41. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Home Page Housing the largest living plant collection in the world, Kew Gardens also undertakes reaserch into taxonomy, economic and ethnobotany and conservation. http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/

Search the Kew website: or see the site map Chihuly Autumn Nights.... Explore the gardens.... Tickets on sale now.... ... Site Map

42. Chris Howkins - UK Ethnobotanist, Writer, Publisher And Illustrator Researcher, writer, lecturer, and publisher of books on British ethnobotany covering trees and herbaceous plants in the social history context. Describes his books and talks with news and views. http://www.chrishowkins.com/

Ethnobotany books and talks from Chris Howkins www.chrishowkins.com Home Ethnobotany Books ... Sitemap Chris Howkins - UK Ethnobotanist, Writer, Publisher and Illustrator 70 Grange Road, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3RH, UK Tel +44 (0) 1932 344216 chowkins@chrishowkins.com webmaster

43. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Ethnobotany Links Research or teaching in European ethnobotany/ethnoecology. Conferences and meetings selected ethnobotany of the Middle Columbia River Native Americans http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/scihort/eblinks/ethnobot.html

Economic Botany Links: Ethnobotany Suggestions for further links, or other comments, are welcome; please email us at ceb-enq@rbgkew.org.uk . Links on this page were last updated on 7 May 2004. Other Links Email lists Conferences Regional studies ... Reading Lists Other links CIEER Resource Directory EcoPortal - information gateway for Environmental Sustainability Sacred Earth SD Gateway Comprehensive directory from the Sustainable Development Communications Network Email discussion lists Ethnobeur Research or teaching in European ethnobotany/ethnoecology Conferences and meetings - selected events Traditional Chinese medicines Kew, 11-12 June 2004 CEEB - Collections of Ethno- and Economic Botany Workshop Kew, 12 June 2004 9th International Congress of Ethnobiology and Society for Economic Botany joint meeting Canterbury, Kent, UK, 12-20 June 2004 International Workgroupo for Palaeoethnobotany 1st World Congress of Agroforestry Orlando, Florida, 27 June to 2 July 2004 Second Global Summit on medicinal and aromatic plants New Delhi, 25-29 October 2004 Conferences and Meetings - lists AgNIC - Agricultural Conferences, Meetings, Seminars Calendar

44. Hike Maui – Hiking Maui Eco Tour Adventure: Walking, Whale Watching, Snorkeling Guides weave geology, botany, ethnobotany and history into the fun of hiking. Includes itineraries, fees, photos, FAQs, reservation and contact information. http://www.hikemaui.com/

Called the "grandfather of ecotourism," Hike Maui has offered naturalist-led hikes into Maui's wilderness since 1983. Our Hikes Our Story Our Guides Best of Maui ... Directions Why Hike Maui? Experience We're the oldest, most experienced hiking company in the state. We are the wilderness experts. We started by living off the land in Maui's jungle in the early 1980s (read " Our Story "). Now we have ten big, expensive vans, way too much insurance and fifteen very knowledgeable hiking guides. Best Guides Described as "walking encyclopedias," our guides are considered the best on Maui (read " Our Guides "). They include: a marine biologist a professor of ethnobotany and botany two (former) national park rangers an expert on whales, dolphins and turtles two wildlife biologists a (former) physics teacher Safety In two decades, we've never had a major mishap. All guides are CPR and First Aid certified. We have permits and permission to hike to more places on public and private lands than any other Maui tour company. Favorite Quotes from a stack of articles: "

45. Pinus Edulis Description Physical characteristics, range, and ethnobotany of the Common Pinyon. Image and taxonomic notes included. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/edulis.htm

