41. EXPERT SYSTEMS an expert system is a computer program which uses nonnumerical domain-specificknowledge to solve problems with a competence comparable with that of human http://www.hf.uio.no/iakk/roger/lithic/expsys.html

EXPERT SYSTEMS LITHAN LITHic ANalysis of stone tools FAST Functional Analysis of Stone Tools EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR LITHIC ANALYSIS by Roger Grace "an expert system is a computer program which uses non-numerical domain-specific knowledge to solve problems with a competence comparable with that of human experts" (( Doran 1988 EXAMPLE of a simple expert system to identify 20Kroner, 5Kroner and 1Kroner Norwegian coins. The first step is to identify the variables- SIZE COLOUR DECORATION Then assign a range of values for each variable- SIZE COLOUR silver bronze DECORATION head crown ship lion Then rules are constructed that identify the coins by combinations of attributes (attributes are the particular value of a variable e.g., a coin can have the attribute of being silver in colour, or decorated with a lion). RULES: These rules can be simplified to extract the distinguishing features of the coins (or stone tool types in LITHAN or tool function in FAST) When dealing with incomplete specimens which have missing attributes, 'fuzzy logic' is employed in order to make probability statements. ( see a tutorial on fuzzy logic IF COLOUR is bronze THEN add 1 into coinA IF COLOUR is silver THEN add 1 into coinB IF DECORATION is ship THEN add 1 into coinA IF DECORATION is crown THEN add 1 into coinB From these 'scores' fuzzy logic probabilities can be assigned- IF coinA = 3 Then coin is a 20Kroner (fuzzy logic probability of 1) IF coinB = 3 Then coin is a 1Kroner (fuzzy logic probability of 1)

42. 1 Introduction expert systems are computer applications which embody some nonalgorithmicexpertise for solving certain types of problems. For example, expert systems are http://www.amzi.com/ExpertSystemsInProlog/01introduction.htm

1 Introduction Over the past several years there have been many implementations of expert systems using various tools and various hardware platforms, from powerful LISP machine workstations to smaller personal computers. The technology has left the confines of the academic world and has spread through many commercial institutions. People wanting to explore the technology and experiment with it have a bewildering selection of tools from which to choose. There continues to be a debate as to whether or not it is best to write expert systems using a high-level shell, an AI language such as LISP or Prolog, or a conventional language such as C. This book is designed to teach you how to build expert systems from the inside out. It presents the various features used in expert systems, shows how to implement them in Prolog, and how to use them to solve problems. The code presented in this book is a foundation from which many types of expert systems can be built. It can be modified and tuned for particular applications. It can be used for rapid prototyping. It can be used as an educational laboratory for experimenting with expert system concepts. 1.1 Expert Systems

43. Expert Systems Home Page expert systems journal information, contents lists and abstracts on the Blackwell ISI Journal Citation Reports® Ranking 2004 75/78 (computer Science http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0266-4720

44. Browse For "Expert Systems (Computer Science)--Periodicals" eJournals Results Browse for expert systems (computer science)Periodicals .Found 22 results showing 1 through 22 http://www.lib.unb.ca/eresources/jour_res.php?exsubject=Expert systems (Computer

45. The Joshua Lederberg Papers: Computers, Artificial Intelligence, And Expert Syst computers, Artificial Intelligence, and expert systems in Biomedical Research He envisioned expert, or knowledgebased, computer systems that could http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/BB/Views/Exhibit/narrative/ai.html

