61. The Geology Of Lebanon Lebanon is cut by faults of every scale. Figure 2 merely shows some of the main (in geological terms) switched from the Yammouneh to the Roum Fault. http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/geology/geology-of-lebanon/

THE GEOLOGY OF LEBANON A SUMMARY C. D. Walley 1.1 THE MAIN FEATURES OF LEBANON Figure 1 gives a basic geological map of Lebanon. Figure 2 shows the main structural features and Figure 3 gives a sketch cross section across the region. 1.1.1 THE LANDSCAPE The three fundamental divisions of Lebanon; a western Mount Lebanon rising to 3083m, a central Bekaa Valley and an eastern Jebel Lubnan al Sharqi or Anti-Lebanon Range with Mount Hermon at 2814 m should be known by every student. It is worth remembering that the Bekaa is almost everywhere above 850m in altitude and that this is as high as some of the highest mountains of many countries. One other feature should mentioned at this point because it is frequently overlooked. This is that the continental shelf of Lebanon is very narrow indeed (it has a maximum width of ten kilometres, see Fig 3 ) and drops down abruptly to water depths of 1500m. We know very little about what lies off the coast of Lebanon and the area has not been mapped in detail . Beyond this shelf break, which is cut by deep canyons, lies what must be ancient ocean crust. The rivers of Lebanon can be divided into two groups. The first group is made up of the east-west rivers, mostly cut into steep gorges, which drain Mount Lebanon. The second group is that of the two large rivers of the Bekaa; the Litani, which flows south and eventually cuts through to the Mediterranean and the Nahr al Assi which flows northwards into Syria.

62. Active Faults Of San Francisco Hollister geology includes San Francisco, Daly City, Almaden Winery, Hollister, Hayward, in geology, earthquakes and the active faults in Northern California. http://www.hoptechno.com/faults.htm

A fascinating insight into some of the most active geological areas in the U.S., by Burt Amundson. Over 200 aerial views, ground photos and maps of the San Andreas, Hayward, Calaveras and Concord faults. Geology includes San Francisco, Daly City, Almaden Winery, Hollister, Hayward, Oakland, Berkeley, Albany, Richmond, Point Pinole and Concord. Descriptive text with full-text search, video with custom music, annotations, bookmarking, and more. Great for anyone with an interest in geology, earthquakes and the active faults in Northern California. To get to order form, click here. Article Index Free Wedding Planner Software, Click Here Search all Hopkins Technology Publications. Search: You may use and, or, not, *, ?. Case is ignored unless you use case. Help.

63. Photo Index Photographs Of A Variety Of Geologic Features River Structural geology. Contacts General Features,Unconformities faults Normal Also, some other Death Valley photos sand dunes, recently active faults, http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~millerm/slides.html

Photo Index photographs of a variety of geologic features River Terraces. Lower Sonkul River, Kyrgyzstan Slide show some random geologic photos. Glacial Geology Igneous Rocks and Processes Intrusive Textures and outcrops Dikes and Sills Contacts ... Metamorphic Rocks Sedimentary Rocks and Processes Depositional Environments Sedimentary Features Structural Geology Contacts: General Features, Unconformities Faults ... Strike-slip faults Some kinematic indicators on fault zones Folds: A variety of fold types and geometries. Joints and fractures: tectonic joints exfoliation joints alteration and mineralization along fractures ... plumose fractures. Some Death Valley Landscapes Also , some other Death Valley photos: sand dunes, recently active faults, salt pan... More to come! Back to Marli's homepage Geology of the National Parks course. Structural Geology course.

