81. AllRefer.com - Fault (Geology And Oceanography) - Encyclopedia AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information on fault, geology And Oceanography. Includes related research links. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/F/fault.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 21, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Geology And Oceanography ... fault By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z F fault, Geology And Oceanography Related Category: Geology And Oceanography fault, in geology, fracture in the earth's crust in which the rock on one side of the fracture has measurable movement in relation to the rock on the other side. Faults on other planets and satellites of the solar system also have been recognized. Evidence of faults are found either at the surface (fault surface) or underground (fault plane). Faults are most evident in outcrops of sedimentary formations where they conspicuously offset previously continuous strata. Movement along a fault plane may be vertical, horizontal, or oblique in direction, or it may consist in the rotation of one or both of the fault blocks, with most movements associated with mountain building and plate tectonics . The two classes of faults include the dip-slip (up and down movement), which is further divided into normal and thrust (reverse) faults; and strike-slip (movement parallel to the fault plane). The San Andreas fault earthquake . The largest earthquakes occur along thrust faults. Some faults creep from a half inch to as much as 4 in. (1 to 10 cm) per year. Fault movements are measured using laser and other devices. Faults create interpretation problems for geologists by altering the relations of strata (see

82. Volcanic And Geologic Terms Echelon Set of geologic features that are in an overlapping or a staggered arrangement The location of the rift is marked by cracks, faults, and vents. http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/glossary.html

Volcanic and Geologic Terms 'A'a: Hawaiian word used to describe a lava flow whose surface is broken into rough angular fragments. Click here to view a photo of 'a'a Accessory: A mineral whose presence in a rock is not essential to the proper classification of the rock. Accidental: Pyroclastic rocks that are formed from fragments of non-volcanic rocks or from volcanic rocks not related to the erupting volcano. Accretionary Lava Ball: A rounded mass, ranging in diameter from a few centimeters to several meters, [carried] on the surface of a lava flow (e.g., 'a'a) or on cinder-cone slopes [and formed] by the molding of viscous lava around a core of already solidified lava. Acid: A descriptive term applied to igneous rocks with more than 60% silica (SiO2). Active Volcano: A volcano that is erupting. Also, a volcano that is not presently erupting, but that has erupted within historical time and is considered likely to do so in the future. Agglutinate: A pyroclastic deposit consisting of an accumulation of originally plastic ejecta and formed by the coherence of the fragments upon solidification. Alkalic: Rocks which contain above average amounts of sodium and/or potassium for the group of rocks for which it belongs. For example, the basalts of the capping stage of Hawaiian volcanoes are alkalic. They contain more sodium and/or potassium than the shield-building basalts that make the bulk of the volcano.

83. Normal Fault: Definition And Much More From Answers.com normal fault n. geology. A fault in which the hanging wall has moved downward relative to the footwall. http://www.answers.com/topic/geologic-fault

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary WordNet Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping normal fault Dictionary normal fault n. Geology. A fault in which the hanging wall has moved downward relative to the footwall. var tcdacmd="cc=edu;dt"; WordNet Note: click on a word meaning below to see its connections and related words. The noun normal fault has one meaning: Meaning #1 an inclined fault in which the hanging wall appears to have slipped downward relative to the footwall Synonyms: gravity fault common fault Wikipedia Geologic fault Old fault exposed by roadcut near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania . Such faults are common in the folded Appalachians In geology faults are discontinuities (cracks) in the Earth's crust that are the result of differential motion within the crust. Faults are the source of many earthquakes that are caused by slippage vertically or laterally along the fault. The largest examples are at tectonic plate boundaries, but many small faults are known to exist that are far from active plate boundaries.

84. About Geology -- The Complete Guide To Earth Science And there s more, like famous geologists, live cams of geoplaces, SAFOD, the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth, is a cutting-edge project that s http://geology.about.com/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Geology Homework Help ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Geology newsletter! See Online Courses Search Geology From Andrew Alden Your Guide to Geology FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now! Geologist wins MacArthur Grant The latest crop of MacArthur Foundation "genius" grants has been announced, and among the 25 winners is Michael Manga, associate professor of Earth and planetary science at the University of California, Berkeley. His work first caught my eye when he was teaching at the University of Oregon, ingenious research tying mathematical physics to real rocks-and-dirt problems in illuminating ways ( here's a taste from a 2000 UO press release). He has also won the two big young-scientist medals, GSA's Donath Medal and AGU's Macelwane Medal. His Web site at UO was engaging, and so is his current site at Cal . See him and his illustrious fellows at the MacArthur Foundation site Tuesday September 20, 2005

