121. Abies Balsamea Description Taxonomic notes, physical description, range, dendrochronology, and ethnobotany. Photos of cones and axils. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/ab/balsamea.htm

Cone and axils on a krummholz tree on Mt. Katahdin, Maine [C.J. Earle, Jul-2003]. Cone on a krummholz tree on Mt. Katahdin, Maine [C.J. Earle, Jul-2003]. Range map, after Frank ( Burns and Honkala 1990 Abies balsamea (Linnaeus) Miller 1768 Common Names Balsam fir, blister or balm-of-Gilead fir ( Peattie 1950 ); eastern fir or Canada balsam ( Elias 1987 ); sapin baumler ( Hunt 1993 Taxonomic notes Syn: Pinus balsamea Linnaeus 1753 ( Hunt 1993 "Balsam fir is frequently segregated into two varieties (e.g., Scoggan 1978-1979) based on whether the bracts are included (var. balsamea ) or exserted (var. phanerolepis Fernald), the latter considered by Liu (1971) to be a hybrid between Abies balsamea and A. fraseri . Lester (1968) demonstrated, however, that bract length may vary within a cone, annually, and from tree to tree. Nevertheless, a tendency exists for the exserted variety to be found most commonly from Newfoundland south through New England ( Hosie 1969 ; Jacobs et al. 1984); it is not found west of Ontario. Western populations lack 3-carene and have other minor chemical differences separating them from eastern balsam fir (Zavarin and Snajberk 1972; Hunt and von Rudloff 1974). Morphologic variation in balsam fir has been studied mainly east of Ontario; the populations to the west have been ignored for the most part, although they may yield stronger evidence for species subdivision" ( Hunt 1993 "In Alberta, populations intermediate between western

122. Ethnobotany Initiation of ethnobotany Activities by WWF Pakistan Videos and Publications People Plants Conservation and Training in Applied ethnobotany http://wwfpak.org/ethnobotany.php

Pakistan Environment What We do Taking Action About WWF - P ... Contact us WWF - Pakistan realised, after its extensive interaction with the local communities in the field, that local people have extensive knowledge of the plants growing around them. But due to lack of an an agency, either in the government or the private sector, their knowledge has never been used for the conservation of plant resources in the region. The purpose of the project is to build capacity in Applied Ethnobotany in Asia, (especially Malaysia, Nepal and Pakistan) for the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of plant resources. Internationally, it works by contributing towards the identification and promotion of the best practices in indigenous plant use.

123. Abies Alba Description Physical features, range, and ethnobotany of this species, also known as European Silver Fir. Includes images. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/ab/alba.htm

Silver fir forest in the Susa Valley, Italy [Renzo Motta]. Illustration from Prof. Dr. Otto Wilhelm Thomé, Flora von Deutschland Österreich und der Schweiz, 1885, Gera, Germany ( Stüber 1999 Range of Abies alba Atlas Florae Europaeae 1998 Abies alba Miller 1768 Common Names European or common silver fir ( Silba 1986 Taxonomic notes Syn. A. pardei Gaussen ( Silba 1986 Description Tree up to 45-55 m. tall and 200-260 cm dbh, with a long clear bole surmounted by a pyramidal crown that becomes flat-topped with age. Bark smooth, gray, scaly, with resin blisters. Branches grooved, pale brown or dull gray with a blackish pubescence. Leaves: Pollen cones blue/violet/red, 1-3 cm long. Seed cones Seeds obovoid, reddish, winged, up to 2.5 cm long ( Silba 1986 Range France; Italy; Switzerland; Germany; Austria; Bulgaria; Ukraine: Karpaty Mts.; Byelorussia; at 300-1950 m. ( Silba 1986 , Vladimir Dinets e-mail 2-Jan-1998); Croatia. Big Tree Mitchell et al. 1990 Oldest http://julius.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/ftp-treering.html Dendrochronology Ethnobotany Foliar loppings of European silver fir in Czechoslovakia have yielded 1,380 tonnes/year of essential oils (Cermak and Penka 1979).

