) by Rae Orion The Bible For Dummies (Paperback) by Jeffrey Geoghegan, Michael Homan Improving Your Memory For Dummies (Paperback) by John B. Arden Neuro-linguistic Programming for Dummies (Paperback) by Romilla Ready, Kate Burton General Self-Help Multicultural Manners: Essential Rules of Etiquette for the 21st Century, Revised Edition Norine Dresser ISBN: 0-471-68428-7 Paperback 304 pages June 2005 Purchase This Title List Price: US $16.95

48. Article On Gov't Remote Viewing Program In JSE They present the first released drawings of the Semipalatinsk, ussr facilitycomparing a former Major general, and internationally known professors of http://www.ufomind.com/misc/1997/oct/d15-001.shtml

Search Our Catalog for Location: Ufomind Mailing List Oct > Here Article on gov't remote viewing program in JSE From: campbell@ufomind.com (Glenn Campbell, Las Vegas) Date: Wed, 15 Oct 1997 08:45:24 -0800 http://www.jse.com/PR_CIA_96.html Index: Hal Puthoff Index: SRI Index: Edwin May Index: Jessica Utts Index: Russel Targ Index: Ray Hyman Index: Pat Price Ufomind Mailing List Oct > Here Area 51 Research Center This site is supported by the Aliens on Earth Bookstore Please visit our business if you appreciate our free web services. New Items Send corrections to webmaster@ufomind.com This page: http://www.aliensonearth.com/misc/1997/oct/d15-001.shtml (9/21/05 14:47) We encourage you to link to this page from your own. No permission required. Created: Oct 15, 1997

49. Embassy Of Ukraine In Japan It was because of Ukraine got only some fragments of the former ussr militarymachine. Armed Forces general Staff as a main body of executive military http://www.ukremb-japan.gov.ua/eng/ukraine/army/

About Ukraine About Ukraine Ukrainian-Japanese relations News About Embassy ... About Ukraine Armed Forces Political system Economy Science Sport ... Armed Forces Armed Forces of Ukraine After collapse of the USSR and proclamation of independency in 1991, Ukraine inherited one of the biggest and powerful military potential in Europe, armed with nuclear and sophisticated conventional weapons. But at that time the armed forces actually was not of a kind as belong to independent state, as it had to be. It was because of Ukraine got only some fragments of the former USSR military machine. That is why on the 24-th of August, 1991 Verkhovna Rada (the Parliament) of Ukraine has come to decision to take under its juridiction all the former USSR’ military formations, located on the territory of Ukraine. Also there has been created one of the key military authorities – Ministry of Defense of Ukraine. Starting from that, Ukraine began to form its own armed forces, and the Government of Ukraine initiated the process of Ukrainian Armed Forces’ formation. Political decisions of Ukrainian leadership on the principals of non-nuclear and non-alliance status of state have been used as a base for Ukrainian Armed Forces foundation procedure. For the first time in the history of mankind

50. 2. Cooperation Between Space Agencies In 1958, the United Nations general Assembly created an ad hoc Committee on the The restructuring of the former ussr space program in 1992 has led to a http://lifesci.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Space_Agencies/Space_Agencies.html

2. COOPERATION BETWEEN SPACE AGENCIES This chapter describes the cooperative activities that ARC has undertaken in conducting research in space life sciences. Interactions between NASA and space agencies of other countries are reviewed in the context of this research. In the 1960s and 1970s, the struggle for national superiority was one of the main forces driving the development of space activities. In contrast, international cooperation is now an important factor in many countries' space agendas. In 1958, the United Nations General Assembly created an ad hoc Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) . The committee now includes more than 50 member nations. The Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of COPUOS promotes scientific cooperation in outer space and provides technical assistance to developing nations in space-related matters. Cooperation in space research benefits the international community in many ways. It allows scientific ideas, technical expertise, and facilities to be exchanged, and enables costs to be shared. Life scientists from around the world can collaborate effectively to solve problems of mutual interest. In addition to these advantages, there are political benefits to establishing cooperative enterprises. National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA was created in 1958 to provide a formal structure for American civilian space activities dedicated to the peaceful uses and exploration of space. NASA now has several centers located around the country. Activities connected with space life sciences research are conducted primarily at four of these sites (Fig. 2-1). The Life Sciences Division at NASA Headquarters is responsible for overall program guidance and direction, and for integrating the activities of the various NASA centers. ARC in Moffett Field, California, Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, Texas, and Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Cape Canaveral, Florida, are responsible for implementing the life sciences research program. Activities at these centers include development of program and mission objectives, experiment selection, flight support, and data analysis.