Skip navigation Home Collection Home Search ... About The Joshua Lederberg Papers Computers, Artificial Intelligence, and Expert Systems in Biomedical Research Biographical Information The Development of Bacterial Genetics Transduction, Plasmids, and the Foundation of Biotechnology Launching a New Science: Exobiology and the Exploration of Space Computers, Artificial Intelligence, and Expert Systems in Biomedical Research Science and the Public Interest Documents Visuals Computer science and molecular biology both developed during the two decades after World War II. Geneticists like Joshua Lederberg were the first to link the two disciplines. Francis Crick and Marshall Nirenberg, for instance, drew on information theory and the principles of computing to decipher the genetic code in the 1950s and 1960s. Lederberg himself not only borrowed concepts but entered the field of computer science itself, staking out a new area of scientific research: the acquisition, systematization, visualization, and dissemination of biomedical knowledge by computer. Computer science, information theory, and biology continue to influence one another today, as neuroscientists use computers to model the human brain, and as computer designers draw on molecular and neurobiology to devise neural networks and molecular computers. Lederberg's goal in introducing computers into biomedical research was to aid researchers and physicians in problem-solving, decision-making, and diagnostic processes requiring analysis of a large amount of instrument and clinical data. He envisioned expert, or knowledge-based, computer systems that could emulate the inductive reasoning of scientists and doctors, as well as their ability to learn from experience, through artificial intelligence. Under Lederberg's initiative, Stanford University during the 1960s and 1970s moved to the forefront of this undertaking, which was joined by a small number of research institutions and private businesses around the country and in western Europe.

46. Introduction Anyway, expert systems are meant to solve real problems which normally would Extracting it from the expert in a way that can be used by a computer is http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~alison/ai3notes/section2_5_1.html

Next: Designing an Expert Up: Expert Systems Previous: Expert Systems Introduction So far we have talked alot about how we can represent knowledge, but not so much about how we can use it to solve real practical problems. This section will therefore look at how some of the techniques discussed so far are used in expert systems - systems which provide expert quality advice, diagnoses and recommendations given real world problems. Anyway, expert systems are meant to solve real problems which normally would require a specialised human expert (such as a doctor or a minerologist). Building an expert system therefore first involves extracting the relevant knowledge from the human expert. Such knowledge is often heuristic in nature, based on useful ``rules of thumb'' rather than absolute certainties. Extracting it from the expert in a way that can be used by a computer is generally a difficult task, requiring its own expertise. A knowledge engineer has the job of extracting this knowledge and building the expert system knowledge base A first attempt at building an expert system is unlikely to be very successful. This is partly because the expert generally finds it very difficult to express exactly what knowledge and rules they use to solve a problem. Much of it is almost subconscious, or appears so obvious they don't even bother mentioning it.

47. [1-3] Bibliography Of Expert Systems Books, Introductions, Documentation, Period Fundamentals of expert systems , Annual Review of computer Science 3, 2358,1988. Joseph Giarratano and Gary Riley, expert systems Principles and http://www.faqs.org/faqs/ai-faq/expert/part1/section-3.html

Single Page Top Document: FAQ: Expert System Shells 1/1 [Monthly posting] Previous Document: [1-2] Other Sources of Information Next Document: [1-4] Note about 'Real-Time' expert systems Usenet FAQs Search Web FAQs ... RFC Index [1-3] Bibliography of Expert Systems books, introductions, documentation, periodicals, and conference proceedings. This section contains a list of key references and introductions about Production Systems, Expert Systems, and Match Algorithms. For other AI-related books, see part 4 of the AI FAQ. Overviews and Texts: Bruce G. Buchanan and Edward H. Shortliffe, "Rule-Based Expert Systems: The MYCIN Experiments of the Stanford Heuristic Programming Project", Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1985. The Davis and King paper (chapter 4, "An overview of production systems") provides a good overview. Frederick Hayes-Roth, "The knowledge based expert system: A tutorial", IEEE Computer 17(9):11-28, 1984. Bruce G. Buchanan and R.O. Duda, "Principles of Rule-Based Systems", Tech Report HPP-82-14, 1982. (Discusses the design of expert systems, including representation, inference, and uncertainty management. Examples from numerous specific systems, and discusses which problems are suitable for attack by rule-based systems.) Send email to gsmith@hpp.stanford.edu

48. FAQ: Expert System Shells 1/1 [Monthly Posting] AI expert Magazine publishes an expert systems Resource Guide once per year, The February 1991 issue of IEEE computer has an article about expert http://www.faqs.org/faqs/ai-faq/expert/part1/