124. What Is Ethnobotany ethnobotany has its roots in botany. Botany, in turn originated in part from an ethnobotany is the study of how the people of a particular culture and http://wwfpak.org/ethno_whatis.php

Pakistan Environment What We do Taking Action About WWF - P ... Contact us What is Ethnobotany? Indigenous knowledge is as old as human civilisation but the term ethnobotany was first coined by an American botanist, John Harshburger, in 1896, to study the plants used by the primitive and aboriginal people. Since then it has been defined as the traditional knowledge of indigenous communities, about surrounding plant diversity and as the study of how the people of a particular culture and region make use of indigenous plants. Ethnobotany has its roots in botany. Botany, in turn originated in part from an interest in finding plants to help fight illness. In fact, medicine and botany have close ties. Many of today's drugs have been derived from plant resources.

125. Abies Bracteata Description Physical characteristics, range, ethnobotany, and extensive remarks from Thomas Coulter, who first discovered this species. Includes images. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/ab/bracteata.htm

Mature tree in habitat. © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College ( CalPhoto Young trees in an arboretum. © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College ( CalPhoto Mature cones. © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College ( CalPhoto Cone and cone scale [L.A. Vorobik] ( Hickman 1993 Distribution of Abies bracteata Griffin and Critchfield 1972 Abies bracteata D. Don ex Poiteau 1845 Common Names Santa Lucia, bristlecone, or silver fir; fringed spruce ( Liu 1971 Taxonomic notes Syn: A. religiosa sensu Hook. et Arn. 1833, A. venusta Douglas 1836, Pinus bracteata D. Don 1836, Picea bracteata (D. Don) Loud. 1838, A. bracteata (D. Don ) Hook. et Arn. 1841, Taxodium sempervirens Hook. et Arn. 1841, A. bracteata (D. Don) Nuttall 1849, Sequoia religiosa (Hook. et Arn.) Presl 1851, A. venusta (Douglas) K. Koch 1873 ( Liu 1971 Description Silba 1986 ). Flowers bloom in early May, cones mature and disperse seed from late August to October ( Liu 1971 Range US: California: Santa Lucia Mountains. This area is a narrow coastal strip in the Los Padres National Forest ( Little 1980 Thompson et al.

126. Abies Procera Description Physical characteristics, dendrochronology, and ethnobotany of this tree, commonly known as Noble Fir or Red Fir. Includes photo and illustration. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/ab/procera.htm

Drawing of the largest known noble fir, on Yellowjacket Creek [Robert Van Pelt] ( Van Pelt 1996 Range of Abies procera Abies procera Rehder 1940 Common Names Noble or red fir, larch ( Peattie 1950 Taxonomic notes Syn: Abies nobilis (Douglas ex D. Don) Lindley 1833, not A. Dietrich 1824 ( Hunt 1993 ). Extensively hybridizes with A. concolor in southern Oregon and with A. magnifica in northern California; see discussion under Abies magnifica Abies grandis also hybridizes with A. concolor in southern Oregon, making it quite a problematic area for field identification of firs. Description n =24" ( Hunt 1993 Hunt (1993) discriminates A. procera from A. magnifica according to this key: Basal bud scales pubescent throughout; seed cones 15-20 cm, bracts included or exserted; adaxial surface of leaves usually without longitudinal groove. A. magnifica Basal bud scales pubescent centrally, glabrous at margins; seed cones 10-15 cm, bracts exserted; adaxial surface of leaves usually with longitudinal groove. A. procera

127. Internet Directory For Botany: Economic Botany, Ethnobotany The Baca Institute of ethnobotany is a nonprofit school dedicated to the WWW ethnobotany Resource Directory (Michael B. Thomas, Department of Botany, http://pubwww.srce.hr/botanic/cisb/Edoc/flora/subject/botecon.html

