81. Battered Mothers, Research & Action Report Battered mothers Fight to Survive the family Court System. Human rights abuse charges are commonly used to attempt to tarnish http://www.wcwonline.org/o-rr25-1b.html

Download the current Report Download previous years' Reports Battered Mothers Fight to Survive the Family Court System Human rights abuse charges are commonly used to attempt to tarnish Battered Mothers Speak Out , a report published by BMTP in November 2002, documents the human rights violations battered women suffer when they fight against their abusers for custody of their children in the Massachusetts family courts. Since 1999, project codirectors Carrie Cuthbert and Kim Slote have been gathering evidence about court processes and outcomes from abuse survivors, their advocates and counselors, and from state judicial and government officials. Ironically, Massachusetts is a leader in addressing domestic violence Mixed Message from the State Rising Activism Massachusetts Probate and Family Court did send copies to every family court judge. And women continue to call the project months after the initial media coverage has died down. Human Rights Perspective The publication of Battered Mothers Speak Out The BMTP team sees their work as a call for more research, activism, and action at the national level. Driggers, an expert in court reform, is currently pursuing possible sources of funding for a new project on gender and justice aimed at national legislation, expanded research, and broader advocacy.

82. Sudan Thus, the rights and obligations outlined in Sudanese family law differ significantly Mother The mother inherits onesixth when a child, son s child, http://usembassy.egnet.net/sudan/pslaw.htm

Khartoum, Sudan February, 2001 PERSONAL STATUS LAWS IN SUDAN Personal status laws in Sudan govern legal procedures that pertain to familial relations, including marriage, divorce, child custody and inheritance. These laws are based on the Shari'a , the divine law of Islam, and unlike other aspects of Sudanese law, the realm of personal status was influenced only marginally by European legal models. Thus, the rights and obligations outlined in Sudanese family law differ significantly from Western conceptions. This paper provides a brief introduction to the major Sudanese laws that Americans may encounter. qadis . The qadis issued judgements on a case-by-case basis according to the principles of the Qur'an , the holy book of Islam. MARRIAGE Muslim witnesses (Section 26, Muslim Personal Matters Act, 1991). orfy or traditional weddings are valid but do not guarantee the wife's legal rights. For example, in an orfy customary marriage, a woman is not entitled to alimony or pension, has no judicial protection without official recognition by her spouse, and must file a legal petition to establish her children's' parentage.

83. Overlawyered: Family Law Archives (Sue Anne Pressley, Mother Who Smoked Near family Gets Jail , Washington Post, Aug. 13). Women s rights British law, or Islamic? , Nov. 13, 2001. http://www.overlawyered.com/archives/cat_family_law.html

Overlawyered Chronicling the high cost of our legal system September 12, 2005 Married man posed as single And so Tiffany Wang and Jing Huang, who fell for Dr. Khaled Zeitoun's online sweet-talk, want cash damages for infliction of severe emotional distress. Their lawyers are suing in Manhattan Supreme Court. (Kerry Burke and Helen Peterson, "Doctor real strange love", New York Daily News, Sept. 9 Posted by Walter Olson at 10:26 AM August 30, 2005 Religious disbelief and child custody Eugene Volokh ( Aug. 29 ) finds particularly egregious and at odds with the First Amendment the practice of courts in various states of "discrimination in favor of religious parents and against irreligious ones, or in favor of more religious parents and against less religious ones, in child custody cases, on the theory that it's in the child's 'best interests' (that's the relevant legal test) to be raised with a religious education." For more on civil disabilities of freethinkers, see Jan. 21-23, 2000 P.S. Reader John Steele Gordon writes to say, "It seems to me that the ACLU could much more profitably direct its jihad against religion at these cases, which do a great deal of harm to real people, than at carvings of the Ten Commandments on public property, which do not." And here's quite a bit more from Eugene.

