41. Eugene Patron: Heart Of Lavender: In Search Of Gay Africa Tessemann, writing in the 1913 about the fang people of present day Gabon, states The very denying of indigenous homosexuality among African cultures http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/patron-africhomo.html

Back to People With a History Main Page Back to People With a History: World Cultures Index HEART OF LAVENDER: IN SEARCH OF GAY AFRICA By Eugene J. Patron Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review , Fall 1995. (published here with permission) We will never know if Lucy was a lesbian. The discovery of the famous skeleton in Ethiopia in 1974 by Dr. Richard Leaky was the clearest proof to date of human evolution beginning on the African continent. Carbon dating revealed that Lucy lived some 3 to 3.7 million years ago. Yet, whether she ever lusted after other female Australopithecines is a secret that will remain hers for eternity. Lucy is not the only one with secrets. The recorded knowledge of sexuality in African societies is far from encyclopedic. Little more than anecdotal attention has been paid to departures from procreative sexual practices in traditional cultures. The issue of individual desires rarely makes it into a body of anthropological literature dominated by analysis of the collective. At best, homosexuality is allocated little more than a footnote to any discussion of sexuality in Africa. If anthropologists and other researchers needed an excuse to avoid the subject, they've only had to point to widespread denial of homosexual practices by Africans themselves. Homosexuality is often thrown on to the pile of unwanted debris and issues, such as consumerism, attributed to the legacy of European and Arab colonialism.

42. IK Monitor Publications (7-3) (Yang fang, CIAD, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China This book is not about indigenous knowledge and indigenous peoples. http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/7-3/publicat.html

Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, November 1999 Contents IK Monitor (7-3) IKDM Homepage ikdm@nuffic.nl Publications Bandyopadhyay, Mridula and Stewart MacPherson (1998) Women and health: Tradition and culture in rural India . 217 pp. ISBN 1 84014 349 5. GBP37.50 Ashgate Publishing Ltd., Gower House, Croft Road, Aldershot, Hants GU11 3HR, England. Fax: +44-1252-317 446. http://www.ashgate.com Unfortunately, the figures against which the research findings are compared are outdated. Maternity mortality rates from 1985 are quoted, and abortion-related mortality rates from 1977. For population and literacy, figures are used from the Indian census of 1981. WHO figures from 1985 are used to point out that only 60 percent of births in the world are assisted by trained attendants. Would it not have been more useful to use more recent data, which are readily availablefor instance, figures from the Indian census of 1991, the latest Human Development Report, and the UNFPA reports published every year? While the importance of quantitative data should not be discounted, the study can be criticized for sometimes remaining at the level of facts and figures. For instance, the authors mention religion as an influencing factor, but do not explain how. One reason mentioned for women of Motipur village preferring to deliver their babies at home rather than in hospital is that they feel intimidated by health-care officials and are wary of them, as they are afraid they will be sterilized immediately after birth without their knowledge or consent. Did the authors not think this was worth investigating? If it were corroborated in other villages as well, could this not be an important reason for the low utilization of post-natal health services, rather than tradition alone? A suggestion for future research: it might be interesting to examine intergenerational differences regarding the research questions, using educational attainment within a household as a variable.

43. IK Monitor Publications (9-1) In The heartbeat of indigenous africa, R. Sambuli Mosha reflects on the (Moses Sylvester Bariri, Coordinator, indigenous peoples Environmental and http://www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/9-1/publicat.html

Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, March 2001 Contents IK Monitor (9-1) IKDM Homepage ikdm@nuffic.nl Publications March, Candida, Ines Smyth, and Maitrayee Mukhopadhyay (1999) A guide to gender-analysis frameworks . Oxfam Skills and Practices Series. 144 pp. ISBN 0-8-5598-403-1. GBP 6.95; USD 11.95. Oxfam GB, 274 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7DZ, United Kingdom. Fax: +44-1865-312 245. In working with indigenous knowledge for sustainable development, researchers and practitioners should be aware of the gender aspect that runs through all the problems they are trying to solve. This is perhaps best done by adopting a conceptual framework right from the start. Such gender-analysis frameworks or methodologies are a combination of related concepts and selected observation tools. A classic framework is the Harvard Analytical Frame. It focuses on women's/men's activities and their access to and control over material resources and benefits, thus providing a clear picture of gender divisions in labour. Other frameworks have been developed to meet the more practical, strategic or political needs of users or policy planners. A guide to gender-analysis frameworks explores some of the best-known analytical frameworks for gender-sensitive research and planning. Based on a pack developed for Oxfam staff and partners in 1996, it was written by an experienced gender development project officer, together with gender advisers. The editors have incorporated into this edition feedback from Oxfam staff, consultants, and individuals.