85. Judith S. Chester, Associate Professor, Department Of Geology And Geophysics, Te James Orofino (MS geology, August 2005) Fault reactivation and inversion What can physical models tell us about the Palisades Monocline? http://geoweb.tamu.edu/Faculty/chesterj/

M.T. Halbouty Building, Room 228 College Station, TX 77843-3115 chesterj@geo.tamu.edu Phone: 979-845-1380 Fax: 979-845-6162 2002-2003 Montague - Center for Teaching Excellence Scholar Deformation and alteration reactions during faulting: importance to earthquake nucleation and rupture propagation in the continental crust; mechanisms of creep compaction of reservoir rock; mechanics of fold-fault interaction in anisotropic rock. Characterization of Natural Slip Surfaces Relevant to Earthquake Mechanics Fracture Surface Energy of the Punchbowl Fault, CA Mechanisms of Compaction of Quartz Sand at Diagenetic Conditions Back to Top ... GEOL 101, Physical Geology Earth materials, structure, external and internal characteristics; physical processes at work upon or within the planet. GEOL 665, Structural Petrology

86. Faults And Earthquakes Most Quakes Occur along faults (Fractures in Earth s Crust) The flat strata and relative lack of geologic complexity (especially compared to California) http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/quakes.htm

Faults and Earthquakes Steven Dutch, Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay First-time Visitors: Please visit . Use "Back" to return here. Some Important Earthquakes 1755 - Lisbon, Portugal Killed 70,000, Raised Waves in Lakes all over Europe First Scientifically Studied Earthquake 1811-1812 - New Madrid, Missouri Felt over 2/3 of the U.S. Few Casualties 1886 - Charleston, South Carolina Felt All over East Coast, Killed Several Hundred. First Widely-known U.S. Earthquake 1906 - San Francisco Killed 500 (later studies, possibly 2,500) First Revealed Importance of Faults 1923 - Tokyo Killed 140,000 1964 - Alaska Killed about 200 Wrecked Anchorage. Tsunamis on West Coast. 1976 - Tangshan, China Hit an Urban Area of Ten Million People Killed 650,000 Greatest Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions What Causes Earthquakes? Most Quakes Occur along Faults (Fractures in Earth's Crust) Elastic Rebound Theory Here we have a landscape with a road, a fence, and a line of trees crossing a fault. As the crust moves, the rocks adjacent to the fault are deformed out of shape (in reality the deformation is spread across many kilometers - if it were this obvious, earthquake prediction would be easy). Eventually the rocks are so stretched out of shape that they cannot bear the stress any longer. The fault slips, and the stage is set for the next cycle of strain buildup and release.

87. Geomorphic Expression: References Kahle, JE, 1975, Recent fault features and related geology, Leona Valley area, McLaughlin, RJ, 1971, Geologic map of the Sargent fault zone in the http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_249.htm

Content Previous Next REFERENCES CITED Bortugno, E.J., 1982, Map showing recency of faulting, Santa Rosa Quadrangle, 1:250,000: California Division of Mines and Geology Regional Geologic Map Series, no. 2A, sheet 5. Brown, R.D., Jr., 1970, Map showing recently active breaks along the San Andreas and related faults between the northern Gabilan Range and Cholame valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-575, scale 1:62,500. Brown, R.D., Jr., compiler, 1972, Active faults, probable active faults, and associated fracture zones, San Mateo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey, San Francisco Bay Region Environment and Resources Planning Study Basic Data Contribution 44 (Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-355) scale 1:62,500. Brown, R.D., Jr., and Wolfe, E.W., 1972, Map showing recently active breaks along the San Andreas fault between Point Delgada and Bolinas Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-692, scale 1:24,000, 2 sheets. Clark, M.M., 1973, Map showing recently active breaks along the Garlock and associated faults, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map 1-741, scale 1:24,000.