Cones and foliage, Sedona, Arizona [C.J. Earle]. Pinus edulis Engelmann 1848 Common Names Peattie 1950 Kral 1993 Taxonomic notes Subsection Cembroides ( Perry 1991 ). Syn: P. monophylla var. edulis Silba 1986 Caryopitys edulis (Engelmann) Small, P. cembroides Zuccarini var. edulis (Engelmann) Voss ( Kral 1993 Pinus edulis var. fallax Little ( P.californiarum subsp. fallax (Little) D.K.Bailey) appears to combine features of P. edulis and P. monophylla . More study is needed ( Kral 1993 Description n Kral 1993 , Ronald M. Lanner e-mail 20-Dec-1999). Range Kral 1993 ). See also Thompson et al. Big Tree Diameter 172 cm, height 21 m, crown spread 16 m. Locality: Cuba, New Mexico ( American Forests 1996 Oldest A crossdated age of 973 years from sample SUNB2522, collected in NE Utah by Schulman in 1956 ( Brown 1996 Dendrochronology Ethnobotany Kral 1993 Observations Easily found in most of its range, e.g., Big Bend National Park (Texas). Remarks Pinus edulis ) is the state tree of New Mexico ( Kral 1993 See Also Elias 1987 Lanner 1981 Little 1980 FEIS database ... home This page is from the Gymnosperm Database URL: http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/edulis.htm

46. Pinus Massoniana Description Physical characteristics, range, and ethnobotany. Includes taxonomic notes and illustrations. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/massoniana.htm

Line drawing ( Li 1975 Line drawing of var. massoniana from the Flora of China ( Wu and Raven 1999 Pinus massoniana Lambert 1803 Common Names Horsetail pine; Chinese red pine ( Liu 1970 FIPI 1996 ); Chinese: ÂíβËÉ ma wei song ( Wu and Raven 1999 Taxonomic notes Syn.: P. massoniana (Lamb.) Opiz 1839, ( Farjon 1998 ). Three varieties: Pinus massoniana Lamb. var. massoniana . Syn: P. sinensis D. Don in Lambert 1828, P. nepalensis J. Forbes 1839, P. canaliculata Miq. 1861, P. calavierei P. argyi P. argyi var. longe-vaginans P. crassicorticea Wu and Raven 1999 Pinus massoniana Lamb. var. hainanensis P. massoniana Lamb. var. shaxianensis D.X. Zhou 1991 (placed in synonymy with var. massoniana by Farjon (1998) but retained by Wu and Raven (1999) Description Tree 18-45 m tall and up to 150 cm dbh, the trunk crooked, forming an irregular, usually broad head. Bark red-brown toward apex of trunk, gray- or red-brown toward base, irregularly scaly and flaking, or longitudinally and deeply fissured or cracked, furrows up to 4 cm. in depth, 3-4 cm. in width, ridges flat-topped, sometimes transversely fissured into flat plates, 3-5 cm. wide, exfoliating in spline-shaped flakes; lenticels inconspicuous; outer bark up to 5 cm. thick, hard and brittle, ligneous, with a reddish brown tiered cross section; newly formed periderm yellowish brown; inner bark 3-5 cm thick, finely fibrous, pale red, secreting transparent resin after cutting, cambium and newly formed phloem colorless, somewhat transparent. Freshly cut sapwood pale yellowish white to pale orange red, wood rays inconspicuous.

47. Pinus Canariensis Description Provides taxonomic notes and describes physical characteristics, range, and ethnobotany of the Canary Island Pine. Includes images and distribution map. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/canariensis.htm