64. Untitled The Geologic Map of Arizona shows faults (breaks in the rock produced by a A geologic map gives clues to the age of a fault because it shows which rock http://geology.asu.edu/~sreynolds/azgeomap/azgeomap_map_explanation.htm

GEOLOGIC MAP OF ARIZONA The Essence of a Geologic Map In addition to showing different types and ages of rocks, most geologic maps depict geologic features, such as faults, folds, and volcanoes. The Geologic Map of Arizona shows faults (breaks in the rock produced by a slipping motion) with heavy lines. Notice that faults are nearly absent from northeastern Arizona, but are more common in the rest of the State. A geologic map gives clues to the age of a fault because it shows which rock units are cut by the fault and are therefore older than the fault, and which rock units were deposited across the fault after it was formed. Knowing the age of a fault is important for assessing the potential for earthquakes along that fault: The more recently the fault has moved, the more likely it is to move again and produce earthquakes. Uses of a Geologic Map Geologic maps are used in four major ways: (1) to discover mineral and energy resources; (2) to assess the potential for natural hazards, such as earthquakes and volcanoes; (3) to evaluate the suitability of an area as a construction site; and (4) to convey information about the geologic history of an area. A geologic map is one of the most important guides for finding essential mineral resources, such as copper and petroleum, the source of gasoline and many synthetic materials, including textiles. A mineral commodity is commonly formed in a specific environment and is therefore associated with one or more specific types of rocks. For example, most gypsum, which is used in the construction of wallboards, is formed by the evaporation of water in lakes or shallow lagoons. The logical place to look for gypsum, therefore, is an area containing rocks that represent these ancient waterways.

65. Geology Of Georgia Groundwater in the Piedmont largely flows along faults and fractures, We of course invite you to visit the University of Georgia geology Department s http://www.gly.uga.edu/GAGeology.html

There's a more graphics-intensive version of this document University of Georgia - Department of Geology The Geology of Georgia Introduction The Valley and Ridge The Blue Ridge The Piedmont ... Other Links Introduction Georgia consists of four distinct geologic regions, so it makes the most sense first to talk about those four regions separately, and then to see how they fit together. From northwest to southeast, those four regions are the Valley and Ridge, The Blue Ridge, the Piedmont, and the Coastal Plain. All of these geologic regions extend into the surrounding states, but Georgia is the only state south of Virginia to have all four regions. The Valley and Ridge The Valley and Ridge consists of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that have been folded and faulted to cause long northeast-southwest-trending valleys and ridges that give the region its name. The faults are all thrust faults at which sheets of limestone, sandstone, and shale have been pushed northwestward on top of each other. The strata of the Valley and Ridge include numerous carbonate units, such as the Cambro-Ordovician Knox Dolostone and the Ordovician Chickamauga Limestone, and thus caves and karst terrane exist across large parts of the region. In the far northwest corner of the state

66. A Geological View Of Loch Ness Two further areas of interest in the solid geology are the zone of ultrabasic rocks and These may also include faults older than the Great Glen Fault. http://www.nessie.co.uk/nessie/nessgeo.html

A Geological View of Loch Ness and Area LOCH NESS Loch Ness is the largest of three lochs located in the Great Glen which divides the North of Scotland along a line from Fort William to Inverness. The loch is large by British standards, being 23 miles long and a mile in width, and averaging 600ft in depth. Its catchment is hilly and wet, and is drained by 6 major rivers which flow into the loch. It contains over 2 cubic miles of fresh water, and the River Ness outlet, although only 5 miles long, is one of the greatest in Britain for average flow. Geology The trench-like feature which contains Loch Ness is ruler-straight and runs SW - NE for over 60 miles across the Highlands. It follows the line of the Great Glen Fault. This fault splits the Highlands from Fort William to Inverness and then goes on Northeast to form the coastline of Ross-shire and Sutherland. Beyond this, it may extend from Caithness to Shetland. Its root has been noted on seismic surveys in connection with the oil exploration of the Moray Firth. The fault is not a simple fault and is complex for 3 reasons:- a) It is a transcurrent (tear) fault.