88. Overview Of Sonoma County Geology OVERVIEW OF SONOMA COUNTY geology. Geologically, Sonoma County is bisected by the San Andreas Fault. Geologic History with ages in million years (my) http://www.sonoma.edu/geology/wright/overview.html

OVERVIEW OF SONOMA COUNTY GEOLOGY Geologically, Sonoma County is bisected by the San Andreas Fault. To the west on the tip of Bodega Head are ancient continental rocks formed far to the south and moved north at least 335 miles by the fault . To the east of the fault lies the Franciscan Complex; oceanic rocks mixed by faulting as ocean floor slid east under the edge of the continent. Both areas are covered by a thin mantle of more recent rocks formed in shallow seas, beaches, volcanos and rivers. Recent sharp uplift and ongoing river erosion has sculptured the scenery. We can see a side view of these rocks in the figure above. Different symbols and patterns show the relationships among rock units and faults. This diagram is reference point for virtual field trips accessed by links below. These pages are a distillation of information from my various classes and field trips on Sonoma County Geology. West of the San Andreas Fault. Bedrock west of the fault is beautifully exposed on the ocean side of Bodega Head at Windmill Beach. The salt and pepper texture Bodega Head Diorite

89. Geological Society - News - Delphi Was A Gas In the August issue of the Geological Society of America’s journal geology, Following the fault traces brought me to their covered intersection below http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/template.cfm?name=DelphiHigh

90. Geological Society - Online Bookshop - Bookshop View Details faults and shear zones are significant as they profoundly influence the location, architecture and evolution of a broad range of geological phenomena. http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/template.cfm?name=bookshop_details&action=details&id=3

91. Prof. Richard J. Norris: Geology Department, University Of Otago, New Zealand Paleoseismic history of the Central Alpine Fault. Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication 101A, p 249. Jackson, J, Ritz, JF, Siame, L, http://www.otago.ac.nz/geology/rjn.htm

Richard Norris Head of Department Alan Cooper Dave Craw Ewan Fordyce Francesca Ghisetti ... More Staff Professor Richard J Norris MA DPhil(Oxon) FGS FRSNZ Head of Department richard.norris@stonebow.otago.ac.nz Please make appointments via the department secretary Research Interests structural geology neotectonics, paleoseismology, Alpine Fault structure deformation in the Haast Schists Postgraduate Student Supervision Current Dushan Jugum - The structural geology of the Dun Mountain Belt in West Otago. (PhD) Virginia Toy - Mylonites and pseudotachylytes found adjacent to the central Alpine Fault. (PhD) Ross Nicolls - Quaternary fault activity in Central and Eastern Otago. (MSc) Recent Heather Campbell - The Alpine Fault at Jackson River, South Westland. (PhD) Hamish Blakemore - Slope stability in the upper Taieri Gorge (MSc) Marian Hanson - The Waihemo Fault System, North Otago (MSc) Nicola Litchfield - Quaternary coastal deformation in East Otago (PhD) Michelle Markley - Blackstone Hill - Structure and Neotectonics (MSc) Colin Patchell - Western Southland Geology (MSc) Mark Walrond - Alpine Fault Structure. (PhD)

92. Rick Allmendinger's Home Page My professional interests are in faultrelated folding, regional tectonics of My structural geology programs have generated a fair amount of interest. http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/faculty/RWA/maintext.html

Rick Allmendinger's Home Page (like all web pages, this one is under construction, too.... sorry no cute highway signs) see Rick's Schedule (blocked out times are when I am not available in Snee Hall) Jump to Rick's other web pages... Rick's Home Page Rick's weekly schedule EAS 210: Introduction to Field Methods EAS 326: Structural Geology EAS 624: Advanced Structure Cornell Andes Project Rick's Research in the Andes Trishear-like Fault Propagation Folding Structure at Puquios, Chile (click the picture for full photo and more info) Introduction I found my various links and web pages becoming scattered across a number of servers so I decided to make one page with links to everything else. You'll find mostly professional stuff here, as there hasn't been a great clamor for pictures of my family, lists of my favorite music, recipes and the like :-) So, what do I do? I'm a structural geologist and a Professor at Cornell University . My professional interests are in fault-related folding, regional tectonics of South America, interpretation of seismic reflection profiles, and so on. You can find links to more detailed info, below Classes Currently I teach three courses at Cornell, each of which has its own web page. Check them out if you're interested:

93. Beneath The Surface [Geologic Structures] on the geologic map, and offsets along some of the major faults are shown in The faults along the southern border of the Western Kentucky Coal Field http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/webgeoky/pages/beneath.html

