61. EmpAthos Nation The fante were known by the Portuguese in the late fifteenth century as a smallcitystate near the coast A History of the African People Robert W. July http://www.geocities.com/cjmasonm/Africa/afempire.html

Website built by Cheryl J. Mason-Middleton, BFA Caveat Site Map Imperial Africa Imperial African States that we know about mostly developed along the Sahel ("Corridor") which was the major trade route between East and West Africa. The Sahel "shore" was seen as a "coastline" on the great expanse of the Sahara Desert. Crossing the Sahara was very much like navigating the oceans in that there were few permanent features that one could follow, and one's direction was generally determined by stellar navigation. Towns in the northern Sahel were, therefore, considered trading ports, just as a town on an ocean coast might have been. Empires that developed in the southern interior of the continent are not as well documented, and while they very likely did develop, as in the case of Great Zimbabwe, almost nothing is known about them. Ethiopia (Axum, Abyssinia) The oldest and longest lasting of African cultures presented here is Ethiopia (originally called Abyssinia by the Romans), which developed out of Judeo-Christian Axum, and maintained it's national character to the present day despite Islamic intrusion beginning in the sixth and seventh centuries, and the Italian invasion in the late 1930's ending in 1941. When Egypt fell to Rome, Axum had already become the major trading port on the Red Sea, bringing in goods from India and southern and western Africa, and forming a hub of exchange with those regions and the Mediterranean. Early in the Christian era, Axum had extended it's influence from the Horn of Africa to the northern edge of the Abyssinian Plateau and well inland.

62. Ridgeart Vodou expresses the aspirations of the poor and disenfranchised people of Haiti . indigenous flags may have existed in africa before the coming of the http://www.ridgeart.com/flagsinfo.html

Click Here for Reference Books on Haitian Art More... Antiques Prints ... Flags 21 Harrison St. Oak Park, IL 60304 Phone: 1-888-269-0693 or 708-848-4062 Fax: 708-383-2160 Email: ridgeart@comcast.net Ridge Art Ridge Art Links Contact Us How to Buy About Us Home 21 Harrison St. Oak Park, IL 60304 Phone: 1-888-269-0693 or 708-848-4062 Fax: 708-383-2160 Email: ridgeart@comcast.net Flags Metals Paintings ... More... Sequin Flags of Haiti Click Here for Reference Books on Haitian Art In order to understand the significance of a Haitian drapo Vodou, we have to understand what Haitian Vodou is. Vodou is a system of beliefs honoring the African ancestral spirits that emerged in response to chattel slavery. Vodou is above all a political religion that is practiced by 90% of the population in Haiti, that is, the poor working class and the peasantry. The predominant elements of the religion come from the old African religions that the slaves brought with them mixed with the Catholicism that the French forced upon them. It also contains elements from the culture of the Taino, the indigenous people who inhabited the island of Hispanola when Columbus first landed. The Taino were enslaved by the Spanish and were, subsequently, exterminated for the most part in a short period of time to be replaced by Africans. Some Taino managed to survive in the mountains and intermarried with escaped African slaves who adopted some of their religious practices. Drapo Vodou is the artistic expression of the religion of Vodou. As a genre it contains elements from both African and European religious traditions. Originally, the flags were used solely for ceremonial purposes but in the 50's collectors started to buy the flags and the priests (or oungan) started to make them to raise money for their congregations.

63. African Artifact Project It s people are mostly Christian but 20% of the population has indigenous Drums are important in African society as well as in the fante and Akan http://students.cdssh.org/artifacts/lauren/lauren.htm

Ghana's Music Drums of Ghana Ghana is a country located in Western Africa between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo. It's people are mostly Christian but 20% of the population has indigenous beliefs and religion. Drums are important in African society as well as in the Fante and Akan cultures in Ghana. These cultures are matriarchal and believe in the importance of women. This is relfected in the carvings of the drums. The drum shown is from the Fante and Akan society. These kinds of drums are used by "bands" for recreational purposes and ceremonies such as weddings, funerals and coming of age celebrations. The drums are often depicted as female because the drum is considered the mother figure of the band. There are protruding breasts that support this idea. The structure is sitting on an elephant which is a symbol of power in their culture. This elevates the importance to them. Drummers are placed highly in African society and hold a large responsibility to the people. The master drummers known as Kyerema or the "divine drummers" have to have knowledge of his culture's history, chants,and dances to entertain the people. The drummers are elevated in society because of their great knowledge and understanding. In the Akan and Fante cultures drums are also used in the swearing in of new leadership. The cheif makes an oath to the elders as well as the drums ensuring that he will be a good leader. After this, the chief performs a warrior dance to the drums to show his strength and foster a sense of community in the group.