67. Structural And Stratigraphic Working Group ÀÀÿÿÀÀÑÿÿÀÀÿÿÿÀÀÿÿà intrabasin highs, and the growth of normal faults Journal of geology, v. of of a population of very small riftrelated normal faults for geology. http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~polsen/nbcp/roys.wg.html

Rift Basin Structural and Stratigraphic Working Group - At Rutgers University Structural and Stratigraphic Development of Rift Basins 1. Geometry and Evolution of Geologic Structures Associated With Rift Basins Roy Schlische, Paul Olsen, Martha Withjack, Dave Reynolds Schlische, R.W., 1995, Geometry and origin of fault-related folds in extensional settings: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 79, p. 1661-1678. Schlische, R.W., and Ackermann, R.V., 1995, Kinematic significance of sediment-filled fissures in the North Mountain Basalt, Fundy rift basin, Nova Scotia, Canada: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 17, p. 987-996. Schlische, R.W., 1994, Rifting in eastern North America: Virginia Explorer, v. 10, p. 20-23. Anders, M.H., and Schlische, R.W., 1994, Overlapping faults, intrabasin highs, and the growth of normal faults: Journal of Geology, v. 102, p. 165-179. Schlische, R.W., 1993, Anatomy and evolution of the Triassic-Jurassic continental rift system, eastern North America: Tectonics, v. 12, p. 1026-1042. Schlische, R.W., 1992, Structural and stratigraphic development of the Newark extensional basin, eastern North America; Implications for the growth of the basin and its bounding structures: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 1246-1263.

68. Department Of Geological Sciences Research -- Evidence For Large Earthquakes In Charles Rubin (Department of geology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA), Location mapMap of southern California showing major faults. http://www.geology.cwu.edu/facstaff/charlier/currentprojects/los_angeles_sum.htm

Evidence for Large Earthquakes in Metropolitan Los Angeles Department of Geological Sciences Research Charles Rubin (Department of Geology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA), Scott Lindvall Tom Rockwell (Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA) Abstract Loma Alta site selected photographs Click on each snapshot for a high resolution photograph. View to the north in the trench View down the trench View towards the fault scarp Out reach - explaining our work to the public Charlie Rubin next to the trench Images from the Science Paper Selected PDF images Location map :Map of southern California showing major faults. CF, Cucamonga fault; C-S, Clamshell-Sawspit fault; EPBT, Elysian Park blind thrust; JPL, Jet Propulsion Laboratory; LA, Los Angeles; HF, Hollywood fault; P, Pasadena; PV, Palos Verdes; RF, Raymond fault; SM, Santa Monica; V-ER, Verdugo-Eagle Rock fault. The Sierra Madre fault shown in heavy red lines; 1971 San Fernando earthquake surface rupture shown in blue heavy lines. Northridge aftershock zone shown in blue hatched lines. Yellow dashes surround the dense metropolitan population of the Los Angeles, San Gabriel, and San Fernando basins. Click here for a JPG image Trench log : Cross-section through sediments in trench wall showing fault traces, stratigraphic units, and radiocarbon dates. A, angular detrital charcoal fragment ; R, rounded detrital charcoal fragment. Faults are shown in heavy lines. Scale shown in meters; no vertical exaggeration. Radiocarbon ages are quoted in 14C years before present, except calendric ages quoted as ka (yrs. B.P.). Click here for a

69. Bedrock Geology For New Jersey - Faults Geologic contacts, folds, dikes, and faults were scanned and digitized from Entity_Type_Label faults; Entity_Type_Definition Bedrock geology for New http://www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/geodata/faults.htm

Bedrock Geology for New Jersey - Faults Metadata also available as Metadata: Citation: Originator: New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), New Jersey Geological Survey (NJGS) Title: Bedrock Geology for New Jersey - Faults vector digital data Bedrock Geology for New Jersey (1:100,000-scale) CD-01 Trenton, NJ Publisher: NJDEP/NJGS Bedrock Geologic Map of Northern New Jersey, Drake, Avery A. Jr.,Volkert, Richard, A., Monteverde, Donald H., Herman, Gregory C., Houghton,Hugh F., Parker, Ronald A., and Dalton, Richard F., 1996, Scale 1 to 100,000, 4 cross sections, 2 sheets, size 56x40; 58x41. Map I-2540-A. Bedrock Geologic Map of Central and Southern New Jersey, Owens, James P., Sugarman, Peter J., Sohl, Norman F., Parker, Ronald A., Houghton, Hugh F., Volkert, Richard A., Drake, Avery A., Jr., and Orndorff, Randall C., 1998. Scale 1 to 100,000, 8 cross sections, 4 sheets, each size 58x41, I-2540-B www.state.nj.us/dep/njgs/ Description: Abstract: The Bedrock Geology of New Jersey consists of statewide and countywide data layers (contacts, faults, folds, dikes). The data are provided in: ESRI's ARC/INFO Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The GIS data were scanned and digitized from United States Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations and Open-File Series 1:100,000 scale geologic maps compiled from 1984 to 1993. Purpose: The series is intended to provide the public with basic geoscience information for use in geoscience, natural resource and environmental analyses. The geologic themes include geologic units, their descriptions, structural features (faults, folds and dikes).

