41. University Of Pennsylvania Readings and Research in Near (eastern) archaeology The Sumerians Cultural Anthropology Making of the european Mind Medieval Jews, Christians, Muslims http://fp.arizona.edu/mesassoc/Directory/UPenn.htm

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Program Middle East Studies Center for Judaic Studies (see below for separate entry) Middle East Center Degrees Offered BA MA PhD Through the following disciplinary departments, [including interdisciplinary graduate groups and undergraduate majors]: - Ancient History (graduate group) - Anthropology Department - Architecture Department - Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World (graduate group) - Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Department - Art History Department - City and Regional Planning Department - Comparative Literature (graduate group) - Demography (graduate group) - Economics Department - Education School - Folklore (graduate group) - Geology Department - History Department - Jewish Studies (undergraduate program) - Linguistics Department - Philosophy Department - Political Science Department - Regional Science (graduate group) - Religious Studies Department - Sociology Department - Islamic Law (joint degree program between Law School and Asian and Middle Eastern Studies) Joint degrees between disciplines possible (e.g. Anthropology and

42. IPL Online Literary Criticism Collection patterns it invokes seem to derive from Indoeuropean or Near (eastern) sources, in Classical and Near (eastern) archaeology, University of Saskatchewan http://www.ipl.org/div/litcrit/bin/litcrit.out.pl?ti=ili-438

43. International Congress Of Assyriology And Near Eastern Archaeology International Congress of Assyriology and Near (eastern) archaeology May 13, 05 To Mr. Josep Borrell Fontelles President of the european Parliament Feb 14 http://www.christiansofiraq.com/Assyriaolg.html

Bookmark this site www.Christiansofiraq.com is dedicated to bringing the latest news, articles and commentaries about the plight of the Christian Assyrians of Iraq to the attention of the international community. This site is updated two to three times a week. Christians of Iraq Contact Historical articles Historical pictures Photos of Bombed Churches ... Home 51e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale International Congress of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology Chicago, July 18-22, 2005 RAI Homepage "Classifications of Knowledge in the Ancient Near East: Lexicography, Iconography, Stratigraphy" First Circular Chicago, August 2004. Dear Colleague, The 51e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale will be held in Chicago in celebration of the completion of the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary Project. At this point we can provide the following information: The Meetings The sessions will be held Monday-Friday, July 18-22, 2005. All sessions will be at the Oriental Institute (OI) or nearby buildings on the University of Chicago campus, except for one morning's meeting to be held at the Field Museum of Natural History. Papers are solicited on the conference theme, "Classifications of Knowledge in the Ancient Near East: Lexicography, Iconography, Stratigraphy"; papers not relating to the theme will be considered for acceptance as time and space permit.

44. Vandemoortel Teaching Assistant, Dept. of Classical and Near (eastern) archaeology, Raphael Grant from the european Commission for study of the Utrecht I Ship (in http://web.utk.edu/~classics/faculty/vandemoortel.html

ALEYDIS VAN DE MOORTEL Assistant Professor Department of Classics 1104 McClung Tower University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996-0413 USA Phone (865) 974-8279 Fax (865) 974-7173 avdm@utk.edu http://web.utk.edu/~avdm ACADEMIC HISTORY "Candidaat" (Classics), Sint Ignatius, Antwerp (Belgium), 1978 M.A. (Classics), Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium), 1981 M.A. (Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology), Bryn Mawr College, 1989 Ph.D. (Classical and Near Eastern Archaeology), Bryn Mawr College, 1997 Dissertation, ""The Transition from the Protopalatial to the Neopalatial Society in South-Central Crete." Director Prof. James C. Wright Regular and student associate member, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1990-94 Senior associate member, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1999-2002 EMPLOYMENT Assistant Professor, Dept. of Classics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2002- Field trip director, College-Year-in-Athens, 1992, 2000-2001 Assistant Professor of Classics, Dept. of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Seattle Pacific University, 1998-99 Post-doctoral researcher, Centre for Maritime Archaeology, Roskilde, Denmark, 1997-2001

45. ASOR Publications American and european media often overlook – the Middle (eastern) public. For more information on Near (eastern) archaeology, including instructions on http://www.asor.org/pubs/nea/dailystar.html