64. Africa Update Archives the ongoing classificat ion of African languages; indigenous African He explain ed that in his home he had seen people write from right to left. http://www.ccsu.edu/afstudy/upd4-3.html

Vol. IV, no. 3 (Summer 1997) Pan-African Language Patterns Revisited. HOME ARCHIVES Table of contents Editorial: Pan-African Language Patterns Revisited by Dr. Gloria Emeagwali, Chief Editor Dr. Katherine Harris, Central Connecticut State University African Languages and Ebonics Pan-African Language Patterns Revisited In the Spring issue of Africa Update we included perspectives on African-French linguistic interaction as well as Afro-Jamaican language patterns. We complete the discussion of the pan-African linguistic system by examining the African-American dim ension. In response to our request for an up-to-date account of the "Ebonics" debate and aspects of continental African impact on African-American speech patterns, Dr. Katherine Harris has provided us with a scholarly detailed analysis which we are proud to include in this issue. She provided us with more than seventy references but because of our limited space we found it necessary to reduce these to a few selected references. Readers who are interested in the full body of references should fe el free to contact us for this. Dr. Harris argues that the Ebonics debate intersects some important issues such as the geographical configurations of Africa in the 1500's and after; the linguistic heritage of those Africans that were EXPATRIATED to the Americas; the ongoing classificat ion of African languages; indigenous African pictographic and other systems of writing; and the interesting issue of vocabulary retention. She informs the reader of a wide range of terms that are of continental African origin, and which have become embedd ed in African-American speech in particular and American speech in general. There is also emphasis on some of the structural changes which have also taken place.

65. Encyclopedia: Demographics Of Ghana For the writer, see John fante. The Ashanti (also Asante) are a major ethnicgroup from Religions Christian 62%, Muslim 12%, indigenous beliefs 26% http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Demographics-of-Ghana

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Demographics of Ghana" also viewed: Demographics of Burundi Demographics of Gabon Demographics of Paraguay Demographics of Sierra Leone ... Demographics of Nigeria What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Zwiebelkuchen ZOE TV Young Nick's Head Yasuda Narumi ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Demographics of Ghana Updated 110 days 19 hours 39 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Demographics of Ghana Ghana 's population is concentrated along the coast and in the principal cities of Accra and Kumasi . Most Ghanaians descended from migrating tribes that probably came down the Volta River valley at the beginning of the 13th century . Ethnically, Ghana is divided into small groups speaking more than 50 languages and dialects. Among the more important linguistic groups are the Akans , which include the Fantis along the coast and the Ashantis in the forest region north of the coast; the

66. N nº3 asafo company flags with ghana flag canton (fante people, negro knightsof africa queen dido (novel) ; negros occidental western visayas, http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/keywordn.html

N List of keywords beginning with N Last modified: Keywords: web index keywords Links: FOTW homepage search write us mirrors Keywords beginning with a b c d ... z n'makiaute n'makiaute (vanuatu) n c s co maritime houseflags h-q (australia) n ok subdivisions of the soviet union county of nyazepyetrovsk (chel. region, russia) city of nuremberg (mittelfranken district, bavaria, germany) n house flags of portuguese shipping companies (m-p) nº1 asafo company flags with other or no canton (fante people, ghana) nº2 asafo company flags with other or no canton (fante people, ghana) asafo company flags with union jack canton (fante people, ghana) nº3 asafo company flags with ghana flag canton (fante people, ghana) n´nong bu-dang aspirant peoples - vietnam na-griamel federation na-griamel (vanuatu) na presidential standards 1931-1939 (spain) naaldwijk naaldwijk (the netherlands) naarden naarden (the netherlands) nabari mie (japan) nabarra lower navarre (traditional province, france) nabburg county nabburg county until 1972 (oberpfalz district, bavaria, germany) nabeshima katsushige daimyo flags - hizen (japan) nablus subdistrict judea and samaria district (israel, west bank occupied territories)