MultiPage FAQ: Expert System Shells 1/1 [Monthly posting] There are reader questions on this topic! Help others by sharing your knowledge From: mkant+@cs.cmu.edu (Mark Kantrowitz) Newsgroups: comp.ai comp.ai.shells mkant+ai-faq@cs.cmu.edu http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Web/Groups/AI/html/faqs/ai/expert/part1/faq.html ... ai+query@cs.cmu.edu with Send ESS FAQ in the message body. The FAQ postings are also archived in the periodic posting archive on rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/ai-faq/expert/ [18.181.0.24] If you do not have anonymous ftp access, you can access the archive by mail server as well. Send an E-mail message to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with "help" and "index" in the body on separate lines for more information. An automatically generated HTML version of this FAQ is accessible by WWW as part of the AI-related FAQs Mosaic page. The URL for this resource is http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Web/Groups/AI/html/faqs/top.html The direct URL for the Expert Systems FAQ is http://www.cs.cmu.edu/Web/Groups/AI/html/faqs/ai/expert/top.html ptf@cfcl.com gsmith@hpp.stanford.edu PPI@pergamon.com ... a.sangster@aberdeen.ac.uk Subject: [1-4] Note about 'Real-Time' expert systems Many "real-time" expert systems are 'soft' real-time systems, in that they claim to be fast. A 'hard' real-time system would have features that guarantee a response within a fixed amount of real-time (e.g., bounded computation, not just a fast match-recognize-act cycle). Systems like G2 use event-driven processing (restricting certain rules to execute only when specific WM elements change in a particular way) as a method of limiting forward chaining.

49. What Is An Expert System? ERIC Digest. expert systems are computerized tools designed to enhance the quality andavailability of The computer s operating system plays an important role in the http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9220/expert.htm

Site Links Home Search for ERIC Digests About Libraries ... Espanol ERIC Identifier Publication Date Author : Boss, Richard W. Source : ERIC Clearinghouse on Information Resources Syracuse NY. What Is An Expert System? ERIC Digest. Expert systems are computerized tools designed to enhance the quality and availability of knowledge required by decision makers in a wide range of industries. They augment conventional programs such as databases, word processors, and spreadsheet analysis. Expert systems differ from conventional applications software in the following ways: o The expert system shell, or interpreter. o The existence of a "knowledge base," or system of related concepts that enable the computer to approximate human judgment. o The sophistication of the user interface. THE EXPERT SYSTEM SHELL While any conventional programming language can be used to build a knowledge base, the expert system shell simplifies the process of creating a knowledge base. It is the shell that actually processes the information entered by a user; relates it to the concepts contained in the knowledge base; and provides an assessment or solution for a particular problem. Thus, an expert system shell provides a layer between the user interface and computer operating system to manage the input and output of data. It also manipulates the information provided by the user in conjunction with the knowledge base to arrive at a particular conclusion. The structure of the shell is very similar to that of an interpreter or a front-end to a database program. The shell also manages the user interface, performing functions that range from the validation of numeric values entered on the screen to management of the mouse and the representation of graphical objects.

50. SOME EXPERT SYSTEMS NEED COMMON SENSE (12-May-1996) Some expert systems Need Common Sense was first published in computer CultureThe Scientific, Intellectual and Social Impact of the computer, Heinz Pagels, http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/someneed.html

SOME EXPERT SYSTEMS NEED COMMON SENSE Some Expert Systems Need Common Sense was first published in Computer Culture: The Scientific, Intellectual and Social Impact of the Computer , Heinz Pagels, ed. vol. 426, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. .dvi .pdf and .ps versions are also available. Up to: McCarthy home page I welcome comments, and you can send them by clicking on jmc@cs.stanford.edu The number of hits on this page since 1995 May 12.

51. Development Of Integrated Criminal Justice Expert System Applications expert systems are computer programs that perform at the level of a human Unlike conventional computer programs, expert systems are designed to be http://ai.eller.arizona.edu/COPLINK/publications/develop/developm.html

Development of Integrated Criminal Justice Expert System Applications Kevin J. Lynch, M.S., Artificial Intelligence Group Management Information Systems Department University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona Frank J. Rodgers, B.S. Latent Print Section Supervisor Laboratory Bureau Phoenix Police Department Phoenix, Arizona Introduction Existing Systems The Phoenix Police Department is either using or installing a number of criminal justice information systems (CJIS). The summaries below give examples of the types of systems that might be integrated for substantial benefit to the law enforcement community: CAPRI - Computer-Aided Police Records Index - manages criminal history information at a local and regional level. Queries can be initiated on-site, from remote terminals, and from in-vehicle mobile data terminals. Data includes criminal histories, incident report references, name indexes, fingerprint classifications, personal identification numbers, subject demographic information and violence potential [23]. CAPRI is the forerunner of PACE, described below.