INTERNET DIRECTORY FOR BOTANY: ECONOMIC BOTANY, ETHNOBOTANY Original location of this page: http://www.helsinki.fi/kmus/botecon.html Information on useful plants (food, medicine, material for textiles, etc.) and harmful plants (plant pathology, poisonous plants, weeds). Not many horticultural links (there are some in a separate file Gardening . Only a only few links on forestry and agriculture (there are comprehensive lists on these topics - some of them are listed under " link collections, resource guides ". Crops Ethnobotany Herbal Medicine Plant Pathology ... Weeds Crops The Advanced Molecular Initiative in Community Agriculture (AMICA), Germany AgNIC (Agricultural Network Information Center) Home Page, USA . AgNIC is a distributed network that provides access to agriculture-related information, subject area experts, and other resources in a manner in which the physical location of the resources is transparent to users. AGNIS (Agricultural And Natural Resources Information Systems) Home Page, USA . Maintained in the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The AGRALIN World Wide Web server is a project of the Wageningen Agricultural University Library/Pudoc-DLO, the Netherlands.

128. Cedrus Atlantica Description Physical characteristics, range, dendrochronology, and ethnobotany of this species, commonly known as Atlas Cedar. Includes photos and range map. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/ce/atlantica.htm

A very large tree photographed on Mt. Babor in Algeria (Barbey 1934). For this and similar photos see "Abies World" by Enrico Rovelli Foliage and dehiscent cones on an ornamental specimen in Seattle (USA) [C.J. Earle, Feb-1999]. Distribution: Cedrus atlantica in red, C. brevifolia in blue and C. libani in purple (redrawn from Vidakovic 1991 Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Manetti Common Names Atlas cedar ( Vidakovic 1991 Taxonomic notes Syn: C. africana Gord. ex Knight; C. libani var. atlantica Hort.ex Carr. ( Vidakovic 1991 Description "A tree up to 40 m high and up to 2 m in diameter. BARK on old trees fissured. CROWN pyramidal, with few branches, open. BRANCHES strongly ascending and relatively short; leading shoot erect and bent at the tip. SHOOTS thickly pubescent. LEAVES silvery bluish or green, usually not longer than 2.5 cm, between 19 and 28 in a whorl. FLOWERS appearing from June to September. CONES cylindrical, with level or concave top, 5-7 cm long, up to 4 cm wide, glossy, light brown, maturing in September and October and shedding seeds into the spring; seed scales about 3.5 cm wide, with tomentose keel. SEED 12 mm long and wing 12-15 mm long" ( Vidakovic 1991 Range Vidakovic 1991 Big Tree A specimen 382 cm dbh and 30 m tall is recorded in Parco Castello, Piemonte, Montalenghe, TO, Italy. Another, 181 cm dbh and 40 m tall, grows in parco Sella, Piemonte, Mosso Santa Mar,VC, Italy (

129. (ETHNOBOTANY) ethnobotany is the study of the relationship between humankind and plants. In its broadest context, ethnobotany includes horticultural and agricultural http://www.student.potsdam.edu/lighth64/ETHNOB1.HTM

Fundamental Botany and Ethnobotany Links Ethnobotany is the study of the relationship between humankind and plants. In its broadest context, ethnobotany includes horticultural and agricultural relationships as well as sacred uses of plants. This can also include the relationship between humans and fungi. Ethnobotany tends to concentrate on the use of plants by indigenous cultures. It is imperative to include "developed" cultures in this context, even though the relationship may be more indirect and alienated. This link page is designed to connect people interested in botany related sciences to larger resource pages Botany Links Internet Directory for Botany - By far, the most fundamental site for anyone interested in botany. Includes everything related to plants, even software, ethnobotany, and gardening. Botanical Gardens of the World - This is a nice link site that connects you to the greatest botanical gardens of the world. Agricultural Network Information Center - An absolutely enormous link site for agricultural resources. AGRICOLA - A nice searchable gopher index for botany resources.