70. Geology: Earthquakes The geology of Japan Earthquakes. Lecture Outline Earthquakes and faults. As two plates collide, stress is built up and faults (or cracks) appear in http://www.seinan-gu.ac.jp/~djohnson/natural/quakes.html

The Geology of Japan: Earthquakes Lecture Outline Cause and Occurrence of Earthquakes. The same plate tectonic activity that causes volcanoes also causes earthquakes. Subduction can create stress in the rock crust that results in slippage causing earthquakes. Earthquakes and Faults. As two plates collide, stress is built up and faults (or cracks) appear in the crust. (Active faults of Kyushu Kanto ) If there is little friction along the fault, creep may occur, that is, there may be gradual movement of the ground on one or both sides of the fault. This type of fault activity does not usually result in death or injury, since there are no sudden movements. If, however, friction prevents gradual movement, the stress will built up until sudden slippage occurs along the fault. This is an earthquake. Sometimes, slippage occurs along the subduction zone. These quakes can be rather large ones, like the Indian Ocean earthquake of December 26, 2004 (magnitude 9.0). If the stress occurs in deep crust layers where rock is hot, the crust may gradually fold rather than slip (no earthquake occurs: example photo of folding Earthquake Focus and Epicenter.

71. Houghton Mifflin College Inside geology. Fold Folds, faults, and Mountains Lecture Links Related Links News Current Events. Lecture Links. Links to Intro geology Course Notes http://college.hmco.com/geology/resources/geologylink/toc/topic09.html

GeologyLink The Earth Today In the News Virtual Classroom ... Glossary Student Resource Center GeologyLink Inside Geology Folds, Faults, and Mountains Lecture Links Related Links Lecture Links Links to Intro Geology Course Notes Physical Geology -University of Houston Introduction to Physical Geology -University of Colorado, Boulder Physical Geology and another version of Physical Geology -Georgia Perimeter College Listing of Online General Geology Courses -University of Connecticut (go to the individual courses for lecture notes) Exploring the Geological Sciences -University of Florida How the Earth Works - Bryn Mawr The Dynamic Earth - Miami University of Ohio Planet Earth - Penn State Introductory Geology - Duke University (images for each lecture rather than notes) Introduction to Geology - California State University, San Jose Introductory Geology - SUNY Oswego How the Earth works: Dynamic Planet - University of Michigan Physical Geology - University of New Brunswick Physical Geology - University of Toronto Links to Advanced Courses with Lecture Notes Structural Geology -Cornell University Geodynamics -University of Washington Structural Geology, Reflection Seismology and Plate Tectonics

72. References of high and low-angle normal faults, geology, 21, 933-936, 1993. Detachment faults Evidence for a low-angle origin, geology, 20, 833-836, 1992. http://www.agu.org/revgeophys/bird01/node11.html

Up: Lithosphere dynamics and continental Previous: Huge Displacements of References Beghoul, N., M. Barazangi, and B. L. Isacks, Lithospheric structure of Tibet and western North America: Mechanisms of uplift and a comparative study, J. Geophys. Res., 98, Bergerat, F., C. Bouroz-Weil, and J. Angelier, Paleostresses inferred from macrofractures, Colorado Plateau, western U.S.A., Tectonophysics, 206, Bird, P., Lateral extrusion of lower crust from under high topography, in the isostatic limit, J. Geophys. Res., 96, Bird, P., Deformation and uplift of North America in the Cenozoic era, in Scientific Excellence in Supercomputing: the IBM 1990 Contest Prize Papers, 1, edited by K. R. Billingsley, H. U. Brown, III, and E. Derohanes, pp. 67-105, Baldwin Press, Athens, Georgia, 1992a. Bird, P., Computer simulations of tectonics around the Alaskan syntaxis (abstract), Eos Trans. AGU, 73, Fall Meeting Suppl., 504, 1992b. Bird, P., and X. Kong, Computer simulations of California tectonics confirm very low strength of major faults, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 106