44. Spirituality & Health IMAX film that challenges us to learn from the indigenous peoples of the White fang 2 is fine family entertainment, and a crosscultural tale of http://www.spiritualityhealth.com/newsh/lists/pthp_moviereview_31.html

section="reviews" Movies about Reverence Monumental: David Brower's Fight for Wild America A forceful documentary about the first executive director of the Sierra Club who was also a first-rate environmental crusader. March of the Penguins An extraordinary French documentary on the lives and habits of Emperor Penguins in Antarctica. Our media editors' picks of the best movies to enrich and inform your spiritual journey. Rivers and Tides: Andy Goldsworthy Working with Time Rivers and Tides: Andy Goldsworthy Working with Time is an extraordinarily spiritually literate documentary about one of the world's greatest nature artists. Seasons of the Soul: Holistic Teachings on the Jewish Holiday Cycle Seasons of the Soul: Holistic Teachings on the Jewish Holiday Cycle contains profound teachings on nature, Jewish history, and spiritual growth conveyed by compelling lectures, Colorado landscapes, and beautiful music. Two Brothers Two Brothers is an extraordinary film about two wild tigers and the human beings who are changed irreparably by their encounters with these magnificent and mysterious creatures. The Day After Tomorrow The Day After Tomorrow deserves praise for rightly identifying the human race as the evil-doers who are responsible for the destruction of the good earth we inhabit.

45. Phi Beta Delta: Past Scholarship Recipients Research focuses on relationship between arts of indigenous africa and Conducted sociological research with indigenous peoples in Panama and Bolivia. http://www.sa.sdsu.edu/isc/pbdrecipients.htm

Delta Chapter History : Past Scholarship Recipients 253 students have received $88,750 in scholarship funds since 1990 PBD Home 2004 SCHOLARSHIP RECIPIENTS - $12,750 Memorial Awards Fu Foundation International Scholar in Asian Studies - $1,000 Ms. Megan Morn M.A. in Interdisciplinary Studies United States Drawing from Asian Studies and Anthropology, her research explores the relationship of Noh drama to shamanism. Investigating historical connections between China and Japan through colonies set up in Korea by the Chinese, her research shows how Chinese shamanism was incorporated into Chinese Taoism, was brought to Japan by court performers from the colonies, and was formally accepted by the government. Steve Deutsch International Scholar in Theatre Arts, TV and Film - $500 Mr. Miguel Navarro

46. Juvenile Justice Journal, Volume VII, Number 2 The cultural revival among indigenous peoples emphasizes the spiritual aspect of African American youth has been welldocumented (see, eg, fang et al., http://www.ncjrs.org/html/ojjdp/jjnl_2000_12/cult.html

Cultural Practices in American Indian Prevention Programs by Ruth Sanchez-Way and Sandie Johnson see sidebar Cultural Identification Cultural Interventions in American Indian Prevention Programs Listed below are some cultural interventions that American Indian prevention programs have used. All the activities assume the participation of elders and include the transmission of tribal history, values, and beliefs. Also, music, drumming, and singing are integral parts of most of these activities. Ceremonies and Rituals Participating in sweatlodge ceremonies. Smudging. Attending social dances. Learning sacred dances. Attending a Sundance. Fasting. Going on a vision quest. Paying attention to dreams. Attending powwows and other sober community activities. Storytelling and listening to stories. Participating in a Talking Circle.