67. People Groups Living In The U.S. - Listed By Country Of Origin This page lists many of the foreignborn people groups living in the US, In addition, Native American languages indigenous to and still spoken in New http://www.ethnicharvest.org/peoples/bycountry.html

Home Search Site Map Bibles ... Search Our Site DIRECTORY OF COUNTRIES* The following table lists some of the ethnic peoples living in the United States, with links to additional information if available. This list is alphabetized by Country See also the list alphabetized by Language COUNTRY LANGUAGE(S) Afghanistan Dari (called Farsi in Iran ) and Pashto (aka Pushto) are the official languages. There are also about one million speakers of Uzbek, one-half million speakers of Turkmen (aka Turkoman), and about one-half million speakers of Brahui Albania Albanian Algeria Arabic , Among Berber languages, Kabyle is predominant. Argentina Spanish , Pampa Armenia Armenian Austria German Azerbaijan Azeri Bahrain Arabic Bangladesh Bengali is predominant, Brahui is spoken by a small minority. Belgium Flemish and French are the official languages. Belorussia Belorussian, Russian Belize Garifuna Bhutan Jonkha is the official language. Nepali is also spoken. Bolivia The official language is Spanish , which is spoken by less than 40 percent of the population. The predominant Indian languages are Quechua, Aymara, and Saramo (aka Itonama; spoken by less than 19 percent of the population). Bosnia Serbo-Croation Brazil Portuguese Brunei Visayak Bulgaria Bulgarian Burkina Faso French is the official language. Mossi (aka More) is the predominant native language. Gurma, Fulani, Dejula, and Tuareg are also spoken.

68. Ghana 31st December Women S Movement - Accra Address PO Box 065 The African Development Programme, based in Accra, Ghana is primarily a development upon the social and economic well being of the indigenous people. http://www.un.org/africa/osaa/ngodirectory/dest/countries/Ghana.htm

Ghana 31st December Women's Movement - Accra Address: P.O. Box 065, OSU/Castle, Accra, Ghana Phone: Fax: Email: Internet: Contact: Cecilia Johnson / Ruby Dagadu Type of Organization: National / Local / Community / Rural / Urban Members: Women Year Founded: International Working Language: English Local Working Language: Akan / Twi / Ewe Source of Annual Budget: Local donors / Foreign donors Affiliations: Action Areas: Capacity Building Economic Policies Educational Development Entrepreneurship Poverty Eradication Social Development Women's and Gender Issues Purpose: Make intellectual contributions to women's empowerment; facilitate women's franchise and economic independence. Illustrative Project: The movement has offered women various educational opportunities to acquire basic skills including entrepreneurial training; hosted international conferences on the problems of women and poverty; regional meeting of First Ladies in West Africa on peace and humanitarian issues in July, 1997. 31st December Women's Movement - Tamale Address: P.O. Box 335, Tamale, Ghana

69. Endangered Languages - Films And Videos There is also a film about Cultural Centres and one on indigenous languages Mr. Kofi Annan, in his own mother tongue fante, expressing his concerns for http://www.olestig.dk/endangered-languages/films.html

Film / TV Endangered languages BABEL Language and Identity Reality and Belief July 24, 2005 ENDANGERED LANGUAGES SUMMARY This list is the outcome of a query posted on May 5, 2005, to Endangered Languages List Linguist-List and Lowlands-List: "... TV documentaries and films about Endangered Languages, or where language endangerment or revitalization is part of the story told." The query yielded some 90 films, ranging from two-minutes TV spots, through many classic half-hour documentaries to a handful of full-length (and more!) feature movies that may not be documentaries proper, but rather revitalization projects in their own right. Some of the films listed are not on but in endangered languages. * Most films portray the situation of a single language and/or a variety of revitalisation efforts. A few tell the history of the destruction of a particular language. * A third of the films are part of a single impressive production: the Canadian Finding Our Talk series of 26 half-hour films, all available in four languages. There are about a dozen further films from the Americas Australia and Northeastern Europe each.