Beneath the Surface [Geologic Structures] The vertical component has been stretched or vertically exaggerated in the above diagram. These structures are described by the following categories: Arches and Basins Faults Did you know record earthquakes have rocked Kentucky? Shoe-box geology of Kentucky Back to Geology of Kentucky Back to Earth Science Education Network Arches and Basins The block diagram shown above, represents a slice through Kentucky, as if a giant knife had cut the State to a depth of 3,000 feet. Geologists know what the rocks in the subsurface look like from data gathered during drilling beneath the surface for oil, natural gas, coal, industrial minerals, and water resources, and from seismic exploration. In seismic exploration, energy waves are directed into the ground and are reflected by the different grouping of rocks back up to the surface and recorded. Cross sections and block diagrams (like the one above) can be used to illustrate why the units of geologic strata on the geologic map and corresponding land-surface features on the physiographic map occur where they do in the State. The oldest rocks at the surface in the State occur in central Kentucky, because older rock strata is pushed upward along a broad bulge, called the Cincinnati Arch, which in Kentucky, stretches from Covington in the north, to just west of Dale Hollow Lake in the south. Below the sedimentary rocks are igneous and metamorphic rocks. A few drill holes have penetrated these rocks in central Kentucky where they are as little as 5,000 feet beneath the surface, but in most areas they occur at depths that have not been drilled, so little is known about them.

94. Structural Geology Of Fault Rocks And Brittle Shear Zones Darrel Cowan, University of Washington. Structural geology of Fault Rocks and Brittle Shear Zones. Copper Canyon. About. Personnel. Papers. In press/review http://earthweb.ess.washington.edu/lnk/cowan/

Darrel Cowan University of Washington Structural Geology of Fault Rocks and Brittle Shear Zones About Personnel Papers In press/review ... Links About Us The Death Valley region is an extraordinary natural laboratory for studying the faulting process at all scales. Our work to date has focused on the structure and composition of wide low-angle detachment shear zones, including the fine details of the fault rocks - breccias and gouges that partly govern the behavior of faults. We have also focused on small-displacement faults that accompany the detachment-related extension. Continuing (and future) work focuses on : (1) the kinematics of extension across supra-detachment basins, and the basin and range/Eastern California shear zone in general, (2) the relationship between faulting and the propagation of seismic, earthquake-producing, energy, (3) the implications of detachment faulting to the rheology of the crust, and (4) how to properly interpret the mechanical and kinematic significance of gouges and breccias. Return to top Personnel Darrel Cowan Nicholas Hayman , Ph.D., 2003, is currently a research associate at the Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Duke University, Box 90227, 103 Old Chemistry, Durham, NC 27708. He is still managing this web page and can be contacted at hayman@ duke.edu.

95. Richard Schultz's Home Page (faults Geological Engineering Rock Mechanics Fractu Geological Engineering Program, Department of Geological Sciences/172 Mackay School of Mines, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 895570138 http://equinox.unr.edu/homepage/schultz/

Richard A. Schultz Associate Professor of Geological Engineering Laxalt Mineral Engineering, Room 405 Geomechanics-Rock Fracture Group Geological Engineering Program, Department of Geological Sciences/172 Mackay School of Mines , University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0138 email: schultz@mines.unr.edu phone: (775) 784-4318; fax: (775) 784-1833 WE HAVE MOVED! PLEASE UPDATE YOUR LINK TO www.mines.unr.edu/geo-eng/schultz Go to the Geomechanics homepage. Thanks for visiting my WebSite!

96. CENTRAL GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MOEA Surface geology The Meishan Fault is an earthquake fault that had been Topographic and geologic features afforded the judgement that the fault had been http://www.moeacgs.gov.tw/english/project/project_earthquake.jsp

97. Bay Area And California Geology Links Park geology National Monument. San Andreas Fault. USGS Through the Bay Area San Francisco Bay and Delta; Sutter Buttes. Destination. http://lpc1.clpccd.cc.ca.us/lpc/hanna/locllinks.htm