47. Compare - Contents Discourses of the Policy of Educational Decentralisation in South africa since1994 an indigenous peoplesthe case of Peru/Jane Freeland/page 167 http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/archive/c-archive/com-con.html

Contact Us Members of the Group All Products Books Journal Article eBooks Alphabetical Listing Journals by Subject New Journals Advertising ... eBooks Compare A Journal of Comparative Education VOLUME 29 NUMBER 2 JUNE 1999 Editorial Fiona Leach with Rosemary Preston page 109 Linda Chisholm page 111 Comparing Definitions of Democracy in Education/ Lynn Davies page 127 Discourses of the Policy of Educational Decentralisation in South Africa since 1994: an examination of the South African Schools Act/ Yusuf Sayed page 141 Four Histories, One Nation? History teaching, nationhood and a British identity/ page 153 Secondary Education Reform and the Concept of Equality of Opportunity in Japan/ Akito Okada page 171 RESEARCH REPORT Leadership Stereotypes and Styles of Female Singaporean Principals/ page 191 Book reviews/ page 203 Compare A Journal of Comparative Education VOLUME 29 NUMBER 1 MARCH 1999 Editorial Fiona Leach/ page 3 Language, Power, Development and Geopolitical Changes: conflicting pressures facing plurilingual societies/Keith Watson/ page 5 Thread, Web and Tapestry-making: processes of development and language/Clinton D. W. Robinson/

48. HDR - Publications - Background Papers indigenous peoples in Comparative Perspective – Problems and Policies Human Rights and Sustainable Development in Contemporary africa—A New Dawn or http://hdr.undp.org/publications/papers.cfm

Home Publications What is HD About HDRO ... Site Map Background Papers In preparation for the Human Development Report every year, the HDRO commissions a number of experts to write papers on issues related to the theme of the Report. The following is a compilation of selected Occasional Papers written since 1992. Individually, each paper brings to light a key facet of human development in different parts of the world. Together, they help establish a framework of tools, concepts and actions to address the issue of human development worldwide. The report also draws from a number of independent research papers by distinguished academics and policymakers. These background papers are available online and can also be purchased from the UN publications office. Viewing some of these papers will require Adobe Acrobat Reader. This free software can be downloaded

49. DICE Webpages - Research Publications Harrop SR (in press) indigenous peoples, traditional ecological Comanagementof Contractual National Parks in South africa lessons from Australia. http://www.kent.ac.uk/anthropology/dice/research/publications.html

Department of Anthropology University of Kent RESEARCH About DICE ... Staff Research publications Research groups Research projects Publications Funding Contact us Arroyo-Quiroz, I , Perez-Gil, R and Leader-Williams, N . (2005). Developing countries and the implementation of CITES: the Mexican experience. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy , in press. Ashenafi, ZT , Coulson, TN, Sillero-Zubiri, C and Leader-Williams, N . (2005). The behaviour and ecology of the Ethiopian wolf in a human-dominated landscape outside protected areas. Animal Conservation Ashenafi, ZT and Leader-Williams, N . (2005). An indigenous common property resource system in the central highlands of Ethiopia. Human Ecology , in press. Leader-Williams, N Science Edgar, PW, Griffiths, RA and Foster, JP (2005). Evaluation of translocation as a tool for mitigating development threats to great crested newts ( Triturus cristatus ) in England, 1990-2001. Biological Conservation

50. Untitled Document indigenous peoples, multiculturalism and the building of identities. fang,Josephine Riss and Songe, Alice H. “A Survey of Professional Associations at http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/chu/207/syll/

IS 207: International Issues and Comparative Research in Library and Information Science Winter 2002 Syllabus Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 ... Course Information IS 207 Course Syllabus - Winter 2002 - C. Chu 1. January 8 INTRODUCTION TO COURSE. UNDERSTANDING THE INTERNATIONAL/GLOBAL CONTEXT. COLONIALISM AND POST-COLONIALISM. Course content, schedule, assignments and grading. Understanding international relations, globalization, globalism, neoliberalism, colonialism and post-colonialism in order to examine libraries and information institutions in a global context. Other concepts/issues: transnational, diaspora, political economy as a critical perspective. Read II Global Congress of Citizen Networks, 5-7 th December 2001; Buenos Aires, Argentina. http://www.globalcn2001.org/

51. MEYAYA : English Home Page Site devoted to the tabernanthe Iboga, the African plant that suppresses is good for indigenous populations is not necessarily good for all peoples. http://www.iboga.org/us/