51. CIA - The World Factbook -- Germany The decline of the ussr and the end of the Cold War allowed for German general assessment Germany has one of the world s most technologically advanced http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gm.html

Select a Country or Location World Afghanistan Akrotiri Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Arctic Ocean Argentina Armenia Aruba Ashmore and Cartier Islands Atlantic Ocean Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Baker Island Bangladesh Barbados Bassas da India Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Cook Islands Coral Sea Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dhekelia Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Europa Island Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Gabon Gambia, The

52. Russia (08/05) After the war, the ussr became one of the Permanent Members of the UN Security Russia is one of the most industrialized of the former Soviet republics. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3183.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs August 2005 Background Note: Russia PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Russian Federation Geography Area: 17 million sq. km. (6.5 million sq. mi.); about 1.8 times the size of the United States. Cities: Capital Moscow (pop. 8.3 million). Other cities St. Petersburg (4.6 million), Novosibirsk (1.4 million), Nizhniy Novgorod (1.3 million). Terrain: Broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains (Caucasus range) along southern borders. Climate: Northern continental, from subarctic to subtropical. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Russian(s). Population (2004 est.): 144 million. Annual growth rate (2004 est.): -0.45%. Ethnic groups: Russian 82%, Tatar 4%, Ukrainian 3%, other 11%. Religion: Russian Orthodox, Islam, Judaism, Roman Catholicism, Protestant, Buddhist, other. Language: Russian (official); more than 140 other languages and dialects. Education (total pop.):

53. Bangladesh (08/05) A new government, headed by former Mujib associate Khandakar Moshtaque, was formed . In 1989, the ussr ranked 14th among aid donors to Bangladesh. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3452.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of South Asian Affairs August 2005 Background Note: Bangladesh PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: People's Republic of Bangladesh Geography Area: 147, 570 sq. km. (55,813 sq. mi.); about the size of Wisconsin. Cities: Capital Dhaka (pop. 10 million). Other cities Chittagong (2.8 million), Khulna (1.8 million), Rajshahi (1 million). Terrain: Mainly flat alluvial plain, with hills in the northeast and southeast. Climate: Semitropical, monsoonal. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Bangladeshi(s). Population: 144 million. Annual growth rate: 2.09%. Ethnic groups: Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims. Religions: Muslim 88.3%; Hindu 10.5%; Christian 0.3%, Buddhist 0.6%, others 0.3%. Languages: Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English. Education: Attendance Literacy 53.9% for males; 31.8% for females; a total of 43.1% literacy. Health: Infant mortality rate Life expectancy 62.13 years (male), 62.02 years (female). Work force (60.3 million):

54. Statistical Resources Sources under each category are topically arranged with the more general toolsat the for 27 transition countries in Central Europe and the former ussr. http://www.library.uiuc.edu/doc/statistics.htm

Statistics General Population and Demographics Social Science Data Economics and Business ... Home Sources under each category are topically arranged with the more general tools at the top, descending to more narrow or specific resources at the bottom of the list. This page lists statistical resources that can be found on the Internet, but please note, a vast amount of statistical information is available in paper tools only. = UIUC subscription = see Government Documents librarian for password General Information LexisNexis Statistical American FactFinder This is the Census Bureau's search page for Decennial Census data, including the 1990 and 2000 Censuses. It also includes data from the American Community Survey, which is conducted annually between decennial censuses, the five year Economic Census, and the Population Estimates Program. FEDSTATS "More than 70 agencies in the United States Federal Government produce statistics of interest to the public. The Federal Interagency Council on Statistical Policy maintains this site to provide easy access to the full range of statistics and information produced by these agencies for public use." Census Bureau Web Site Subtitled "the official statistics," this website bills itself as "your source for social, demographic and economic information."