130. Cedrus Deodara Description Physical features, range, and ethnobotany of this species, commonly known as Deodar or Himalayan Cedar. Includes images and distribution map. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/ce/deodara.htm

Trees in Chitral Gol National Park, Pakistan [Vladimir Dinets, Oct-2004]. Trees in Chitral Gol National Park, Pakistan [Vladimir Dinets, Oct-2004]. Cone and foliage of an ornamental specimen in Seattle [C.J. Earle, Oct-2001]. Pollen cone on an ornamental specimen in Seattle [C.J. Earle, Oct-2001]. Distribution of Cedrus deodara Vidakovic 1991 Line drawing from the Flora of China ( Wu and Raven 1999 Cedrus deodara (D. Don.) G. Don. Common Names Deodar, Himalaya cedar ( Vidakovic 1991 Taxonomic notes Syn: C. indica Chambray; Cedrus libani var. deodara Hook. ( Vidakovic 1991 Description "A tree up to 50 m high and up to 3 m in diameter. Crown conical when young, with drooping leader and branches drooping at the end (Fig. 67), older trees rounded. Branches horizontally arranged, and end of the shoots pendulous. One-year shoots densely pubescent. Needles blue-green, about 30 in a cluster, 3-5 cm long, acuminate. Flowers appear in September and October. Cones solitary or in pairs. ovate or barrel-shaped. 7-10 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, rounded at the apex, bluish when young, reddish-brown when ripe; maturing from September to November; the seed is shed from September to December; seed scales 5-6 cm wide, usually glabrous on the upper side. Seed about 17 mm long, about 6 mm wide; wing large, light brown" ( Vidakovic 1991 Range India and Pakistan: W Himal and S slopes of the Hindu Kush ( Silba 1986 , Vladimir Dinets e-mail 2-Jan-1998) at 1100-3000 m, "usually on silicate mother rocks. It is often associated with

131. Ethnobotany Of The Americas (Science Tracer Bullet - Science Reference Services, ethnobotany of the Americas Science Tracer Bullets Research Finding Aids from the Library of Congress, Science Reference Services. http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/tracer-bullets/ethnobotanytb.html

The Library of Congress Especially for Researchers Research Centers Home ... Tracer Bullets Find in Science Tracer Bullets Science Reference Pages Researchers Web Pages All Library of Congress Pages Rocky Mountain columbine, Illustration from Gentle Conquest Ethnobotany of the Americas Tracer Bullet 97-1 Scope Introduction Subject Headings Basic Texts ... Additional Sources of Information SCOPE Ethnobotany is a term coined in 1895 to encompass the study of the applications and economic potential of plants used by native peoples. During the first half of the 20th century the anthropological and ecological aspects of the use of plants by indigenous populations became increasingly important. However, it was during the second half of the 20th century that ethnobotany flourished and that ethnobotanical surveys, studies, and reports on explorations proliferated. These studies were fueled by the interests of major universities, pharmaceutical firms, and government agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health, who greatly expanded their programs in natural products research in hopes of finding new medicines for a variety of ills, including cancer, diabetes, and disorders of the immune system. This compilation provides sources useful in chronicling the history of ethnobotany as well as references to published materials on all forms of vegetation which the aboriginal inhabitants of North and South America used for commodities, such as medicine, food, textiles, and ornaments. Material on the interrelations between indigenous peoples, plants and society is also included. Not intended to be a comprehensive bibliography, this guide is designed as the name of the series implies to put the reader "on target."

132. Cedrus Libani Description Physical characteristics, range, and ethnobotany of this tree, commonly known as Lebanese Cedar. Provides taxonomic notes, photo, and distribution map. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/ce/libani.htm