BAY AREA GEOLOGY Geologic Map from ABAG - Associated Bay Area Governments ABAG General Index Associated Bay Area Governments Geohazard Information and Map Service Bay Area Earthquake Information - ABAG Bay Area Weather Calif. Earthq. Loss Reduction Plan Calif. Govt. Earthquake Code California Seismic Safety Commission ... Dam Failure Inundation for the Bay Area - maps for each city Earthquake Maps -find the street you live on and what the damage would be for quakes on Bay Area Faults Earthquakes - Up-To-Date Map for the Bay Area Faults in the General Bay Area SF Bay Faults San Francisco/Bay Area Map ... 1906 San Francisco Quake - USGS 1989 Loma Prieta Quake 1989 Loma Prieta Quake - SF City Museum Predictive Intensity Map for the 1906 Earthquake Predictive Intensity Map for the 1989 Loma Prieta Predictive Intensity Map for the 1868 Earthquake Lessons from Large California Earthquakes ... Western Region Geologic Mapping Project Return to General Index for LPC Geology Links Geology Menu Menu with No Frames This Page With No Frames Geology Home Page Web site by R.L. Hanna

98. CSUSB Department Of Geological Sciences McGill, Sally F., Holocene activity on the central Garlock fault, in Geological McGill, Sally F., Neotectonics of the easternmost Garlock fault in the http://geology.csusb.edu/fac/sally.htm

Dr. Sally F. McGill Professor of Geology Department of Geological Sciences Office: Biological Sciences Building, Room 110 Phone: (909) 880-5347 Email: smcgill@csusb.edu Teaching Responsibilities Course Number Course Title Last/Next Taught Geol 210 Earthquakes: Science and Public Policy Fall 2002 Geol 310 Regional Field Geology Fall 2002 Geol 312 Geology of California Winter 2002 Geol 330 Sedimentary Petrology Fall 2001 Geol 395 Directed Studies as needed Geol 540 Advanced Topics in Geology: (Neotectonics and Seismic Hazards) Spring 1995 Geol 545 Laboratory for Advanced Topics in Geology Spring 1995 Geol 590 Senior Seminar Spring 2001 Geol 595 Independent Studies as needed Current Research Projects Paleoseismology of the San Andreas fault Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of deformation across the San Andreas and San Jacinto faults, near CSUSB, with Dr. Joan Fryxell, CSUSB Holocene fires in the Mojave Desert, with Dr. Richard Minnich, University of California, Riverside

99. Terms And Definitions Cretaceous period A geological term denoting the interval of Earth to be the surface expression of faults within the crust of the planetary object. http://www.solarviews.com/eng/terms.htm

Terms and Definitions Index: A B C D ... Z A accretion Accumulation of dust and gas into larger bodies. albedo Reflectivity of an object; ratio of reflected light to incident light. albedo feature A dark or light marking on the surface of an object that might not be a geological or topographical feature. allocthonous (1) Material that is formed or introduced from somewhere other than the place it is presently found. (2) Fragmented rock thrown out of the crater during its formation that either falls back to partly fill the crater or blankets its outer flanks after the impact event. Alpha Centauri The closest bright star to our solar system. angstrom A unit of length = 1.0E-08cm. antipodal point The point that is directly on the opposite side of the planet; e.g., the Earth's north pole is antipodal to its south pole. aphelion The point in its orbit where a planet is farthest from the Sun. apoapsis The point in orbit farthest from the planet. apogee The point in orbit farthest from the Earth. ash The fine-grained material produced by a pyroclastic eruption. An ash particle is defined to have a diameter of less than 2 millimeters.

100. Connecting Seismically Active Normal Faults With Quaternary Geological Structure Connecting seismically active normal faults with Quaternary geological structures in a complex extensional environment The Colfiorito 1997 case history http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005/2004TC001627.shtml

Become an AGU Member Subscribe to AGU Journals Full Article Print Version (Nonsubscribers may purchase for $9.00) (1278923 bytes) TECTONICS, VOL. 24, TC1002, doi:10.1029/2004TC001627, 2005 Connecting seismically active normal faults with Quaternary geological structures in a complex extensional environment: The Colfiorito 1997 case history (northern Apennines, Italy) L. Chiaraluce National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology, Rome, Italy M. Barchi C. Collettini F. Mirabella S. Pucci National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology, Rome, Italy Abstract M w Received 23 January 2004 ; accepted 24 August 2004 ; published 15 January 2005 Keywords: normal fault seismogenesis fault segmentation Quaternary northern Apennines Index Terms: 7215 Seismology: Earthquake source observations (1240); 8015 Structural Geology: Local crustal structure; 8109 Tectonophysics: Continental tectonics: extensional (0905); 8123 Tectonophysics: Dynamics: seismotectonics; 9335 Geographic Location: Europe. Full Article Print Version (Nonsubscribers may purchase for $9.00)

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