Bark with primary foliage growing from it. Width of view about 30 cm. Ornamental tree at Sacramento Airport, California [C.J. Earle, 17-Jul-1998]. Needles in fascicle [C.J. Earle]. Distribution map ( Critchfield and Little 1966 Pinus canariensis C. Smith 1828 Common Names Canary Island Pine ( Richardson and Rundel 1998 ), pino Canario (Spanish) (Ashmole and Ashmole 1989). Taxonomic notes A member of Pinus subgen. Pinus sect. Pinea subsect. Pinaster Loudon (Frankis 1992, 1993). Can be crossed with the Himalayan Pinus roxburghii (of the same subsection). This subsection is typically placed next to subsection Pinus , a conclusion supported by varying lines of evidence including wood anatomy and chloroplast DNA analyses ( Price et al. 1998 Description Range In the western Canary Islands of Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Palma, Hierro and Gomera (W of N Africa), an area of subhumid Mediterreanean climate. Predominant substrate is volcanic (of necessity, as the Canary Islands are volcanoes) and predominant occurrence is at (400-) 600-2000 (-2200) m elevation (varying with aspect), where it forms distinct belts of sparse woodland (Page 1974; M. P. Frankis field notes, Tenerife, Apr-1991; Berbéro et al. 1998). Forests in the northern cloud belt of Tenerife are much denser, with closed canopy, while those in the drier south and west are open, with widely spaced trees (M. P. Frankis field notes, Tenerife, Apr-1991). "Old forests have largely disappeared as a result of clear-cutting... It is a sub-tropical species unable to survive the winter frosts of temperate climates, which also restrict its ascent on the mountains of the Canary Islands" (

48. Foraging And Ethnobotany Links Page A page of annotated links to sites on foraging and ethnobotany. Also has subpage on Clams and Clamming. http://www.foraging.com/

Click here for http://www.panix.net/~paleodiet/foraging/

49. Pinus Mugo Description Taxonomic notes, physical description, range, and ethnobotany of the Dwarf Mountain Pine. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/mugo.htm

Distribution of var. mugo (in red) and var. uncinata Richardson (1998) Adapted from a map by www.expediamaps.com Excellent photo of tree in habitat: HERE (4-Apr-2004). Pinus mugo Turra 1765 Common Names Taxonomic notes Pinus mugo subsp. mugo is described on this page. A closely related pine taxon is treated either as a subspecies, P. mugo subsp. uncinata (Ramond) Domin, or as a separate species P. uncinata Farjon (1998) following Christensen, and Richardson (1998) P. mugo nothosubsp. rotundata Christensen (1987) gives a highly detailed synonymy with a nearly three page list of names which have been published (this excessive use of names for inconsequential variation is a common problem with European pines!); a brief summary of the most significant and commonly seen names is as follows (from Christensen 1987): Pinus mugo subsp. mugo Turra: syns. P. montana Miller; P. mughus Scopoli; P. pumilio Haenke; P. mugo var. pumilio (Haenke) Zenari. Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata (Ramond) Domin: syns. P. uncinata Ramond; P. mugo var. rostrata (Antoine) Hoopes.

50. Pinus Roxburghii Description Taxonomic notes, physical description, range, and ethnobotany of the Chir or Imodi Pine. Provides photos. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/roxburghii.htm

Foliage, including new growth and old pollen cones, on a tree in Quail Botanical Garden, California [C.J. Earle, 6-Apr-2004]. Detail of new growth and old pollen cones, on tree shown above [C.J. Earle, 6-Apr-2004]. Bark on the tree shown above [C.J. Earle, 6-Apr-2004]. Line drawing from the Flora of China ( Wu and Raven 1999 Link to photo in the Michael P. Frankis cone collection. Pinus roxburghii Sargent 1897 Common Names Chir ( Silba 1986 ) or Imodi pine; Chinese: xu mi chang ye song ( Wu and Raven 1999 Taxonomic notes Syn.: Pinus longifolia Roxb. ex Lamb. 1803 non Salisb. 1796 ( Farjon 1998 Description Wu and Raven 1999 Range Himal: Bhutan, N India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim, S Tibet; in mountains at 21002200 m elevation ( Wu and Raven 1999 Big Tree Oldest Dendrochronology Ethnobotany The timber is used for construction, furniture, etc., and the trunk as a source of resin ( Wu and Raven 1999 Observations Remarks The species comes closer than any other other pine to being deciduous, having a needle retention time of one year, the shortest of any pine ( Richardson and Rundel 1998 See Also back Pinus Pinaceae Taxa Home ... home This page is from the Gymnosperm Database URL: http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/rox.htm

51. Ethnobotany Program At The University Of Hawai'i The Bachelor of Science in ethnobotany degree is awarded by the University of The ethnobotany BS program curriculum includes courses in areas that are http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/ethnobotany/bsdegree.htm