52. Computers > Expert Systems Because expert systems combine the expertise of engineers, computer scientists An expert system is a knowledgebased computer system that emulates the http://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/BUS/r_COM02500/p_1/Expert_Systems.htm

PowerSearch: Libri Italiani English Books DVD Reparto Selezionato Computers Buyer's Guides Calculators CD-ROM Technology ... Viruses Altri Reparti Architecture Art Cooking Drama ... True Crime Expert Systems Computers Agent-Based Software Development Autori: Michael Luck Ronald Ashri Artech House Publishers, February 2004 Agent technology promises to increase the flexibility and power of software systems to accommodate the next generation of computing, including intelligent Web services, e-business, and grid computing. This unique new reference offers the most thorough and comprehensive explanation of the methods, tools, standards and techniques... ( Continua Belief Revision Redattori: Peter Gardenfors, C. J. Van Rijsbergen Cambridge University Press, December 2003 Belief revision is a topic of much interest in theoretical computer science and logic, and it forms a central problem in research into artificial intelligence. In simplest terms it addresses the problem of updating a database of knowledge in the light of new information and... ( Continua Holographic Reduced Representation: Distributed Representation for Cognitive Structures Autore: Tony A. Plate

53. Expert Systems What Are Expert Systems? Expert Systems Are Simply expert systems are simply customwritten computer programs that are XCON isa commercial expert system that configures VAX computers for DEC and is the http://library.thinkquest.org/11534/expert.htm

Expert Systems are simply custom-written computer programs that are "expert" in some narrow problem area, and embody (to a certain extent) a true human expert's knowledge, experience and problem-solving strategies. Expert Systems have been used in many problem areas, such as medicine, chemistry, geology, meteorology, computer systems, etc. Expert Systems can generally be used in problem areas that: do not require common sense to solve are well understood data that is input to the expert system can be described objectively Human expertise is scarce Expertise needed in many locations, or in hostile environments there are considerable advantages in reaching an accurate answer quickly For Decision Support For Decision Making To remind a human expert of issues to consider, alternatives to explore, etc. that the human expert may have missed in his decision making. This type of Expert System is commonly found in the area of medicine. To aid a person in problem solving an area that he/she is unfamiliar in, or is inexperienced in. This type of expert system is commonly found in industrial systems. Human Experts Expert Systems Skills and knowledge can deterriorate over time Training human experts is an expensive and lengthy process that may not even guarentee good results Susceptible to emotional and psychological factors that can impair decision making Scarce and typically command high salaries Provides permenant expertise Artificial expertise avialable from expert systems is easily reproduced and transferred, simply by duplicating the computer program

54. PortBlue - What Are Expert Systems? expert systems are computer programs that are derived from a branch of computerscience research called Artificial Intelligence (AI). http://www.portblue.com/pub/what-are-expert-systems

Client Login home : what are expert systems? Home Knowledge Management Overview What are Expert Systems? What are Expert Systems? Expert systems are computer programs that are derived from a branch of computer science research called Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI's scientific goal is to understand intelligence by building computer programs that exhibit intelligent behavior. AI is concerned with the concepts and methods of symbolic inference, or reasoning, by a computer, and how the knowledge used to make those inferences will be represented inside the machine. Of course, the term intelligence reason about problems rather than calculate a solution. AI programs that achieve expert-level competence in solving problems in task areas by bringing to bear a body of knowledge about specific tasks are called knowledge-based or expert systems. Often, the term expert systems is reserved for programs whose knowledge base contains the knowledge used by human experts, in contrast to knowledge gathered from textbooks or non-experts. More often than not, the two terms, expert systems (ES) and knowledge-based systems (KBS), are used synonymously. Taken together, they represent the most widespread type of AI application. The area of human intellectual endeavor to be captured in an expert system is called the task domain Task refers to some goal-oriented, problem-solving activity.