The Beirut-based Daily Star, an English-language newspaper with a wide distribution in the Middle East, in partnership with the International Herald Tribune, is seeking popular articles exploring the archaeology and history of the Middle East. Brief articles (900-1200 words) that publicize recent finds, excavations, and research, and are written in an entertaining, informative, and accessible style are invited. The American Schools of Oriental Research has entered into a partnership with the Daily Star through its outreach journal, Near Eastern Archaeology . Articles published in the Daily Star will also be considered for NEA Please send queries and electronic submissions to Benjamin Porter, bporter@sas.upenn.edu NEA For more information on the Beirut Daily Star, visit www.dailystar.com.lb . For more information on Near Eastern Archaeology , including instructions on how to submit materials, visit www.asor.org/pubs/nea/

46. Neil Silberman - Fitting The Pieces Together Put most simply, it is this modern Middle (eastern) archaeology has—while discovering But before long, the european dominance in archaeology was to be http://www.wac.uct.ac.za/wac4/silberma.htm

W orld Archaeological Congress 4 University of Cape Town 10th - 14th January 1999 FITTING THE PIECES TOGETHER The Power and Politics of Archaeology in the Modern Middle East An address given by Neil Asher Silberman, Archaeological Institute of America , at the WAC Forum: Exploring a Shared Past in the Modern Middle East (sponsored by the Kaplan Centre for Jewish Studies and the Institute for Contemporary Islam of the University of Cape Town) on Friday 15th January 1999. st century is not so much archaeological facts as archaeological behaviors—the social anthropology of Middle Eastern Archaeology if you will. I want to talk about the particular constellation of attitudes, beliefs, routines, stunning scholarly successes and mindless destructions that have been committed over the last two hundred years in the name of "rediscovering" the Middle Eastern past. We are still learning about the social, political, religious, and even economic effects of archaeology in the Middle East, but today I want highlight the following themes: 2.) The gradual transformation over the last 200 years of archaeology as an institutionalized activity, conducted by specially trained professionals working under the direct or indirect auspices of national governments.

47. Archaeological Sub-disciplines - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Near (eastern) archaeology (sometimes known as Middle (eastern) archaeology). Medieval archaeology is the study of postRoman european archaeology until the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_sub-disciplines

Archaeological sub-disciplines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. As with most academic disciplines, there are a number of archaeological sub-disciplines typically characterised by a focus on a specific method or type of material, geographical or chronological focus, or other thematic concern. In addition, certain civilisations have attracted so much attention that their study has been specifically named. These sub-disciplines include Assyriology Mesopotamia Classical archaeology Greece and Rome ), and Egyptology Egypt The other main division of archaeology is into historical archaeology , which examines civilisations that left behind written records and prehistoric archaeology , which concerns itself with societies that did not have writing systems . However, the term is generally valid only in Europe and Asia where literate societies emerged without colonial influence. In areas where literacy arrived relatively late, it is more convenient to use other terms to divide up the archaeological record. In areas of semi-literacy the term protohistoric archaeology can be adopted to cover the study of societies with very limited written records. One example of a protohistoric site is

48. Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology: Practical Information The academic programme of (eastern) Mediterranean archaeology consists of one The deadline for application is March 1, 2004 for noneuropean Union http://www.arts.kuleuven.be/ema/information/information.htm

Courses are taught in English. Non-native English speakers wishing to enroll for the programme are therefore required to have a good command of this language, i.e. a score of 550 (or 213 computer-based) on the "Test of English as a Foreign Language" (TOEFL) or a score of 7 on the "International English Language Testing System" (IELTS) . Candidates may also submit an attest certifying that the language utilized in the preparatory training was wholly English. The academic programme of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology consists of one compulsory unit of environmental sciences and two options of archaeological courses focused on a specific time frame. Candidates are required to successfully complete a minimum of 60 points. Additional to the truncus communis of environmental courses, they must choose one of the archaeological options. Students wishing to alter a course within these modules may apply for this after deliberation with their supervisor. A dissertation thesis on a topic related to the selected option is compulsory. Most courses are weekly two-hour sessions, often organised as reading seminars. Discussion topics will be based on selected articles and chapters from specialised books(a list of prerequisite and recommended literature will be available). The programma also includes occasional guest lectures and visits to museums and exhibitions in Belgium and neighbouring coutries. Students enrolling for the programme are expected to write a dissertation (about 15.000 words or 50 typewritten pages) on a topic related to the selected option. Belgian students who wish to enrol for only part of the programme will receive a certificate indicating the courses that were successfully completed. Exams, mostly under the form of oral tests, will take place at the end of each semester (in January and June). Students who fail one or more examinations, may take them again during a third session (in August and September).