Cedrus libani 'glauca' , autochthone stand, Ciglikara Ormani in the vicinity of Elmali, Turkey, at 1900 m elevation" ( Vidakovic 1991 Distribution: Cedrus atlantica in red, C. brevifolia in blue and C. libani in purple ( Vidakovic 1991 Cedrus libani A. Rich. Common Names Lebanese cedar, cedar of Lebanon ( Vidakovic 1991 Taxonomic notes Syn: C. libanotica Link; C. libanitica (Trew) Pilger; C. libanensis Juss. ex Mirb.; C. cedrus Huth.; C. patula K.Koch ( Vidakovic 1991 ). Author cited as Loud. in ( Vidakovic 1991 "A geographical race ssp. stenocoma (Schwarz) Davis ( = C. libanitica ssp. stenocarpa Schwarz), found in S.W. Anatolia, differs from the typical Lebanon cedar in having a pyramidal or columnar habit" ( Vidakovic 1991 Description "A tree 20-40 m high and up to 3 m in diameter. CROWN in juvenile stage pyramidal, finally a wide umbrella shape, dense. BARK dark gray, fissured. BRANCHES very thick, long, on young trees ascending, later horizontal. SHOOTS glabrous or slightly pubescent. NEEDLES on short shoots, 30-40 in tufts, usually dark green, stiff, 1.5-3.5 cm long, about 1 mm wide, acuminate, 4-sided. FLOWERS appear from June to September. CONES erect, with the apex flat or slightly concave, 8-10 cm long, 4-6 cm wide, brown, resinous; ripening from August to October; seeds are shed until spring; seed scales up to 5 cm wide, lightly tomentose on the exterior, closely appressed. SEED 15-18 mm, wing 25 mm long" ( Vidakovic 1991 Range Originally native to Asia Minor. Currently found in "the Jebel Alaonite mountains in Syria, and Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon in Lebanon, where it is now very rare (according to Paule (1975) there are about 2000-3000 ha of forests of this species), but it is still plentiful in the Taurus and Cilician Taurus in Turkey. It grows between 1300 and 2100 m elevation. Quite hardy, this light-demanding and calciphile species grows rather slowly" (

133. Ethnobotany In The Forests Of Belize These smallscale trials are included in The Belize ethnobotany Project, The Belize ethnobotany Project has been a part of this endeavor. http://fadr.msu.ru/rodale/agsieve/txt/vol5/1/art1.html

Ethnobotany in the Forests of Belize While the world scrambles in the race against time to grapple with the enigmatic HIV virus, an aging traditional healer in Belize is guiding western scientists through the forest, sharing his knowledge of plants with medicinal value, and proving to be a contributor in the search for a cure. Traditional healer Don Eligio Panti has shown that he and his colleagues possess the knowledge that could expedite the search for plant compounds with anti-AIDS and anticancer activity. Researchers sought to identify the most effective collection method to generate the highest proportion of leads in the in-vitro screening process. Three collection strategies commonly used are the random method, the target method, and the ethnobotanical approach. The random method entails complete collection of plant samples found in a forest area, with major emphasis given to fruiting or flowering species. The second strategy, the target method, is to collect plants from families known to be high in biologically active compounds, such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids or flavonoids. The ethnobotanical approach uses knowledge possessed by traditional healers about the medicinal uses of plants and their environment. This strategy is challenging in that it requires researchers to identify those people who possess knowledge of medicinal plants, and to secure their cooperation. Both the ethnobotanical and the random approach are used by the IEB. The hypothesis behind this research is that indigenous knowledge about medicinal plants, combined with collection and documentation of this knowledge by ethnobotanists, will yield a higher number of biologically active compounds from the screening program on a per sample basis, as compared to plants collected at random.

134. Pinus Nigra Description Detailed taxonomic notes and physical description of European Black Pine. Includes images plus facts on range and ethnobotany. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/nigra.htm

Cones and foliage on an ornamental specimen in Seattle (USA) [C.J. Earle, 28-Feb-1999]. Four cones from an ornamental specimen in Seattle (USA) [C.J. Earle, 28-Feb-1999]. Bark ( Aust. Con. Soc. Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold 1785 Common Names Taxonomic notes A member of Pinus sect. Pinus Like the other two widespread European pines, P. sylvestris and P. mugo, this species has received an excessive number of described names, a consequence of very narrow subspecific and varietal concepts applied notably in France and parts of Eastern Europe. In some areas virtually every small clump of trees has been given its own scientific name, many of them invalid under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature , giving P. nigra the appearance of an extremely variable species. Although it is variable, it is not markedly so compared to other widely distributed conifers worldwide; across its entire range, it shows a level of genetic diversity similar to many other Pinus species (11). The eight or more subspecific names accepted by Vidakovic (12) and some others is not reflected in usage among other conifers with similar levels of variability. The most prominant variation in P. nigra