Welcome to MEYAYA MEYAYA : The first French site dedicated to Eboga Summary Eboga - the ancient, perennial religion of Eboga, - initiation into the religion for people of both sexes and all ages through taking Tabernathe iboga, - the development of a treatment methodology by experienced practitioners, to guarantee a maximum of safety whilst taking Eboga, remembering that what is good for indigenous populations is not necessarily good for all peoples......... For many years, both Europeans and Africans taking Eboga have realised that the Bwiti religion, whether Mitsogho or Fang, deals with the healing of the spirit. And, as such, constantly re-adapts it's powers to the mythologies and archetypes of whatever culture uses it. And that in Europe we have lost this type of knowledge, to our great detriment, sometime during the years of the Inquisition, or perhaps at the hands of the Carthans. It's in this spirit that in 1995 we began to look at, with the help of the Cameroon Bwiti, the possibility of adapting the essence of the Eboga experience, that it might be brought into more widespread usage amongst the peoples of the West. In doing this, we drew heavily on the experience and knowledge of the artists and intellectuals of the Cameroon, to ensure our work would be free of ethnocentric limitations. >From then on, we have worked closely with a Cameroon Bwiti chapel, agreeing that our objective should be to take inspiration from the initiation ritual. But, in order that the

52. African Art On The Internet africa Talks.org an online and faceto-face community of people interested indevelopment Islam and indigenous african cultures, Shawabtis and Nubia, http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/art.html

Countries Topics Search the Africa Pages Suggest a Site ... Topics: African Art on the Internet See also: South African Art Photographs Addis Art - Ethiopian Art and Artists Page Contemporary Ethiopian art and artists - paintings, sculptures and digital art work by students and professionals from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. University instructor, Getahun Assefa 's paintings , drawings, sculpture, digital art. Also work by his brother, Tesfaye Assefa. Based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. [KF] http://www.addisart.com/ Addis Art - Nouveau Art from Ethiopia Artists include Shiferaw Girma and Lulseged Retta. Photographs of each artist's work, a biography, and video. Founded by Mesai Haileleul. [KF] http://www.addis-art.com/ Adire African Textiles - Duncan Clarke History, background, and photographs of adire, adinkra, kente, bogolan, Yoruba aso-oke, akwete, ewe, kuba, and nupe textiles. The symbolism of images is often provided. One can purchase textiles as well. Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation (School of Oriental and African Studies) is on Yoruba men's weaving. Based in London. http://www.adire.clara.net Afewerk Tekle "Ethiopia’s leading artist." Biography, his paintings, sculptures, mosaics, murals, art in the artist's home. Afewerk created the stained-glass windows at the entrance of Africa Hall, headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. "In 1964, he became the first winner of the Haile Selassie I prize for Fine Arts." "In 2000, he was one of the few chosen World Laureates by the council of the ABI on the occasion of the 27th International Millennium Congress on the Arts and Communication in Washington DC." He painted Kwame Nkrumah's portrait and was awarded the American Golden Academy Award and the Cambridge Order of Excellence England. Prints of his work may be purchased online. http://www.afewerktekle.org

53. MSN Encarta - Spanish Empire Spanish influence in africa dates back to the beginning of Spain’s imperial The indigenous people, the Bubi, were largely assimilated into Spanish http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761595536_4/Spanish_Empire.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Spain: Conquest in the Americas Colonialism and Colonies more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Spanish Empire Search for books and more related to Spanish Empire Encarta Search Search Encarta about Spanish Empire Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Spanish Empire ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 4 of 5 Spanish Empire Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 35 items Article Outline Introduction Origins of the Empire Spanish America Spanish Asia and the Pacific ... Effects and Legacies of the Empire B Oceania When Magellan stopped at the Mariana Islands in 1521, he and his crew encountered the native Chamorro people. He named the archipelago Islas de Ladrones, or Islands of Thieves, because he claimed that some of the Chamorro stole Spanish supplies. Other Spanish explorers followed Magellan, and in 1565 Legazpi's fleet took possession of the islands on Spain’s behalf while en route to Manila. Later, the islands were named for Mariana of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain, who sent Jesuit missionaries to the area in 1668. Spain governed Guam from Manila and stationed a garrison on the island to discourage sporadic Chamorro uprisings. In the late 17th century, Guam became a regular stopping place for all the ships that sailed the trade route between Acapulco and Manila. When those ships ceased to sail in 1815, the island served chiefly as a provisioning port for non-Spanish whaling ships.