49. Personal Web Page Faculty Of Arts VUA Northwest european prehistory, Near (eastern) archaeology, landscape and settlementarchaeology, theoretical approaches to archaeology, archaeology of http://www.let.vu.nl/staf/fa.gerritsen/pwp_en.htm

dr. F.A. (Fokke) Gerritsen post-doctoral researcher Archaeology and Prehistory Room: Phone: E-mail: fa.gerritsen@let.vu.nl Office hours: Monday - Friday Faculty of Arts, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Fax ++31-20-444 6500 Research interests: Northwest European prehistory, Near Eastern archaeology, landscape and settlement archaeology, theoretical approaches to archaeology, archaeology of households and communities, subsistence and land use Teaching European Iron Age (BA level) Prehistoric Archaeology of the Low Countries (BA level) Perceptions of Ancient Landscapes (MA level, with others) Research Ongoing research projects: The Biography of a Sandy Landscape: Noord-Brabant from the Bronze Age to the End of the Middle Ages . This research project (2002-2006) is part of the interdisciplinary project The Biography of a Sandy Landscape: Cultural History, Heritage Management and Spatial Planning in the Southern Netherlands , in which archaeologists, landscape historians and historical geographers participate. It is carried out at the Faculty of Arts, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and is part of the NWO-sponsored programme

50. EUROPEAN ARCHAEOLOGY; WEB-LINKS Classical and european archaeology (eastern) Mediterranean archaeology programof the Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) http://www.xs4all.nl/~mkosian/links.html

EUROPEAN ARCHAEOLOGY; WEB-LINKS Classical and European Archaeology: General The UNESCO World Heritage Centre and the World Heritage List World Heritage Cities english the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) a glossary of archaeological terms on the WWW Archaeology ... NZ Curriculum Framework Classical Studies Internet Hotlist Centre for the Study of Architecture Athenaeum of Philadelphia (architecture) History of Architecture ; A visual library Archimedia Ancient and classical architecture Web Archaeological Fieldwork Oppotunities ArchNet Europe (Lots of links) Main page for "FOCUS"; covers tourism, including some antiquities, in Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Morocco, Spain, Turkey. Includes several GIFs. *The Ecole Initiative* Recources Lycos catalog Point reviews a2z directory Alta Vista search engine Several search engines Scholars Press Classic resources on the net Bellum Catilinae Sites for the Greek and Latin Classics ArchNet - Archaeological resources on the internet. Electronic Resources for Classicists: The Second Generation - An extensive collection of links, resources, and other useful information for Classicists. Archaeological Resource Guide for Europe Classics Resources on the Internet ABZU: Resources for the Study of the Ancient Near East Al Mashriq - The Levant cultural multimedia server; The Levant in general and Lebanon in Particular

51. Dangerous Archaeology For that reason, Western european scholarly interest in the Near East has long His Orientalist ((eastern)) contribution to archaeology, history and the http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/DangerousArchaeology/PartOne.html

Archaeology and the Near East The Near East: Ancient and Modern Map: Ancient Near East The territorial terms "Near East," "Middle East" and "Far East" take as their given a Western European standpoint. Generally speaking, Near East refers to lands surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean: Asia Minor (or Anatolia), Syria and Palestine, the Sinai Peninsula and Arabia, sometimes Egypt and parts of North Africa. Middle East designates the lands extending across the Tigris and Euphrates rivers: Persia and Mesopotamia. Far East includes Central Asia, China, Japan, etc. Thus, "Asia" and the "Orient" are very broad designations indeed. Accordingly, the history of the Near East encompasses a vast array of temporally overlapping cultures. The dominant politico-cultural groups of ancient Near Eastern history are the Sumerians, the Babylonians, the Assyrians, the Egyptians, the Hittites, the Persians, the Greeks, and the Romans. Mediaeval history traces the rise of the monotheistic politico-religious superpowers: the Christian Byzantine Empire; the Islamic Arab dynasties; and the Islamic Turkish Ottoman Empire. The Byzantine Empire, at various times during its millenium-long lifespan, from the 4th to the 15th centures A.C., controlled or influenced much of the Near East as well as Greece, Serbia and the Balkans, and Eastern Europe. Control over much of this territory was taken, first, by the Arab dynasties, and ultimately, in the 15th century, by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire flourished into modern times, ending only after World War I.