135. Ethnobotany Of Gentians ethnobotany of gentians how we use them, Potalia. Gentians are used by humans worldwide for a variety of purposes. Their beauty has inspired authors, http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~struwe/gentnet/ethno.htm

Home What's New? SEARCH the Gentian Research Network and Rutgers University GENTIANS Classification List of genera List by tribe Gentian characteristics ... Photo gallery RESEARCH Research projects People, addresses Literature, publications Links ... this site TOPICS Anatomy Classification Ecology - Natural history Endangered species ... f o r k i d s! GEOGRAPHY Floras Common names Latin America North America TRIBES Chironeae Exaceae Gentianeae Helieae ... Saccifolieae Information in other languages: This page is maintained by Dr. Lena Struwe e-mail ), and hosted by Rutgers University , USA Credits updated: 02/24/05 (Temporary pages) Ethnobotany of gentians: how we use them Gentians are used by humans worldwide for a variety of purposes. Their beauty has inspired authors, poets, artists, and gardeners for centuries. Gentians also provide medicines, timber, and other useful products. Gentians contain a unique combination of the phytochemicals seco-iridoids and xanthones. The seco-iridoids are bitter, and a gentian is the source of the most bitter compound known. No gentians are very poisonous, but due to their bitterness they are seldom eaten by animals. The stemless gentian ( Gentiana acaulis ) is well-known as one of the flowers symbolizing the Alps, and its deep-blue, large trumpet-shaped flowers are commonly found adoring items from Switzerland, Austria, and Germany. Other gentians that are often used in artwork and as decoration are other species of gentians (

136. Pinus Albicaulis Description Physical characteristics, range, dendrochronology, and ethnobotany of this species, commonly known as Whitebark Pine. Provides photos and distribution map. http://131.220.103.1/conifers/pi/pin/albicaulis.htm

Very large tree in Lamoille Canyon, Nevada [C.J. Earle, 24-Sep-2001]. Seed cones, Crystal Mountain, Washington [C.J. Earle, Aug-1999]. Pollen cones and foliage, Bear Creek Summit, Nevada [C.J. Earle, 5-Jul-1985]. Bark of young trees in Lamoille Canyon, Nevada. Larger stem in about 25 cm diameter [C.J. Earle, 24-Sep-2001]. Young trees about 50 cm tall. There are four stems growing from the same small patch of ground, evidence that all of these trees sprouted from a single nutcracker seed cache. Lamoille Canyon, Nevada [C.J. Earle, 24-Sep-2001]. Krummholz tree near Liberty Pass in Lamoille Canyon, Nevada. Tree height approx. 1.4 m [C.J. Earle, 24-Sep-2001]. Distribution map ( USGS 1999 Pinus albicaulis Engelmann 1863 Common Names Whitebark pine, whitestem, alpine whitebark, pitch, scrub or creeping pine ( Peattie 1950 ); white pine ( Little 1980 Kral 1993 Taxonomic notes Syn: Apinus albicaulis (Engelmann) Rydberg. Belongs to subsection Cembra , the stone pines, so called for their large, wingless seeds. Description n =24" (

137. Timber Press: Native American Ethnobotany Native American ethnobotany is an essential reference for all those interested in the Because of his work in the field of Native American ethnobotany, http://www.timberpress.com/books/index.cfm?do=details&ID=255&OR=SE

138. Pinus Monticola Description Physical characteristics, range, location of biggest tree, and ethnobotany of Western White Pine. Includes distribution map. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/monticola.htm