73. StructureF98 Syllabus lecture text Structural geology of rocks and regions, faults I Fault rocks, recognition, classification of faults and fault surfaces. http://www.uakron.edu/geology/mcconnell/structGeo/syllabus/

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY Dr. David McConnell syllabus lectures geology home page Course Information: course number 3370:350-001/011 time: lecture, MWF 11 - 11.50 a.m.; lab M 2.15 - 4.45 p.m. location: Crouse Hall, room 111 lecture text: Structural Geology of rocks and regions, Davis and Reynolds, 1996 Instructor Information: instructor: David McConnell office: Crouse Hall, room 216 office hours: WF 2 - 3.30 p.m. or by appointment phone: 972-8047 e-mail: dmcconnell@uakron.edu Grading Policy: exams: three exams based upon lecture material: 45% of the final grade class participation: 5% of the final grade Ask and answer questions based upon readings and material discussed in class weekly lab exercises: 30% of the final grade 3-day field trip in October with a report: 5% of the final grade paper on topic to be assigned during the semester: 15% of the final grade Information on the paper go to top of page Reading Assignments: You must read the text book to succeed in this class. I will assume you have completed the reading assignments prior to the relevant class period. Some readings will not be discussed directly in class but will be necessary to ensure an understanding of the topics under discussion. Click on the hyperlinks below to go directly to the pages for each week's material Week 1 Introduction. Read pages 2-37.

74. Faults(geology) - StormingMedia Pentagon reports and documents about faults(geology) http://www.stormingmedia.us/keywords/faults(geology).html

Home About Us Contact Us View Cart ... Forgot Password? Newsletter To be informed of important news about our site, enter your email here. You can always unsubscribe later. Your address will not be released to others. (Read our Reports by Keyword(s) FAULTS(GEOLOGY) Click on the titles below to find US government reports identified by the key word or phrase FAULTS(GEOLOGY) Kinematic and Dynamic Studies of the Coso Geothermal and Surrounding Areas Date: 12 SEP 2003 VENTFLUX2: Single Channel Seismics, Piston Coring, and CTD Casts Associated with Gas Date: 08 FEB 2003 Geologic Structure Detection by High Resolution Seismic Reflection Methods Near the C Date: OCT 2000 A Quantitative Fracture Model for Initiation of Submarine Landslides Date: 21 JUN 2000 Seismic Hazards of the Upper Mississippi Embayment Date: JAN 1998 Geomorphological, Geoecological, Geoarcheological, and Surficial Mapping Study of McG Date: DEC 97 Faulting of Gas-Hydrate-Bearing Marine Sediments - Contribution to Permeability Date: MAY 1997 Development of Regional Discriminants Date: 18 SEP 96 Digital Database Development and Seismic Characterization and Calibration for the Mid Date: 31 JUL 96 Earthquake Activity near Ascension Island as seen by a Combined Seismic/ Hydrophone A Date: FEB 96 Seismic Hard In-Situ Source Test (SHIST) CRALE 1D and 2D Scoping Calculations Date: 01 OCT 95 Beaver Dam Secant Pile Wall Completion Report Date: OCT 95 Beaver Dam Secant Pile Wall Completion Report. Volume 1

75. Barite In The Waterman Hills Occurs In Two Northwest Striking Veins The relationship of these faults to the structural evolution of the central In the Calico Mountains to the northeast, these faults appear to be listric http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/fieldtrips/waterman/waterman.htm