52. HCL Libraries - Harvard College Library This guide covers largely european, Classical and Near (eastern) archaeology. Covers european and Near (eastern) archeology, prehistoryByzantine. http://hcl.harvard.edu/widener/services/research/subindexes/perarch.html

Skip directly to content Home > HCL Libraries HCL Libraries There are over 90 libraries at Harvard that comprise the Harvard University Library system, with combined holdings of over 15 million items. More than 10 million of those items are part of the collection of a centrally administered unit within the Faculty of Arts and Sciences that is referred to as the Harvard College Library (HCL) and includes Cabot Science, Fine Arts (includes Harvard Film Archive), Harvard-Yenching, Houghton (includes Harvard Theatre Collection), Lamont, Littauer (includes Environmental Information Center), Loeb Music, Tozzer, and Widener libraries, and the Harvard Map Collection and Government Documents/Microforms. See the Harvard Libraries site for a complete listing of all University libraries. Cabot Science Library Environmental Information Center Fine Arts Library Government Documents/Microforms ... Woodberry Poetry Room Quad and CGIS libraries are opening soon Contact: Tel: Fax: E-mail General sciences with undergraduate collections in applied sciences, astronomy, biochemistry, biology, chemistry, physics, zoology, history of science, and agriculture engineering, and research collections in earth and planetary sciences, pure mathematics, and theoretical statistics.

53. Omur Harmansah: Department Of Art, Reed College european Association for Middle (eastern) Studies an academic exchange initiative -Resources for Near (eastern) archaeology ArchNet Internet resources http://www.reed.edu/~harmanso/resources.html

Home Who am I? ... Teaching Archaeological-Historical Institutes, Centers, and Foundations Economic and Social History Foundation of Turkey, Istanbul. The History Foundation is a non-governmental organization working in the public interest with the objective of developing and extending history consciousness in Turkey. It aims at enriching and lending a new content to the way in which people regard history and at encouraging the conservation of the historical heritage with a deep-rooted sensitivity and active participation of wide sections of the population. TACDAM : Center for Research and Assessment of the Historic Environment at Middle East Technical University. An interdisciplinary research center that currently initiates large scale archaeological projects, especially in the Ilisu-Karkamis Dam region, Southeast Turkey. British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. "Founded in 1948 and exists to support, promote and publish British research into the archaeology and related subjects (e.g. anthropology, geography, history, art history, literature and languages) of Turkey and the Black Sea region." American Research Institute in Turkey : "a non-profit educational institution dedicated to promoting American and Turkish research and exchange related to Turkey in all fields of the humanities and social sciences."

54. Diss; Historic Collections, Marischal Museum Collections Page Scottish History archaeology. european, Mediterranean Near (eastern) archaeology.Nonwestern ethnography. Fine Art. Numisatics. Collecting policy http://www.abdn.ac.uk/diss/historic/museum/collections/index.hti

Text only exhibitions collections services ... information European, Mediterranean Non-western ethnography Fine Art Numismatics collections Non-western ethnography Fine Art Numisatics Collecting policy European, Mediterranean Non-western ethnography Fine Art Numismatics exhibitions collections services information

55. MIT-EJMES It focuses on the european image of Middle (eastern) objects and images. His treatment of archaeology – as a science, philosophy, and discipline – is http://web.mit.edu/cis/www/mitejmes/issues/200404/br_bernhardsson.htm