55. Find Articles Foreign general. AgExporter / Agricultural Trade of the United States (FATUS) /FAO Bulletin of former ussr. 338.10947UN3, 19841992 ACES Stacks http://www.library.uiuc.edu/agx/agstats/foreign/foreigngeneral.htm

Home Search Funk: Useful Links by ACES Department Animal Sciences Crop Sciences Human and Community Development UIUC Online Catalog ... Statistics UIUC Library Library Gateway Library Catalog Online Resources E-Reference ... Interlibrary Loan Guide to Agricultural Statistics Foreign General AgExporter Agricultural Trade of the United States (FATUS) FAO Bulletin of Statistics Food Outlook ... World Agriculture: Current Trends and Perspectives AgExporter (FAS): monthly Provides tips on exporting, descriptions of markets with the greatest sales potential, and information on export assistance available from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The audience is U.S. agricultural producers, exporters, trade organizations, state departments of agriculture and any other export-oriented organization. ISSN: 1047-4781 http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/agexporter/agexport.html (1996-date) 1989-date ACES Stacks DOC.A67.7+3: 1989 to date Main Stacks Govt Documents Continues Foreign Agriculture 338.105 FOA 1963-1988 ACES Stacks; 1963-1978 Main Stacks DOC. A67.1/2:

56. Сайт МЗС України - НовиРmilitary service in the ussr Navy headquarters, in the fleet and flotilla organs, Directorategeneral of the Archives of the Republic of Lithuania http://www.mfa.gov.ua/eng/consul/?documents/arch_1.html

57. General Collections -- Library Of Congress Geography And Maps: An Illustrated Gu The division s general collections, which number over 3.5 million map sheets, The fall of the iron curtain and the liberalization of the former http://www.loc.gov/rr/geogmap/guide/gmillgen.html

General Collections Maps break down our inhibitions, stimulate our glands, stir our imagination, loose our tongues. The map speaks across the barrier of language; it is sometimes claimed as the language of geography. CARL O. SAUER "The Education of a Geographer," 1956 Let us look at the map, for maps, like faces, are the signature of history. WILL DURANT T he division's general collections, which number over 3.5 million map sheets, include both single-sheet maps and multi-sheet map series. Single-sheet maps, which provide worldwide coverage at small and medium scales, are primarily general purpose and thematic maps of continents, countries, states, counties, and cities. Multi-sheet map series, which are usually prepared at large and medium scales, also provide worldwide coverage, normally at the country and state level. single-sheet maps This detail of the 1853 map of Wyoming County in the western part of New York State is typical of the large, wall-sized county maps that gained wide circulation in the northeastern United States before the Civil War. Published in Philadelphia by Newel S. Brown, this map provides coverage of the entire county showing township boundaries, roads, towns and villages, and names of land owners, as well as enlarged insets of the individual towns and villages and views of the more prominent landmarks and structures in the county. The richly decorated borders emphasize the rural and agricultural character of the county as well as the Native American origins of the county name.