54. WORLD FOOD HABITS BIBLIOGRAPHY food insecurity; hunger; Pygmies; africa. Bearak B. 2003. Why People Still IN Famine and Food Security in africa and Asia indigenous Responses and http://lilt.ilstu.edu/rtdirks/AFRICA.html

FOOD AND CULTURE Africa Aborampah O. 1985. Determinants of Breast-feeding and Post-partum Sexual Abstinence: Analysis of a Sample of Yoruba Women, Western Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Science . 17:461-9. [infant feeding; Africa] Aboud FE; Alemu T. 1995. Nutrition, Maternal Responsiveness and Mental Development of Ethopian Children. Social Science and Medicine [child nutrition; Africa] Acho-Chi C. 2002. The Mobile Street Food Service Practice in the Urban Economy of Kumba, Cameroon. Singpore Journal of Tropical Geography . 23(2):131-48. [food distribution; Africa] Almedom AM. 1991. Infant Feeding in Urban Low-income Households in Ethiopia. Ecology of Food and Nutrition . 25:97-109. [infant nutrition; Africa] Anigbo OA. 1987. Commensality and Human Relationship among the Igbo. University of Nigeria Press. [social relations; African; Nigeria; Igbo] Aunger R. 1994. Sources of Variation in Ethnographic Interview Data: Food Avoidances in the Ituri Forest. Ethnology . 33(1):65-99. [food proscriptions; Africa; Zaire] Aunger R. 1994. Are Food Avoidances Maladaptive in the Ituri Forest of Zaire?

55. Map & Graph: Africa:Countries By People: Ethnic Groups Gabon, Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (fang, Bapounou, Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/peo_eth_gro/AFR

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #71 The four largest nations are Russia China USA , and Canada Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 50 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Disasters Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Industry Internet Labor Language Lifestyle Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Related Stats People who viewed "People - Ethnic groups" also viewed: Ethnic groups - A note Divorce rate Sex ratio - 15-64 years Jews ... People : Ethnic groups by country Scroll down for more information Show map full screen Country Description Definition: This entry provides a rank ordering of ethnic groups starting with the largest and normally includes the percent of total population Sierra Leone 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed

56. Encyclopedia: Equatorial Guinea/People The majority of the people of Equatorial Guinea are of Bantu origin. The largesttribe, the fang, is indigenous to the mainland, but substantial migration http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Equatorial-Guinea/People

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Equatorial Guinea/People" also viewed: Demographics of Equatorial Guinea Demographics of Saint Lucia Equatorial Guinea Bubi ... Creole What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Thurnby Lodge Thrissur Three Angels Broadcasting Network The Venture Bros. ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Equatorial Guinea/People Updated 224 days 6 hours 4 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Equatorial Guinea/People The majority of the people of Equatorial Guinea are of Bantu origin. The largest tribe, the Fang , is indigenous to the mainland, but substantial migration to Bioko Island has resulted in Fang dominance over the earlier Bantu inhabitants. The Fang constitute 80% of the population and are themselves divided into 67 clans. Those in the northern part of Rio Muni speak Fang-Ntumu , while those in the south speak Fang-Okah; the two dialects are mutually unintelligible. The Bubi , who constitute 15% of the population, are indigenous to Bioko Island. In addition, there are coastal tribes, sometimes referred to as "Playeros": Ndowes

57. Brooklyn Museum: Exhibitions traditions as living legacies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. This presentation includes a wide selection from the hundreds of African http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/