The Waterman Mine History The Waterman Mine is located four miles north of Barstow just west of the Old Fort Irwin Road. The mined produced approximately 50,000 tons of ore from 1880 to 1887. Barite-silver mineralization occurs in two northwest-striking veins covered by two patented mining claims. Three shafts were present although one has been recently bulldozed and a second is caved and inaccessible. The remains of the third shaft on the "Principle Vein" provide access to the underground workings. The mine was briefly reactivated in the 1930's when silver was extracted from the mine dumps and a series a shallow open cuts along the strike of the veins. Regional Stratigraphy The Waterman Gneiss is generally regarded as the oldest rock in the Waterman Hills. It has been reported to be of Precambrian, Paleozoic or Mesozoic age by various authors. Like many of the Mojave/Sonora metamorphic core complexes its age remains controversial Mesozoic granodiorites and diorites intrude the Waterman Gneiss along the north edge of the Waterman Hills. Both the gneiss and intrusives have been overprinted by pervasive chloritization, cataclastized and mylonitized. Overlying the basement rocks are a series of volcanic, volcaniclastic and epiclastic rocks of Miocene age. These rocks have been loosely grouped into the Jackhammer, Pickhandle and Barstow Formations to the north in the Mud Hills and Calico Mountains. Similar Miocene age rocks age present within the Waterman Hills (see discussion below), but significant lithologic differences make correlations with the type sections difficult. Present practice is to simply map the Miocene rocks of the Waterman Hills as undifferentiated.

76. Friends Of Saguaro National Park - About Us: About Saguaro National Park: Geolog Saguaro National Park and the study of geology were meant to go together. Movement of the major faults uncovered more than 30 miles of deep crustal rock http://www.friendsofsaguaro.org/geology.html

Geology Saguaro National Park and the study of geology were meant to go together. The varied terrain of this area is home to low valleys, high jagged peaks and clear desert skies for viewing the natural wonders in this outdoor geology classroom. The Scene Today Visitors to Saguaro National Park are often impressed by the rugged mountain landscapes and the saguaro forests of the Sonoran Desert. Major landforms include dry washes and large arroyos, which fill quickly after rainstorms; alluvial fans at the mouths of canyons, which combine to form long, sweeping slopes known as bajadas (ba-HAH-da); and pediments, which form where eroded bedrock extends out from the mountains. The present day scene has been in the making for millions of years. Although imperceptible to our eye, the desert is constantly changing. The ongoing story is told by the rocks. The geology of the Tucson area is complex and the interpretation of the physical evidence is under debate. The Rincon and Tucson Mountains offer very different geologic histories. Visitors ask questions, such as what type of rock is present or how the mountains came to be. Geologists ask the same questions with more specific interest in how the different rocks came together into complex yet systematically arranged mountain ranges. The Building Blocks Rincon Mountain District General Most of the mountains of the southwest have been uplifted on near-vertical faults about 15 million years ago (MYA). However, the Rincon Mountains, along with the Catalinas and Tortolitas, are part of a 3-humped core complex formed earlier. The highest peak in the Rincons is Mica Mountain. It is 8,666 feet in elevation and supports vegetation of the trans-Canadian

77. Geology Of Salt Point State Park, CA To fully appreciate the geologic history of the Salt Point State Park, it is helpful to These folds and faults can be seen in the rocks along the coast. http://eqdoc.home.netcom.com/salt2.html

THE GEOLOGY OF SALT POINT STATE PARK Salt Point State Park provides the visitor spectacular vistas of the ocean, with rugged offshore rocks and steep sea cliffs that take the full impact of the waves. The rocks are sculpted into an infinite variety of forms and shapes. Extending underwater, the rocks offer a range of habitats to a wide variety of marine plants and animals. Divers can enjoy the rich underwater world.Uphill from the coast, the park continues to the top of the coastal ridge. Habitats change from coastal grassland to forests of Bishop pine, madrone, tanoak, and redwoods. There is also a pygmy forest of stunted cypress, pine and even redwoods, and a large open "prairie". What makes Salt Point State Park so special? What has created this unique and unusual landscape? There are many more questions than an we can easily answer, but we can begin to unravel the mysteries of the park's origin and formation. We can look beneath the surface at the dramatic geologic processes that create this magnificent landscape. The terrain of the park has been formed and modified over tens of millions of years. The processes involved in its formation include those processes that move continents and create oceans, build mountains and generate destructive earthquakes. To fully appreciate the geologic history of the Salt Point State Park, it is helpful to understand how the rocks of the park formed and the dynamic processes involved in the creation of the coastal mountains of California.