70. Ghana - THE PRECOLONIAL PERIOD Among these peoples were the Sisala, Kasena, Kusase, and Talensi, with thecoastal fante, GaAdangbe, and Ewe peoples, as well as with the various http://countrystudies.us/ghana/5.htm

THE PRECOLONIAL PERIOD Ghana Table of Contents By the end of the sixteenth century, most ethnic groups constituting the modern Ghanaian population had settled in their present locations. Archeological remains found in the coastal zone indicate that the area has been inhabited since the early Bronze Age (ca. 4000 B.C.), but these societies, based on fishing in the extensive lagoons and rivers, left few traces. Archeological work also suggests that central Ghana north of the forest zone was inhabited as early as 3,000 to 4,000 years ago. Oral history and other sources suggest that the ancestors of some of Ghana's residents entered this area at least as early as the tenth century A.D. and that migration from the north and east continued thereafter. These migrations resulted in part from the formation and disintegration of a series of large states in the western Sudan (the region north of modern Ghana drained by the Niger River). Prominent among these Sudanic states was the Soninke kingdom of Ghana. Strictly speaking, ghana was the title of the king, but the Arabs, who left records of the kingdom, applied the term to the king, the capital, and the state. The ninth-century Arab writer, Al Yaqubi, described ancient Ghana as one of the three most organized states in the region (the others being Gao and Kanem in the central Sudan). Its rulers were renowned for their wealth in gold, the opulence of their courts, and their warrior-hunting skills. They were also masters of the trade in gold, which drew North African merchants to the western Sudan. The military achievements of these and later western Sudanic rulers and their control over the region's gold mines constituted the nexus of their historical relations with merchants and rulers of North Africa and the Mediterranean.

71. AFRICA MATTERS - Congo Times News It has been estimated that about 1 million people inhabited africa when the Their land was invaded, the intruders made it theirs, and indigenous lives http://www.congotimes.com/news/ubbhtml/Forum9/HTML/000251.html

Bilingual Site Site Bilingue The Right Times for a New Emerging Africa Home Editorials Dossiers News ... Congo Times News AFRICA MATTERS profile register preferences faq ... next oldest topic Author Topic: AFRICA MATTERS Mutombo Admin posted 09 March 2005 02:52 AFRICA MATTERS ! References: Catholic Encyclopedia Michael Crichton, Congo, New York: Ballantine Books, 1980) John Reader, Africa a biography of the continent” (New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1998; originally published in 1997 in London). David Lamb, The Africans, New York: Random House, 1983). George B.N. Ayittey, Africa in Chaos. (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1999); pp.5-6. Peter Schwab, Africa: A Continent Self-Destructs. (New York: Palagrave, 2001); pp.54-55. Johnnie Carson, “Shapping U.S. Policy on Africa: Pillar of a New Strategy” in Strategic Forum N0. 210, September 2004) Ieuan Ll. Griffiths, The Atlas of African Affairs. (2n edition; London and New York: Routledge 1995); pp.144-145. To better understand Africa, we first must overcome two fundamental myths, the climatological myth and the myth of African overpopulation. The myth of bad African environment was well expressed by the British anthopologist John Reader, who despite his rejection of colonial scholarship, concluded his Biography of the African continent with the following myth:

72. Djembe Online The first to break away were the fantes (fante is a corruption of efa a etee And indigenous craft and industry is centred mainly in Asante where it is http://www.djembe.dk/no/15/15asanti.html

Asante spectacle The Silver Jubilee celebrations of Asantehene Opoku Ware II was opportunity to place the rich culture of the Asante people on view for world acclamation By N. Adu Kwabena-Essem The Afro-American who insisted on calling himself Akwasi (Sunday-born) Davis may be pardoned for breaking down in tears at the spectacle that Sunday. After all, back in 1817, when he was confronted by a similar display, English emissary T.E.Bowdich said: "Our observations taught us to conceive a spectacle exceeding our original expectations; but they had not prepared us for the extent of the display of the scene which here burst upon us; an area nearly a mile in circumference was crowded with magnificence and novelty... The sun reflected, with a glare scarcely more supportable than the heat, from the massy gold ornaments, which glistened in every direction." Bowdich did not have any ties whatever to the crowds he described. Davis, an African-American, was an emotional participant - he was experiencing directly the customs and traditions which his ancestors knew and shared and from which slavery tore them to become Americans. Akwasi Davis was sharing in the climatic moments of Adae kesie (great Adae) to celebrate the 25 years ascension to the famouos Golden Stool (Sikadwa Kofi) of the Asante kingdom. Said Davis: "When you've lived practically all your life fed on the falsehood that the stock from which your spring was, and is, primitive, the emotional shock is devastating when you come to realize that you've been fed hogwash all these years."