84. Breastfeeding And The Law family law — Custody and visitation (parenting time) decisions are made in Occasionally issues arise concerning whether a breastfeeding mother can http://www.lalecheleague.org/LawMain.html

HOME What's New About LLLI Catalogue ... Alumnae 1400 N. Meacham Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4808 USA (847) 519-7730 FAQs (by general topic) FAQs (by FAQ) N EW B EGINNINGS ... Valued Advertisers Breastfeeding and the Law BREASTFEEDING LEGISLATION A Current Summary of Breastfeeding Legislation in the U.S. This article has information on the right to breastfeed, as well as a comprehensive and up-to-date state-by-state listing of breastfeeding legislation in the United States. (Updated July 2005) A Look at Enacting Breastfeeding Legislation (April 4, 1999) Breastfeeding Legislation in the United States (an article that traces the history of breastfeeding legislation up to 1994 in the LLL publication NEW BEGINNINGS). Breastfeeding Legislation in Italy (from LLL Italy) BREASTFEEDING AND FAMILY LAW: The Breastfeeding Relationship and Visitation Plans (from NEW BEGINNINGS) Breastfeeding and Divorce In the Best Interest of Breastfed Babies (custody issues) (1997) EXTENDED BREASTFEEDING Extended Breastfeeding and the Law (reprinted from Mothering Magazine, 1993)

85. A Look At Enacting Breastfeeding Legislation In looking at giving a mother the right to breastfeed, the following Some have considered enacting laws that required mothers to breastfeed discreetly. http://www.lalecheleague.org/Law/LawEnact.html

HOME What's New About LLLI Catalogue ... Alumnae 1400 N. Meacham Road, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4808 USA (847) 519-7730 A Current Summary of Breastfeeding Legislation in the U.S. A Current Summary of Proposed Breastfeeding Legislation in the U.S. A Look at Enacting Breastfeeding Legislation Breastfeeding Legislation in the United States ... So I Nursed Him Every 45 Minutes A Look at Enacting Breastfeeding Legislation By Elizabeth N. Baldwin, JD April 4, 1999 Contents Breastfeeding Legislation: An Overview The Constitutional Right to Breastfeed Restrictions on the Right to Breastfeed Promoting and Supporting Breastfeeding Legislation ... Conclusion BREASTFEEDING LEGISLATION: AN OVERVIEW In the United States, breastfeeding legislation has been enacted nearly one-third of the states over the past six years, and many more states have pending bills. This article gives some pointers on enacting legislation. THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO BREASTFEED RESTRICTIONS ON THE RIGHT TO BREASTFEED PROMOTING AND SUPPORTING BREASTFEEDING LEGISLATION TYPES OF LEGISLATION THAT CAN HELP PROMOTE BREASTFEEDING Different types of legislation can affect different breastfeeding issues. Certainly the most common is legislation regarding breastfeeding in public. This section will look at various types of breastfeeding legislation, with pointers on how they could be approached.

86. Shirin Ebadi - Autobiography Representing the mother of Arin Golshani, a child separated from her mother as a “The Child and family law”; A series of articles appearing in the http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/2003/ebadi-bio.html

HOME SITE HELP ABOUT SEARCH ... EDUCATIONAL I was born in the city of Hamedan [northwestern Iran] in 1947. My family were academics and practising Muslims. At the time of my birth my father was the head of Hamedan's Registry Office. My father, Mohammad Ali Ebadi, one of the first lecturers in commercial law, had written several books. He passed away in 1993. I spent my childhood in a family filled with kindness and affection. I have two sisters and a brother all of whom are highly educated. My mother dedicated all her time and devotion to our upbringing. I came to Tehran with my family when I was a one year old and have since been a resident in the capital. I began my education at Firuzkuhi primary school and went on to Anoshiravn Dadgar and Reza Shah Kabir secondary schools for my higher education. I sat the Tehran University entrance exams and gained a place at the Faculty of Law in 1965. I received my law degree in three-and-a-half years, and immediately sat the entrance exams for the Department of Justice. After a six-month apprenticeship in adjudication, I began to serve officially as a judge in March 1969. While serving as a judge, I continued my education and obtained a doctorate with honours in private law from Tehran University in 1971.