55. COMP 275: Syllabus (UNC-CH Computer Science) The last offering of this course used the FLEX expert systems shell. Department of computer Science Campus Box 3175, Sitterson Hall http://www.cs.unc.edu/Admin/Courses/descriptions/275.html

Search our Site ON THIS PAGE: Course Objectives Prerequisites Approach Typical Text ... Course Outline COMP 275: Expert Systems (3 hours) Course Objectives Introduce research topics in Expert Systems. Prerequisites COMP 202. Approach The last offering of this course used the FLEX expert systems shell. We are switching from FLEX to CLIPS because of problems we had with FLEX. CLIPS is a forward-chaining production system written in ANSI C by NASA. CLIPS is being used by over 5,000 users throughout the public and private community. Another change in the course is that the second and third class meetings (January 12 and 17) will be devoted to viewing the video "Intelligent Systems", featuring the following lectures: Mind as Society, by Marvin Minsky Expert Systems, by Feigenbaum and Nii Artificial Intelligence, by John McCarthy Infinity and the Mind, by Rudy Rucker This video will give a general introduction to the (sometimes controversial) field of artificial intelligence. There will be 4-6 homework assignments, an exam somewhere near the middle of the course, and a project. The grade will be based approximately 30 % on the homework, 30 % on the exam, and 40 % on the project, which will typically be the implementation of an expert system in some area using CLIPS. This can be done by groups of 2-3 students or by individual students, according to preference. Possible areas of application will be presented. My areas of research include theorem proving and logic programming, so there may be possible thesis topics on the relationships of these areas to expert systems. I'm really interested to see how much of an expert system can be done by a powerful general theorem prover.

56. Course Technology -Expert Systems: Principles And Programming, Fourth Edition ( expert systems and how they fit into the scope of computer science; that isthe logic, Learning the advantages and disadvantages of expert systems, http://www.course.com/catalog/product.cfm?isbn=0-534-38447-1&CFID=1163798&CFTOKE

57. Artificial Intelligence And Expert Systems (from Computer) --  Britannica Stude Artificial intelligence and expert systems (from computer) The standard definitionof artificial intelligence is “the ability of a robot or computer to http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-199050?ct=

58. British Computer Society - Information Systems Expert Systems Books by topic computer Science Information systems expert systems. http://www.bcs.org/BCS/Products/Publications/Books/ComputerScience/infosystems.h

59. Computer Systems International Dryclean expert System is the most complete Drycleaning Software on the marketwith functionality and ease of use that is unmatched by any other http://www.compsysint.com/

SEARCH links news customers trade shows ... Click here to view our state-of-the-art TMS .net version. Now released. TMS is the .net version of DES based on the latest technology from Microsoft TMS i s the most complete Dry cleaning Software on the market with functionality and ease of use that is unmatched by any other dry-cleaning product. The system has been used by over 2200 drycleaners in the USA, Canada, Australia and East Asia since 1990. For more info on TMS click here For more info on Shoe Repair Management click here Touch Screen, Bar-coding System Complete Control on Inventory, Cash Over 110 Reports Online Credit Card System Email Delivery Notification System SQL Database DrycleanOnSite.com launches a new era in the drycleaning and laundry industry. OnSite ordering, OnSite free pick-up and delivery, next-day service at competitive rates. Best of all, unmatched workmanship that can only be ISO certified! Now, you can take care of all your drycleaning and laundry needs, OnSite anytime! No more waiting in line! No more trips to the drycleaners! No more inconvenient store hours! Instead of you coming to us, we will come to you - at work, at home, anywhere!

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Choose A High Performance Computer for your Home or Office from the Computer Expert. We offer Great Computer systems, computer upgrade, repair and services. If you're looking for a quality custom built computer system, we can help. Find discount computer hardware and discount computer software at Expert Computer. document.write(''); French German Italian Portuguese Spanish

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