73. H-Net Review: Leland Conley Barrows On Slavery And Reform In West Africa: Toward This finding is a surprise to those who view the fante Confederation, in particular, interest to local slaveowning Euro-African and indigenous elites. http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=80011118420252

74. Table Of Contents For Encyclopedia Of African History Civil War, 1990s Algiers Allada and Slave Trade Allafrican People s Conference, indigenous Crafts Colonialism, Inheritance of Postcolonial africa http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0420/2004016779.html

Table of contents for Encyclopedia of African history / Kevin Shillington, editor. Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog. Note: Contents data are machine generated based on pre-publication provided by the publisher. Contents may have variations from the printed book or be incomplete or contain other coding. Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Africa History Encyclopedias.

75. Kofi Annan - Center Of The Storm. Life Map. A Chief's Son | PBS The Asante were gold merchants while the fante tribe were the middlemen The people of Ghana are extremely proud of Annan and regard him as their hero. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/un/life/map1.html

Kofi Annan was born on April 8, 1939 in Kumasi, Ghana, to an elite family. His parents, Henry Reginald and Victoria Annan, are from the two major ethnic groups that make up the Akan one of the groups of indigenous people of Ghana. A young Kofi Annan in a family picture. His father was half Asante and half Fante; his mother was Fante. The Asante were gold merchants while the Fante tribe were the middlemen in the gold trade between the Asante and the British. Kofi, whose name means "born on a Friday," also had a twin sister, who died in 1991 from a still yet unknown disease. In Ghanaian culture, twins are considered special and are adored. Kofi Annan probably got his first lessons in politics and diplomacy early on from his family. Both of Annan's grandfathers and his uncle were tribal chiefs. Upon his retirement, Annan's father, who worked as an export manager for the cocoa exporter Lever Brothers, was elected governor of Ghana's Asante province. In 1954, Annan attended Mfantsipim School, an elite Methodist boarding school in central Ghana established under British rule. The Secretary-General credits the school with teaching him "that suffering anywhere concerns people everywhere." At Mfantsipim, Annan led the student body in a hunger strike to get better food from the school cafeteria. It was a success. In the early 1950s, while Annan was at boarding school, Ghana was undergoing radical changes. Under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah, a movement for independence was gaining ground and by 1957 Ghana had become the first British African colony to gain independence. "It was an exciting period," Annan told The New York Times, "People of my generation, having seen the changes that took place in Ghana, grew up thinking all was possible."

76. Global Mappings: Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford JE CaselyHayford, founder of the National Congress of British West africa.Image from africa and Unity , by VB Thompson Humanities, 1969. http://diaspora.northwestern.edu/mbin/WebObjects/DiasporaX.woa/wa/displayArticle

77. Ghana - THE PRECOLONIAL PERIOD They were also masters of the trade in gold, which drew North African The forest itself was thinly populated, but Akanspeaking peoples began to move http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-5197.html

Country Listing Ghana Table of Contents Ghana THE PRECOLONIAL PERIOD Figure 2. Asante Expansion and Major European Fortresses in the Eighteenth Century Source: Based on information from Daryll Forde and P. M. Kaberry, eds., West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century , London, 1967, 208; and Ivor G. Wilks, Asante in the Nineteenth Century , London, 1975, 19. By the end of the sixteenth century, most ethnic groups constituting the modern Ghanaian population had settled in their present locations. Archeological remains found in the coastal zone indicate that the area has been inhabited since the early Bronze Age (ca. 4000 B.C.), but these societies, based on fishing in the extensive lagoons and rivers, left few traces. Archeological work also suggests that central Ghana north of the forest zone was inhabited as early as 3,000 to 4,000 years ago. Oral history and other sources suggest that the ancestors of some of Ghana's residents entered this area at least as early as the tenth century A.D. and that migration from the north and east continued thereafter. These migrations resulted in part from the formation and disintegration of a series of large states in the western Sudan (the region north of modern Ghana drained by the Niger River). Prominent among these Sudanic states was the Soninke kingdom of Ghana. Strictly speaking