87. Long Island & New York Divorce Attorney, Child Custody Lawyer, Family Law Firm - This could be the nonbiological father or mother who held him or If you think you may be in this situation, consult a family law attorney to http://www.sarilaw.com/art3.htm

HOME FAQ ARTICLES PRESS COVERAGE ... CHILDREN'S RIGHTS NON-BIOLOGICAL PARENTS MAY HAVE RIGHTS IN GAINING CUSTODY OR VISITATION By Sari M. Friedman, General Counsel FRANY and FRALI A new precedent setting Appellate Court decision in August 1998 may have opened the door for non-biological fathers to claim custody or visitation rights even when the biological parent is not unfit. With this Appellate decision, the court has perhaps belatedly recognized changing lifestyles and the need to make decisions based on the best interests of the child. Before this decision last year, a biological parent who had not abandoned his or her child and who was not deemed to be unfit, had a paramount right over all others concerning custody. For years, the courts have recognized only biological and adoptive parents and grandparents in granting custody and visitation rights. Applying the Doctrine of Equitable Estoppel According to Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, the word estoppel means "a bar to alleging or denying a fact because of one's own previous actions or words to the contrary." Equitable Estoppel is used in the interest of

88. Family Law: Free Legal Information Free family law information for individuals and small businesses written by Mother gave her surname to the boy at birth, but I want to change the http://family-law.freeadvice.com/

Visit Our New Insurance Advice Site Get Legal Forms Download 36,000+ Legal Forms Find an Attorney Now on AttorneyPages.com Free Initial Consultations Post Your Case to an Attorney No Cost. No Obligation Ask a Question on Law Forums Search 600,000+ Answers Entire Site Legal Q and A Law Forum Q and A Current Topic Home Related Topics Adoption Law Child Custody Child Support Divorce Law ... Click Here For Other Legal Topics Family Law Questions General Family Law Questions What is marital status? What are the legal requirements for being married? What is a ‘common law marriage?’ Do I have to take a blood test? ... What is the age without parental consent in wyoming? Adoption What is ‘adoption’ in a legal sense? What is ‘equitable adoption’ or ‘adoption by estoppel?’ Alien spouse and foreign relatives How can I bring my family or relatives to the united states permanently? I am illegal in the u.s. but entered the u.s. legally. I have just married a u.s. citizen. How do I apply for my green card? I am a u.s. citizen, but my spouse is not. Our child was born outside the united states and I want the child to be a u.s. citizen. How do go about it? I am a u.s. citizen and I am engaged to a foreigner. How can I bring him/her to the u.s.? Annulment What is an ‘annulment’?

89. Child Support And Accountability family law has done a lot to undermine support for programs like AFDC. A mother (and rarely a father) receives AFDC and food stamps and medicaid and http://www.menweb.org/throop/child-support/commentary/account.html

From: MARBROCK@RO.COM ( Martin Brock Newsgroups: alt.mens-rights,soc.men,soc.women,alt.feminism,alt.feminazis,alt.child-support,alt.support.divorce Date: 17 Sep 1995 18:26:15 GMT Message-ID: (43hp87$fn2@hammer.msfc.nasa.gov) Child Support and Accountability Carol Ann Hemingway, leftylu@ix.netcom.com wrote: Women are legally accountable to support their children, as are men. Any "requirement" to inform a father of paternity would seem to be in violation of a person's right to privacy as well as an impossibility in some cases. Respect of parental rights should be addressed if there are problems in that area. I n my state, custodial parents, usually women, are granted an unrebuttable presumption of compliance with their theoretical obligation to support, meaning the court may not entertain evidence of nonsupport. There are noncustodial mothers paying child support, but they are much less likely than noncustodial fathers to pay. The only noncustodial mother I know pays no support. She was never ordered to support. I like this woman. She's a close friend, but if she were a man, she'd be obligated to support. When NCP and men's groups have tried to modify child support guidelines to create a genuine obligation for CPs, feminist groups have lined up to oppose the effort.

90. Baghdad Burning My mother deliberated washing them by hand but I convinced her it would be a 173 on changing family law to Shari a. I ve been darkly mulling over the http://riverbendblog.blogspot.com/2004_01_01_riverbendblog_archive.html

Girl Blog from Iraq... let's talk war, politics and occupation. BBC News New York Times AlterNet Al-Jazeera in English ... email riverbend Archives Baghdad Burning ... I'll meet you 'round the bend my friend, where hearts can heal and souls can mend... Saturday, January 31, 2004 A Whole Bunch of Links... I have a lot of links to share. There are several new Iraqi bloggers. The first blog to introduce is the Iraqi Agora - a group blog by Iraqis inside and outside of Iraq. It's basically a blog for Iraqis too lazy to begin their own blog. The truth is that 3 of the contributing bloggers ( Salam Liminal and I) have our own blogs. The guy calling himself 'Liminal' is a twenty-something Iraqi living in the US and you'll have to read his personal blog to learn more about him . Hurria is an Iraqi woman who has lived abroad for a long time and has some fantastic opinions about... everything. Torshe is another Iraqi abroad and is new to blogging but you won't want to miss him either. You'll have to be patient with the group blog because we're still getting it on its feet (and Liminal is doing most of the work). I have two other contributors inside of Iraq interested in blogging on it. Another Iraqi blog is Iraqi's Iraqi Spirit by an Iraqi network engineer in his 30s and he warns you that his blog is not meant to be politically correct.