Distribution map ( USGS 1999 Pinus monticola Douglas ex D. Don 1832 Common Names Western white pine; silver, soft, fingercone, mountain, Idaho, or little sugar pine ( Peattie 1950 Kral 1993 Taxonomic notes Syn: Strobus monticola (Douglas ex D. Don) Rydberg ( Kral 1993 Description n Kral 1993 Little 1980 Range Western USA: Washington, Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, California; and Canada: Alberta, British Columbia; to 1000 m in N, and at 1900-3000 m in the S. Occurs in lowland fog forests or on moist mountain soils, occasionally in forested bogs. Usually in mixed conifer forests, occasionally in pure stands ( Kral 1993 Little 1980 ). See also Thompson et al. Big Tree The biggest stem volume is found in the Fish Lake Pine, which grows near Fish Lake in Rogue River National Forest, Oregon. It has a stem volume of 91 m , a dbh of 205 cm and is 67.7 meters tall. Formerly, all the really big white pines grew in Idaho, but they have been largely destroyed by logging and white pine blister rust. The remaining giant Idaho pines are in the Floodwood State Forest, where you can find the Floodwood Giant (52 m stem volume, dbh 201 cm, height 69.2 meters) and the tallest known white pine, reaching 70.7 meters high (

139. Seghea.com  Ethnobotany Of The Sonoran Desert These are notes on the ethnobotany of plants native to the Sonoran Desert or cultivated there, including which are edible, medicinal uses, dyes, http://www.seghea.com/pat/art/notes/sciencenotes.html

Home Becky Pat Allen ... Site Map Ethnobotany of the Sonoran Desert from Harvesting the Sonoran Desert by Pat Goltz Back to Homeschooling Back to Health Photo gallery of plants Seeking to bring oneself into harmony with nature is a prerequisite to Renaissance Personhood The information on these pages is taken from my book in preparation entitled Harvesting the Sonoran Desert The information on these pages is intended for enjoyment, and any information about the use of herbs medicinally is applied at the risk of of the reader. It is not our intention to represent that any of the information is useful to treat or cure any medical condition, and we urge any person with a medical condition to consult with a qualified practitioner. This is a compendium of information from many sources, including personal experience. A bibliography will be supplied as material is put on this site. Please note that in the list of names, any word that has a combination of characters such as this: "v*", it signifies that the preceding letter has an inverse circumflex, such as is used in Czech. As soon as I figure out how to use these letters together with some of the accents used in other languages, I'll do it. Cactus Of interest is the fact that all cactus fruit of native Sonoran Desert species is edible, though some is insipid. Please do NOT use the flesh of a rare cactus except in dire emergency, or otherwise destroy a rare cactus. If you eat the fruit, please plant at least some of the seeds. In some cases, it is illegal to destroy a particular species of cactus.

140. Pinus Ayacahuite Description Physical characteristics, range, and ethnobotany of this species, commonly known as Mexican White Pine. Distribution map included. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/ayacahuite.htm

Tree in habitat in Jalisco [Dr. Dellamary] (Mauricio Mantilla Blandon e-mail 28-Apr-2004). Distribution map ( Critchfield and Little 1966 Mature trees of var. ayacahuite Cone of var. ayacahuite collected near the above locality [C.J. Earle, 10-Feb-2005]. Two large trees of var. veitchii P. pseudostrobus . [R. Van Pelt, 5-Feb-2005]. Cone of var. veitchii about 35 cm long. Same area [R. Van Pelt, 5-Feb-2005]. Crown detail from a tree of var. veitchii showing foliage, branch structure and cones in situ; same area [C.J. Earle, 5-Feb-2005]. Pinus ayacahuite Ehrenberg ex Schlechtendahl 1838 Common Names Mexican white pine, Arizona white pine, Ayacahuite pine ( Peattie 1950 [as P. reflexa ]), pino ( Gentry 1942 p.76). Taxonomic notes Section Strobus. Two varieties, ayacahuite and veitchii . The variety brachyptera recognized by Perry (1991) and certain earlier authors, is here placed in synonymy with P. strobiformis , in accordance with the analysis by Farjon and Styles (1997) Description Perry 1991 Farjon and Styles 1997 ). Seed size is unclear; 5-8 mm ( Perry 1991 ) or 8-15 mm ( Farjon and Styles 1997 In habitat, it is difficult to confuse this species with any other. It occupies higher and drier sites, and has much longer cones, than

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