78. Book Review The American Historical Review, 106.1 The El Dorado in West africa The GoldMining Frontier, african Labor, and Colonial Gold Coast people are at the heart of his study, and properly so, http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/106.1/br_194.html

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79. Akan People Bringing you Unique African apparel beautifully woven Kente designs. the fante, Akim, Ashanti, Juaben, and Agona people who respect and believe in http://www.ushaka.com/akanpeople2.html

THE TWI SPEAKING PEOPLE The history of Ghana is, in fact, the history of the Twi speaking people who now call themselves the Akan. The Akan people are among the most prominent and traditionally well-cultured indigenous inhabitants of Africa. There are many groups that constitute the Akan people. They can be divided and subdivided into the Twi, the Fante, Akim, Ashanti, Juaben, and Agona people who respect and believe in tradition. As reflected in their life style, all-important events in life involve various rituals and rites. From the Adae to the Odiwira to the Homowo to the Damba to the Yam festival, Ghana is a land of rituals, shrines and festivals. Of significance in the Akan culture is the symbolic representation of the “Stool.” In general, the stool symbolizes the “soul of the nation.” It is believed that the stool is a representative (repository) of the Ancestors. Thus, the stool itself inspires and is accorded great honor and respect. Another important culture symbol of the Akan people is the Kente fabric. The precious Kente is the cultural identity and landmark symbol of the Akan people. Historically, this precious Kente assisted in serving as a goal of healing and unifying the fragmented elements of the Akan People into a whole, a Nation. The precious Kente is now the National Symbol of Ghana, West Africa. The production of this precious Kente is over 10,000 years old. The Akan people have lived and ruled their land for thousands of years before they experienced the consecutive disruptions by Arab, Portuguese, Dutch, and British invasion and domination. When the Portuguese invaded the West Coast of Africa in 1471, they found a people rich in history, culture, and tradition and gold. As a result of not appreciating the spiritual significance of the culture and history, the Portuguese focused on the material abundance of the gold and named the region the “Gold Coast.”

80. Jehu-Appiah In terms of theologies emerging from the African people s own indigenous Over here people look at the indigenous African churches at worship and ask http://www.pctii.org/wcc/jehu95.html

An overview of indigenous African churches in Britain: an approach through the historical survey of African pentecostalism Jerisdan H Jehu-Appiah Introduction I find it difficult to talk about African churches because Africa doesn't exist as a unitary body of people. We are talking of several countries, more than three thousand ethnic groups, each different from the other, and several thousand more sub-cultures, religious practices, views of the world, of life, and so on; and so any attempt to do that - talk of Africa as such - would contain too much by way of over-generalisation, inaccuracies, and I think abuse in the long run. I have therefore chosen to concentrate on the West African scene, and even there to perhaps talk more about the experience in Nigeria and Ghana. What I want to do is not try to describe the African church scene, but to construct a historical basis that will help us to understand why the churches of African origin do things in the way that they do them today. I thought that would be the only thing I can do within the time we have, and that will be the only fruitful thing I can do now. Why do we do things in the way that we do them? And when I say we, that is not to say that even in the two countries that I have selected, that is Nigeria and Ghana, all the churches there do things in the same way. There is as much difference and disagreement between and among the Ghanaian and Nigerian churches as there is perhaps between African and European churches. Somewhere along the line I will be looking at definitions of terms because I think that is very important. For the present I prefer the term 'Indigenous African Churches'. I dislike 'independent' churches, Black churches, and other descriptive terms like these. I have chosen 'Indigenous African' to differentiate them from other African churches which are not indigenous but which have been transplanted from North America and elsewhere. So you can find that I am trying to limit my field more and more. At this point let us go to the scriptures and read from the Apostle Paul from the book of Acts:

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