91. Aitken Walker Strachan - Jacqueline Campbell - CCH Family Law News Article 2002 The mother and coparent disagreed. The Court accepted the father s version The case demonstrated that the family law Act lags behind social change in http://www.aitken.com.au/publications/CCHJJC1.htm

Newsletter - Directions Family Law Supplement Published Articles Seminar Papers CCH Family Law News - April 2002 Re Patrick - Initial Impressions Jacky Campbell In Re Patrick [2002] Fam CA 193 the Family Court considered an application by a mother and her lesbian co-parent to reduce contact between Patrick and his sperm donor father. Justice Guest not only ordered that Patrick continue to have contact with his sperm donor father but ordered that it gradually increase. At one level the eagerly awaited judgment merely confirmed a child's right of contact "with other people significant to their care, welfare and development" (sec 60B(2)(b)). The sperm donor father was "concerned" with a child's "care, welfare and development" and could therefore apply for a parenting order (sec 65C). However, there were some more complex issues such as the rights and responsibilities of "parents" whose "family" is not the heterosexual nuclear model. The Court placed considerable importance on the discussions that occurred between the parties prior to Patrick's conception. Any agreement was relevant but not binding on the Court. The father argued that he was intended to be a "known" figure. The mother and co-parent disagreed. The Court accepted the father's version of events. In doing so, the Court was heavily influenced by the father's demonstrated commitment to the conception and to the child. The father said there were 27 attempts at artificial insemination. The mother said there were 35. At paragraph 140 His Honour said in relation to the father's commitment to the conception:

92. National Women's Law Center The National Women s law Center s mission is to to protect and advance the family Ties Improving Paternity Establishment Practices and Procedures for http://www.nwlc.org/display.cfm?section=child and family support

93. Maldives law on the Protection of the rights of the Child (law 9/91) primarily, remain with their mother; if this is not deemed appropriate (if, for example, http://www.law.emory.edu/IFL/legal/maldives.htm

Maldives, Republic of *Please note this is just a draft and all contents are still under revision.* Legal Table Legal Text Legal System/History The legal system is based on English common law and Islamic law; the former is particularly influential in certain areas such as commercial law. The Maldives were never under direct British rule but had the status of a protected state without actually becoming a protectorate. Full independence from protected status under the United Kingdom was obtained in July 1965. There appears to be little information available in English on the legal history of the Maldives, apart from anecdotal tales of travelers. School(s) of Fiqh Shafi’i majority, Ja’fari minority; officially only non-Muslim Maldivian residents are expatriates as Maldivian law also only grants citizenship to Muslims. Constitutional Status of Islam(ic) Law The Constitution came into effect on 1 st January 1998. Article 1 identifies was adopted identifies Maldives as a “democratic republic based on the principles of Islam”; Article 7 states that Islam is the state religion; Article 16 allows for criminal defense “in accordance with shari’a ”; Article 23 protects property rights, except “as provided by law or

94. Mary Ann Mason: From Father's Property To Children's Rights: A History Of Child Only when the family breaks down, by virtue of the death of one or more parents, laws conferring an equal status on the custodial rights of mother and http://www.grad.berkeley.edu/deans/mason/booksfathersintroduction.shtml

From Father’s Property To Children’s Rights: A History of Child Custody View First Ten Pages Mary Ann Mason 1994, Columbia University Press This title is available at your favorite online or local bookseller Introduction This book traces the historical development of the American family, and focuses specifically on the evolution of legal rules determining who shall have custody and control over a child. In examining child custody it is charting new parental competence. If parents violated these laws they risked losing custody of their children. At the same time the state, for the first time, considered aiding poor but "worthy" mothers rather than removing their children when they were unable to support them. These state actions established the structure for the modern child welfare system. The earlier judicial trend preferring mothers in custody disputes following divorce became nearly universally established in case law and was ratified by many state legislatures. Focusing on child custody offers us a unique window from which to view American history, it provides an intimate view of childhood and parenting, but also allows us to see how the law in this arena responds to social change. Among the many factors that affect a society's view of children, the changing status of their mothers is perhaps the most important. Both the organized movement for womens rights and the changing role of women in the economy have affected the way society views children and thus have critically impacted child custody law.