Home H ome F AQ A ccess D irections Con t act V isit O n ... On View : Exhibitions "Michelangelo of the Menagerie": Bronze Works by Antoine-Louis Barye Visible Storage • Study Center Living Legacies: The Arts of the Americas Frieda Schiff Warburg Memorial Sculpture Garden ... Arts of Asia and the Islamic World Current Exhibitions "Michelangelo of the Menagerie": Bronze Works by Antoine-Louis Barye Open Now Mezzanine Gallery, 2nd Floor This small exhibition draws on the Museum’s holdings of the work of the French sculptor Antoine-Louis Barye (1795–1875). Described by one contemporaneous critic as the “Michelangelo of the Menagerie,” Barye imbued his animal subjects with monumentality and drama. Frequently working at the Jardin des Plantes and the Museum of Natural History in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, Barye applied the latest discoveries of modern zoology to his creations, lending a sense of accuracy to each and every beak, fang, and tusk. Works include bronzes and watercolors and range in subject matter from tender treatments of woodland creatures to violent confrontations between exotic species. Read more about the exhibition.

58. Equatorial Guinea: Land And People Also spoken are pidgin English, fang, Bubi, and Igbo. Analysis EquatorialGuinea has become africa s third largest oil producer spurring at least one http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0858020.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 21, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Mississippi Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips Sponsored Links TripAdvisor Equatorial Guinea (Africa) google_ad_client = 'pub-1894504138907931'; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; google_ad_format = '120x240_as'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel =''; google_color_border = ['336699','B4D0DC','DFF2FD','B0E0E6']; google_color_bg = ['FFFFFF','ECF8FF','DFF2FD','FFFFFF']; google_color_link = ['0000FF','0000CC','0000CC','000000']; google_color_url = ['008000','008000','008000','336699']; google_color_text = ['000000','6F6F6F','000000','333333']; Encyclopedia Equatorial Guinea Land and People Sections in this article: Introduction Land and People Economy History Bibliography The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia

59. African Indigenous Languages As Semi-official Languages: A Study In The Causes O Power was at last in the hands of the indigenous people of the capital city — a city As the language of governance, judiciary and banking, fang Beti has http://www2.univ-reunion.fr/~ageof/text/74c21e88-254.html

Accueil Structure Chercheurs Réalisations ... Alizés n°16 African Indigenous Languages as Semi-official Languages: A Study in the Causes of Political Conflicts in Africa opyright 1998 Alizés — ISSN : 1155-4363 1.0 The Beginnings B Colonialism thus gave birth to a new type of nationhood — a nationhood in which the natives surrendered their ethnic loyalties for those of the colonising power. This involved the acquisition and application of the Western notions of nationism and nationalism. Nationism denotes governance while nationalism denotes the patriotic feelings one has for one’s nation. In both governance and patriotism, language poses a problem. Governance requires, according to Fasold, “communication both within the governing institutions and between government and the people” (1984: 3). The people who were to be governed or who were being governed were illiterate and diverse. They needed to be educated and united. The need for the language of governance, that of education and national cohesion engendered the desire for an official language (OL) — a prestigious, bias-free highly efficient language capable of handling the functional load of governance, trade, modern religion and diplomacy. Only the colonising languages satisfied these requirements. They were therefore imposed as the official languages. 1.1 Indigenous Languages Under the Canopy

60. African Masks African peoples often symbolize death by the colour white rather than Having conquered the indigenous peoples, the Lunda gradually assimilated with them http://www.vub.ac.be/BIBLIO/nieuwenhuysen/african-art/african-art-collection-mas

Pictures / photos / images of some MASKS and headdresses in the African tribal, antique, ritual, ethnographic, classical, "primitive" art collection (of variable age, artistic quality, and degree of authenticity) Many African societies see masks as mediators between the living world and the supernatural world of the dead, ancestors and other entities. Masks became and still become the attribute of a dressed up dancer who gave it life and word at the time of ceremonies. In producing a mask, a sculptor's aim is to depict a person's psychological and moral characteristics, rather than provide a portrait. The sculptor begins by cutting a piece of wood and leaving it to dry in the sun; if it cracks, it cannot be used for a mask. African sculptors see wood as a complex living material and believe each piece can add its own feature to their work. Having made certain the wood is suitable, the sculptor begins, using an azde to carve the main features, a chisel to work on details and a rough leaf to sand the piece. He then paints the mask with pigments such as charcoal (to give a black colour), powders made from vegetable matter or trees (for ochre/earth tones) or mineral powders like clay (to give a white colour).

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