Home Ethnobotany BS Degree Ethnobotany Track Faculty Research Students ... Botany Homepage Contact Information Botany Department Phone:(808) 956-8369 Fax: (808) 956-3923 ethnobotany@hawaii.edu Botany Department University of Hawai`i at Manoa 3190 Maile Way, Room 101 Honolulu, HI 96822 BS in Ethnobotany The Bachelor of Science in Ethnobotany degree is awarded by the University of Hawai'i through the Botany Department to students who have completed the following program of study. Ethnobotany BS Curriculum.pdf Application : Students apply for general admission to the University of Hawai'i at Manoa and may declare a major upon admission or later. Applications are available through the Office of the Registrar Course work requirements Botany : (22 credits) General botany (BOT 201/201L) is supplemented with the three focal subjects of botany that are most important to ethnobotanists: plant anatomy (BOT 410/410L), ecology (BOT 453), and systematics (BOT 461). Additionally students are expected to take two 400 level courses in botany that will allow for some specialization. Courses that are encouraged as options are: mycology (BOT 430/430L), vegetation ecology (BOT 454), plant physiology (BOT 470) or phycology (BOT 480).

52. Pinus Serotina Description Physical features, range, and ethnobotany of the Pond Pine. Includes image of bark. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/serotina.htm

Bark of a specimen on a lakeshore at the Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge, SC [C.J. Earle, Mar-1999]. Range map, redrawn from Burns and Honkala (1990) Pinus serotina Michaux 1803 Common Names Pond pine ( Kral 1993 ), marsh pine, pocosin pine. Taxonomic notes Syn: Pinus rigida Miller subsp. serotina (Michaux) R.T. Clausen; P. rigida var. serotina (Michaux) Hoopes ( Kral 1993 Description n =24" ( Kral 1993 Range Kral 1993 ). See also Thompson et al. Big Tree Diameter 104 cm, height 27 m, crown spread 16 m, located in Thomas County, GA ( American Forests 1996 Oldest Dendrochronology Ethnobotany Plantation P. serotina much resembles P. taeda , with which it hybridizes naturally. It is of increasing importance as pulpwood ( Kral 1993 Observations Remarks P. serotina is fire successional and sprouts adventitiously after crown fires. It is part of a distinct forest type including Taxodium distichum Nyssa biflora Magnolia virginiana Persea sp., and Ilex sp. ( Kral 1993 See Also The FEIS database back Pinus Pinaceae ... home This page is from the Gymnosperm Database URL: http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/serotina.htm

53. Pinus Pinaster Description Taxonomic notes, physical description, dendrochronology, and ethnobotany of the Maritime Pine. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/pinaster.htm

Pinus pinaster Aiton 1789 Common Names Maritime pine, or in older sources, cluster pine (5). Taxonomic notes The type species of Pinus subgen. Pinus sect. Pinea subsect. Pinaster Loudon. Syn: P. maritima Lamarck 1778 (non Miller 1768), P. glomerata Salisbury 1796, P. laricio Savi 1798, P. escarena Risso 1826, P. hamiltonii Tenore 1845, P. mesogeensis The species is sometimes split into two or three subspecies (1), but the differences are small (minor details of leaf anatomy) and poorly researched. Since the origin of the cultivated plant first described described by Aiton is unknown, the type name pinaster cannot confidently be assigned to any subspecies (2, 3). Until a full study of the species is done, including historical research into the material available to Aiton and typification of the species name, it is best treated as monotypic (4). The relevant names are: Pinus pinaster subsp. atlantica Villar. Atlantic coasts of SW Europe. Considered the type by (1, 2). Pinus pinaster subsp. escarena (Risso) K. Richter [syn. subsp. hamiltonii (Tenore) Villar]. Mediterranean coasts of SW Europe. Considered the type by (3).