78. WVGES Geology: Mountains WVGES geology Mountains Article. This fault (actually a series of faults) is part of the complex system of folds and faults that occur along the http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/geology/geolf001.htm

@import "/www/text.css"; Feature Article Mountains Download this illustrated article in PDF format (11 MB PDF file) With a nickname like "The Mountain State," there can be little doubt that mountains have a special influence on the hearts and minds of West Virginians. Mountains add immeasurably to the majesty and beauty of the State. They have a large role in determining where we live, what routes we travel, how we earn a living. Although we see them every day, just how much do we know about mountains? How do they form? When do they form? Why are there different types? Most of us are aware that mountains are large masses of rocks and soil that rise more or less steeply above surrounding areas. Custom and the way people perceive terrain determine what is and what is not called a mountain. A mountain to some is just another hill to others. This being the case, a safe definition is: a region is "mountainous" when the relief (difference in elevation) exceeds a value between 500 and 1,000 feet. Seldom does a mountain occur as an isolated entity. Most occur with other mountains to form chains or ranges. Except for volcanoes, this article will deal with mountain ranges, not isolated peaks.

79. Physical Geology Chapter 15 Faults Physical geology Chapter 15 faults. Forces on rocks and what happens Fault scarp and rills. Sag pond (in fault zone). Offsets of geologic features http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/Faculty/Krantz/Physical/Physical.Chap15.faults

Physical Geology Chapter 15 Faults Forces on rocks and what happens Plate tectonics can generate tremendous Stress and strain Stress is the force applied to a rock Strain is the resulting deformation of the rock Types of stress and strain Figure 15.2 compression and tension on silly putty Pushing – compressional Pulling – e xtensional Shear stress Force from two opposing directions Figure 15.3 The elastic limit – Rocks may stretch, but only so far Figure 15.4 Elastic – rock deforms, but can return to its original shape (rubber band) Ductile (or plastic) – rock deforms, but does not return to its original shape (silly putty or toothpaste) Brittle – past the elastic limit, rock breaks (rubber band snaps) Words to explain angles of rocks Principle of Original Horizontality most sedimentary rocks were deposited in flat-lying layers examples: lake bed (ancestral Lake Erie) continental shelf Figure 15.7 strike and dip Dip – a marble would roll down this direction (and apparent dip Strike – intersection of the dipping bed and a horizontal plane (think of water level) Types of faults, directions of motion

80. Finding Faults Earthquakeproducing faults, like the one the team is cruising over off Many details of these faults have been effectively invisible to science because http://explorations.ucsd.edu/faults/

A Seismic Jigsaw Puzzle Takes Shape San Diego At Risk Hi-Ho Hi-Ho It's Off To Sea We Go The L-Cheapo World Tour A Seismic Jigsaw Puzzle Takes Shape Jeff Babcock should have heard his future calling him back in grade school. When the teacher told the class it was free drawing time, he was the kid sketching volcanoes. Robert Gordon Sproul as Babcock maps in detail an offshore earthquake fault system. He uses an innovative seismometer developed by his team at Scripps. On this October day, Babcock, fellow geophysicists Graham Kent and Alistair Harding, and graduate students Renee Bulow and Jeff Dingler are retrieving eight of the instruments from the ocean floor. Scientists have tended to stop at such boundaries, but the unknown fault might harbor even more destructive power than realized. Just as the IGPP team, which includes institute Director John Orcutt, was getting funding to build the seismographs, other scientists suggested that the Oceanside Fault could produce quakes with magnitudes exceeding 7.0 on the Richter scale, the same size as temblors that damaged San Francisco in 1989 and Northridge, California, in 1994.

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