Frederick N. Bohrer Orientalism and Visual Culture: Imagining Mesopotamia in Nineteenth-Century Europe Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003 Reviewed By Magnus T. Bernhardsson During the spring of 2003, Iraq’s antiquities, museums, and libraries became part of the war’s battleground and in many cases became “collateral damage.” This catastrophic and unprecedented destruction of Iraqi cultural heritage, though not nearly as devastating as originally feared, was symbolic and indicative of the challenges facing Iraq’s political future. Yet this was not the first time that Iraqi antiquities became war trophy though certainly the degree and context was unprecedented. Archaeological artifacts have borne the brunt of other battles as well. In this theoretically dense and interesting book, Frederick N. Bohrer describes how in the 19 th century, Iraq, or Mesopotamia as it was then known, was a “sort of a archaeological battleground” (p. 313) amongst the various European powers who actively competed to acquire more artifacts. Though the actual “battle” on ground in the Middle East gets some attention, Bohrer’s principal interest is what happens when the objects were transported to Europe. By and large, therefore, this is not your typical book in Middle Eastern studies. This is essentially a complex study of European reception, interpretation, and circulation. Bohrer demonstrates that the European reception of Mesopotamian art was varied and multifaceted both from country to country but also within a given country. Reception and interpretation, Bohrer suggests, is a “culturally grounded experience,” and as his concluding sentence reminds us “ far from a monolithic locale, the unitary “West” may be as fictive, as much a dream, as the exotic “East” of its own presumptions.” (p. 313).

56. Drews, R.: The Coming Of The Greeks: Indo-European Conquests In The Aegean And T of the book The Coming of the Greeks Indoeuropean Conquests in the Such complete Near (eastern) analogies involving archaeology, mythology,...... http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/4293.html

SEARCH: Keywords Author Title More Options Power Search Search Hints E-MAIL NOTICES NEW IN PRINT E-BOOKS ... HOME PAGE The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East Robert Drews Shopping Cart Reviews Search within this book at Google Print When did the Indo-Europeans enter the lands that they occupied during historical times? And, more specifically, when did the Greeks come to Greece? Robert Drews brings together the evidencehistorical, linguistic, and archaeologicalto tackle these important questions. Reviews: "Into the ever-tangled and speculative debate on Indo-European origins comes this excellent book: lucid, critical, and refreshingly sober."D. F. Easton, The Classical Review "The fact that [a] pattern of localized Near Eastern takeovers coincides with the inception of chariot warfare, coupled with his carefully documented hypothesis that Proto-Indo-European-speaking (PIE) peoples in Armenia were responsible for the development and spread of chariot warfare, serves as the backdrop to Drews's innovative scenario for the arrival of the Greeks.... Such complete Near Eastern analogies involving archaeology, mythology, and linguistics, for example, have been rarely applied to support theories of PIE dispersal.... His research serves the critical function of provoking new views of a long-standing problem."Susan N. Skomal, American Journal of Archaeology Endorsement: "An archaeological and linguistic whodunnit of the most fascinating sort, courageously tackling a much-argued problem from several disciplines at once.... No one dealing with the dispersal of the Indo-Europeans can ignore this book."Elizabeth Wayland Barber, Occidental College

57. ANT 526 Archaeology Of Eastern North America archaeology of (eastern) North America ANT 526. Fall 2001 The (eastern) portionof North America amplifies the problem, because european settlers were http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/Faculty/brown/ant526.htm

Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences The University of Alabama A rchaeology of Eastern North America ANT 526 Fall 2001 Dr. Ian W. Brown, Professor of Anthropology Tuesday, 4–6:30, Mary Harmon Bryant Building (MHBB), Rm 328 Office Mary Harmon Bryant Building (MHBB), Rm 418 Office hours Wednesday and Thursday, 8:30–noon, or by appointment Phone E-Mail ibrown@ua.edu The archaeology of any culture area in the Americas has become an immense topic, capable of doing in even the most serious of scholars. The eastern portion of North America amplifies the problem, because European settlers were debating various aspects of Indian origins the moment they stepped off their boats. Consequently, there is a lot of literature on the subject and numerous avenues in which we could explore the area. For this semester I have decided to focus on a series of edited volumes that contain articles written by some of the principal archaeologists currently working in Eastern North America. The contributions in these books were meant to be read in their entirety and, often, in the sequence in which they are arranged. Consequently, instead of dividing up the various articles and assigning different ones to individual students, I want you to read the books according to the editors' intent, from cover to cover.