95. Welcome To Tunisia Online, Your Digital Gateway To News And Information On Tunis The 9897 law related to family names and issued on October 28, 1998, gives a mother the right to give her family name to her child of unknown parentage. http://www.tunisiaonline.com/women/

Women and Civil Rights Women and Socio-economic Rights Women and Public Life Women's Institutions Tunisian Women in Figures Women and Civil Rights The principle of equality of men and women with respect to citizenship and before the courts is expressly stipulated in Tunisian legal texts. As early as 1956, the Code of Personal Status established a new organization of the family based on equality of rights, through a series of provisions that included: the abolition of polygamy; the establishment of judicial divorce proceedings, granting both spouses the right to request divorce; setting the minimum age for marriage at 17 for girls, and providing that they must consent to the marriage; in the case of death of the child's father, granting the mother the right of custody of their minor children. The new amendments announced by the President of the Republic on August 13, 1992 have, meanwhile, strengthened the place of women still further, confirming the principle according to which their rights are inseparable from those of men, eliminating legal provisions that could be interpreted as discriminatory and sexist. These amendments, adopted by the Chamber of Deputies in July 1993, stipulate in particular: that the two spouses "must treat each other with kindness and consideration, and assist each other in the management of the household and the affairs of their children." This provision replaces the former clause providing that "the woman must obey her husband";

96. Mother's Lawsuit Challenges Run-away Child Protection Law Read about the Mueller s fight to change child protection law. THE RIGHT TO family ASSOCIATION INCLUDES THE RIGHT OF PARENTS TO MAKE IMPORTANT MEDICAL http://www.cir-usa.org/cases/mueller_v_idaho.html

Home Cases Mueller v. Idaho information page Parents' right to make medical decisions at stake in lawsuit. Corissa Mueller and her daughter Taige A runaway child protective services system is not high on the list of concerns of most civil libertarians these days. But when an infant is seized by state protective services in order to administer a spinal tap which even the child's doctor concedes is optional it's time to pay attention. The infant is Taige Mueller, who lives in Boise, Idaho. In August 2002, a few weeks after birth, she came down with a temperature. As a newborn child is especially vulnerable to infection, her doctor advised her mother, Corissa Mueller, to take her to nearby St. Luke's Medical Center. Corissa who has a degree in chemical engineering discussed Taige's treatment with the physician, including the risks and benefits of treating her for meningitis. Thinking Taige was suffering the aftereffects of the family's recent bout with the flu, she asked to defer a spinal tap until other, less invasive (and risky) treatments had been tried. The doctor agreed. Unbeknownst to Corissa, though, the concerns she voiced about the risks of a spinal tap triggered a call to Child Protective Services, which then spiraled into the forcible seizure of Taige. The police officers restrained Corissa (one on each arm) and took her down the hall while the doctor performed the spinal tap. This despite the fact that, by then, her temperature had returned to normal.

97. Mailing List Archive For 2005: [AKidsRight.Org] Happy Mother's Org Happy Mother s Days/ Sunday NY Times on Reform/ Setbacks in will have a chance to weigh in on both the goals and methods of family law reform. http://www.kids-right.org/archive/archive2005/0033.html

Date view Thread view Subject view Author view From: webmaster@AKidsRight.org Date: Sat May 07 2005 - 13:44:43 EDT Next message: Previous message: John Murtari: "[AKidsRight.Org] Senator Clinton Help Us (May 6th - Syracuse) / Your FEEDBACK" http://www.AKidsRight.Org/civil_back.htm "Place me like a seal over your heart, like a seal on your arm; for love is as strong as death, its passion unyielding as the grave. It burns like a blazing fire, like a mighty flame. Many waters cannot quench love; rivers cannot wash it away. If one were to give all the wealth of his house for love, it would be utterly scorned." Song of Songs 8:6-7 2. Sunday - buy the NY Times, major story on F-4-J & reform. - [Most of us probably don't buy the Sunday NY Times. Make this Sunday an exception. From what we have heard this will be an in depth story and should be VERY educational for anyone involved in reform. A 'major' media source will have a chance to 'weigh in' on both the goals and methods of Family Law reform. It should be interesting. - Ed.] Submitted by: Ron Jagannathan < ron.jagannathan@gmail.com