58. Skidmore College - Government Department End or Renewal Argentine and Brazilian Relations with the ussr and After , Paper delivered at the Conference on The Transformation of the former ussr http://www.skidmore.edu/academics/gov/faculty/vacs/

Search Calendar A-Z Index Wed Sep 21 2:48 PM EDT Skidmore Home Admissions Current Students Alumni ... Government Home For Web Inforamtion: Barbara McDonough Taylor Leake CONTACT INFO Key Contacts STANDARD MAIL 815 North Broadway Saratoga Springs, New York, 12866 SKIDMORE PHONE ALDO VACS (LATIN AMERICA): General Info General Info Courses Links Return to Faculty Professor of Government Ladd 309, Phone: 580-5249 E-Mail: avacs@skidmore.edu B.A. recienved from Universidade de Sao Paulo Published Works Forthcoming Publications "International Relations: South America (except Brazil)" for Lawrence Boudon and Katherine D. McCann (eds.), Handbook of Latin American Studies (HLAS), Hispanic Division of the Library of Congress, Vol. 61 (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press); forthcoming 2005. Revision and updating of chapter on "Argentina" for the second edition of Gary Prevost and Harry Vanden (eds.), Politics of Latin America : The Power Game (New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press); forthcoming 2004. Chapter on "Government and Politics" for Argentina: A Country Study (Rex Hudson, ed.) as part of the Area Handbook Series published by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Submitted for publication.

59. VirtualTourist.com - Serbia And Montenegro Tips - Pictures, Tips And Reviews Popular general Tips Miscellaneous general Tips Tips All Tips (130) Russian Orthodox Church covers all former ussr states except Georgia http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Europe/Serbia_and_Montenegro/General_Tips-S

CM8ShowAd("Superbanner"); member log in join for free! help Home ... Forums SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO : General Tips Reviews Overview Hotels Forum Things To Do ... Serbia and Montenegro Destinations Members Keywords Sponsored Links for Serbia and Montenegro Last Minute Hotel Deals Hotels Hotels Find a Hotel ... Travelocity Vacations Great Travel Deals! Get Ready to Relax - Book Your Trip Now CM8ShowAd("MediumRectangle"); by nomorewars Serbia and Montenegro: General Tips Local time: 8:48 pm Wednesday, September 21, 2005. TravelPro Sale - LuggageGuru.com Great hotels from $53/pp. Hotels in this location Flights to this location ... Member pictures: 10,259 Serbia and Montenegro Hotel Rates City: Check-In Date: Check-Out Date: Guests: Hotels by OneTime.com Popular General Tips Miscellaneous General Tips Tips All Tips Sort by: Most Recent page 1 of 13 Tip Rating: Orhodoxy Written by Prasnjavi on January 29, 2004. by Prasnjavi See all Serbia and Montenegro Tips Write your own Serbia and Montenegro General Tips Review Ask the VT Community about Serbia and Montenegro ... Rate Not Helpful 5 Very Helpful Tip Rating: Saint Sava Written by Prasnjavi on January 29, 2004.

60. Turkmenistan - Country Information - Australian Department Of Foreign Affairs An general. Turkmenistan is a small Central Asian country covering some 488000 The country gained its independence from the former Soviet Union on 27 http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_brief.html

Country and Regional Information - Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Skip to content About us ... Contact us Site Navigation: Travel Advisories Country information Trade Policy Global Issues ... Home Portfolio websites ACIAR AusAID Austrade EFIC Site tools Media Gateway Students Gateway Business Gateway Site Feedback ... Site Index Today is Republic of Mali Proclamation of Independence Day Turkmenistan Country brief General Bilateral Relations Political System Political Developments ... Economic Developments General Turkmenistan is a small Central Asian country covering some 488,000 square kilometres. It is bordered by the Caspian Sea to the west, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, and Afghanistan and Iran to the south. The capital, Ashgabat, is located close to its southern border. Turkmenistan has a population of 4.8 million, of which 77 per cent are of Turkmen nationality, with sizeable communities of Uzbeks (9 per cent), Russians (7 per cent) and Kazakhs (2 per cent). The predominant religion is Islam (over 85 per cent). The country gained its independence from the former Soviet Union on 27 October 1991, and celebrates its national day (Independence Day) on that day.

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