58. Bilkent University - Online Academic Catalog aspects of Near (eastern), Mediterranean, and european art and archaeology from the HART 516, Supervised Research in Near (eastern) archaeology, 3, 3, 6 http://catalog.bilkent.edu.tr/current/dep/d23.html

ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY OF ART Marie-Henriette Gates , Ph.D., Chair Academic Staff Part-time Academic Staff Courses Teaching and research activities of the department concentrate on the archaeology, history and art of Anatolia, the Mediterranean, and the ancient Near East. Students will have opportunities to take part in excavations and surveys conducted by department members at the multi-period sites of Hacimusalar-Elmali (Antalya) and Kinet Hoyuk-Dortyol (Hatay). UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM The aim of the undergraduate program in the Department of Archaeology and History of Art is to provide a thorough and comprehensive understanding of archaeology, ancient history and art. The curriculum includes practical as well as academic work. There will be field trips to museums and sites in Turkey, and students will have the opportunity to participate in departmental survey/excavation projects; arrangements might also be made for students to take part in excavations and expeditions sponsored by other institutions. The first two years of the program embrace a wide range of essential introductory subjects designed to familiarize the student with the background material required for the more specialized subjects offered over the following two years. In the third and fourth years, besides the compulsory courses, the student has the opportunity to choose elective topics in his or her field of particular interest. One of the options in the fourth year is supervised study on a topic of the student's own choice, at the end of which the student will produce a short dissertation. This particular elective will be offered to students who would like to continue with graduate studies in the field of archaeology or related subjects. Every student is required to take at least one ancient language (Greek and Latin are offered). A basic knowledge of ancient Greek or Latin is invaluable for those students who decide to specialize in Greek or Roman art and archaeology, or ancient history.

59. Bilkent University - Online Academic Catalog Ottoman, european, Byzantine, and Near (eastern) History. Anatolian art andarchaeology, Greek art and archaeology, Near (eastern) archaeology, http://catalog.bilkent.edu.tr/current/faculty/ff20.html

Academic Staff of Faculty of Humanities and Letters Ilknur Aka Instructor B.A., German Language and Literature, Hacettepe University, 1982. Varol Akman Professor Ph.D., Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1985. Artificial intelligence, logic, philosophy of language, pragmatics, the Internet and society. Instructor M.A., German Language and Literature, Ankara University, 1975. David De Kanter Arndt Visiting Assistant Professor Ph.D., Comparative Literature, U.C. Irvine, 1998. Modern Fiction and Poetry (French, German, English) History of Literary Theory and Criticism, Classical Literature and Philosophy, Contemporary Continental Philosophy. Ismail Asikoglu Instructor B.A., Education, Ankara University, 1964. Sema Aydin Instructor M.A., German Language and Literature, Hacettepe University, 1989. Irem Balkir Assistant Professor Ph.D., Cultural and Critical Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 1993. Critical theory, cultural studies, cosmopolitanism, international Cold War culture, Border cultures of the new Europe. Louise Barry Visiting Assistant Professor Ph.D., French Literature, Emory University, 2002. Aesthetics, cultural history and literature.

60. British Archaeology, No 53, June 2000: Books Kay Prag specializes in Near (eastern) archaeology at Manchester University authors writing on aspects of warfare mainly within european archaeology. http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba53/ba53book.html

ISSN 1357-4442 Editor: Simon Denison Issue no 53, June 2000 BOOKS Origins of society Reviewed by Paul Pettitt The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe Clive Gamble ISBN 0-521-65872-1 pb This will surely be regarded by Palaeolithic specialists as one of the major books published in recent years. Clive Gamble, Professor of Archaeology at Southampton, tries to pull aside the intellectual curtain that separates the Palaeolithic from later periods, for which prehistorians have no hesitation in setting society as their goal of study. In doing so he makes a brave attempt to study the Palaeolithic's denizens in terms of their social relations with each other, rather than their ecological relationships with hazelnuts. His starting point is that that a form of social life `extends throughout the hominid record from 5 million years ago to the present day'. There are real, complex issues here to resolve. For example, when were social relations `released from proximity' - ie, from being confined only to one's immediate family and group - and stretched in time and space, aided by the production of material culture? Gamble sees Palaeolithic society as being created `bottom up' by individuals interacting with one another, rather than `top down' through a set of precepts about how to behave inherited from a previous generation. Individuals, he says, interacted through `networks' at different levels of intimacy - family, close group members, more distant group members and so on. And these interactions happened at various scales. One scale was the

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