98. Reviewjournal.com -- News: MESQUITE STABBINGS: Mother's Rights Upheld MESQUITE STABBINGS Mother s rights upheld. Judge orders child welfare officials Under the law, to sever a parent s right to a relationship with a child http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2005/Jun-02-Thu-2005/news/26647733.html

Member Center Recent Editions Th F S Su ... E-briefing CHANNEL DIRECTORY Auto Guide Books Community Coupons ... Jobs at the R-J Thursday, June 02, 2005 MESQUITE STABBINGS: Mother's rights upheld Judge orders child welfare officials to work to reunite paralyzed teen with Schmidt By GLENN PUIT REVIEW-JOURNAL Tamara Schmidt talks to the media Wednesday after a custody hearing in the courtroom of Family Court Judge Gerald Hardcastle. Photo by Clint Karlsen "It cannot be ignored that for the past two years, Tamara has evidenced a commitment to Brittney and a commitment to changing the behaviors in her life that caused Brittney to come into foster care." GERALD HARDCASTLE FAMILY COURT JUDGE A judge on Wednesday refused to sever the parental rights of the mother who was out gambling when her two children were stabbed at a Mesquite RV park in 2003. Family Court Judge Gerald Hardcastle's ruling means Tamara Schmidt eventually might regain custody of her surviving daughter, 13-year-old Brittney Bergeron. "I'm relieved," Schmidt said following the judge's ruling. "It means Brittney's coming home one day. "This is my daughter. She's all I've got left."

99. Hale And Dorr Legal Services Center - Individual Rights Unit Updated Fall 2004. Individual rights Unit Working in the HIV/AIDS law Clinic presented different challenges. Helping the clients think through what http://www.law.harvard.edu/academics/clinical/lsc/hellp.htm

Updated Fall 2004 current news community enterprise consumer protection family law ... home The Hale and Dorr Legal Services Center Health, Employment, Living Legacy and Planning Unit (HELLP) The HELLP Unit operates as a general civil law practice offering a broad range of assistance in the areas of estate planning and consumer rights, employment rights, and an administrative law practice/disability rights. The unit, which is divided into three sections, serves clients in the community, yet specifically reaches out to provide services to the terminally ill, disabled and elderly. Questions about the HELLP Unit, which is divided into three sections, should be directed to Robert Greenwald , Senior Clinical Instructor ( rgreenwa@law.harvard.edu

100. Background On Women's Status In Iraq Prior To The Fall Of The Saddam Hussein Gov Article 4 established the right to equal pay. Under the Maternal law of 1971, Qasim was executed in 1963 and many of the family law reforms he had http://hrw.org/backgrounder/wrd/iraq-women.htm

Home News Releases About HRW Get Involved ... Humanity Denied Systematic Violations of Women's Rights in Afghanistan FREE Join the HRW Mailing List Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper Background on Women's Status in Iraq Prior to the Fall of the Saddam Hussein Government November, 2003 Printer Friendly Version PDF 5 pages Key Sections Women's Status in Iraq Prior to the 1991 Gulf War Women's Status in the Post-Gulf War Years Related Material Iraq: Insecurity Driving Women Indoors Press Release, July 16, 2003 Climate of Fear: Sexual Violence and abduction of Women and girls in Baghdad Report, July 2003 Historically, Iraqi women and girls have enjoyed relatively more rights than many of their counterparts in the Middle East. The Iraqi Provisional Constitution (drafted in 1970) formally guaranteed equal rights to women and other laws specifically ensured their right to vote, attend school, run for political office, and own property. Yet, since the 1991 Gulf War, the position of women within Iraqi society has deteriorated rapidly. Women and girls were disproportionately affected by the economic consequences of the U.N. sanctions, and lacked access to food, health care, and education. These effects were compounded by changes in the law that restricted women's mobility and access to the formal sector in an effort to ensure jobs to men and appease conservative religious and tribal groups. Women's Status in Iraq Prior to the 1991 Gulf War After seizing power in 1968, the secular Ba'ath party embarked on a program to consolidate its authority and to achieve rapid economic growth despite labor shortages.

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