54. Ethnobotany Of The Middle Columbia Native Americans ethnobotany of the Middle Columbia River Native Amercians. http://www.cwnp.org/ethnobot2.html

Ethnobotany of the Middle Columbia River Native Americans Intro Plant list Intro Patterns of subsistence Caretakers of the land ... Current issues and links People have lived in Central Washington for over 12,500 years. Before contact with European cultures people lived in close proximity to the Columbia River, and journeyed up the valleys and into the Columbia Plateau for seasonal hunting and gathering trips. People lived in very small groups, made up of close family ties. These groups might have been composed of 2 to 15 people that travelled to hunting and gathering grounds together. As time went on the population of this area expanded and people began to form small bands, and occupy small villages. Tribal groups in this area include Salishan speaking people to the north- the Methow (Mitois, Chiliwists), Entiat (Sinialkumuhs, Point de Bois), Chelan (Tsill-anes) Wenatchee (Pisquows, Wenatchi), Sinkiuse (Kawachens, Moses Columbia, Isle des Pierres), and Shahaptian speaking groups to the south- the Wanapums (Sakulks) and the now extinct groups of Pshwahwapam and Mical. This area is thought to have sustained at least 20,000 to 30,000 Native Americans before infectious diseases, war, and the reservation system decimated the population.

55. Ethnobotany - Rubus Spp. ethnobotany Blackberrys. this page Sandie Turner (TurnerS@wsdot.wa.gov). Environmental Services Home ethnobotany Home Cultural Resources Home http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/environment/culres/ethbot/q-s/Rubus.htm

Environmental Liaison Environmental Permit Streamlining Act Environmental Procedures Manual Compliance Branch ... Hazardous Materials Can't find what you are looking for? Try the Environmental Services Web Site Map Looking for an Environmental staff phone number? Try the Environmental Services Directory Rubus spp. Blackberrys, Raspberrys Brambles,Dewberrys Blackcap Rosaceae (Rose Family) This site covers selected Rubus species other than Rubus parviflorus and R. spectabilis, which have their own sites. Rubus laciniatus is the picture shown. Here, trailing perennial, with flowers solitary to clustered, with 5 persistent petals that are typically white, 5 sepals; stamens many to greater than 100, inserted with petals at edge of hypanthium; pistils many, on more or less hemispheric, often fleshy receptacle; ovary 2-ovulate; fruit an aggregation of weakly coherent drupelets, often remaining attached to the fleshy receptacle. Stems often strongly armed with prickles or bristles, with alternate simple to ternate or pinnate, deciduous or evergreen leaves, mostly with evident stipules. A vegetative identification key of selected Rubus species is displayed.

56. Pinus Strobiformis Description Common names, taxonomic notes, physical description, range, and ethnobotany of the Mexican White Pine. Distribution map included. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/strobiformis.htm

Southwestern white pine ( Elias 1987 Distribution map ( USGS 1999 Pinus strobiformis Engelmann 1848 Common Names Mexican white pine, southwestern white pine ( Elias 1987 ), pino blanco, pinabete ( Perry 1991 ), pino enano ( Kral 1993 Taxonomic notes Syn: Pinus ayacahuite Ehrenberg var. brachyptera G.R. Shaw; P. ayacahuite var. reflexa (Engelmann) Voss; P. ayacahuite var. strobiformis (Engelmann) Lemmon; P. flexilis E. James var. reflexa Engelmann; P. reflexa (Engelmann) Engelmann ( Kral 1993 ). See below. This is a typical white pine in section Strobus , subsection strobi . This species is also reported to form a polymorphic cline with Pinus flexilis var. reflexa Farjon and Styles 1997 Description n Little 1980 Perry 1991 Kral 1993 Range US: Arizona, New Mexico, Texas; Mexico: Coahuila, Nuevo León, Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango; at 1900-3000 m. Habitat dry rocky slopes in high mountains, or as a minor component in mixed conifer forests. In the United States such habitat occurs on isolated desert mountain ranges, and in Mexico it is widespread in both the Sierra Madre Occidental and Oriental. Within habitat, it mostly grows on moist, cool sites with associates such as P. hartwegii, P. rudis

57. Ethnobotany Mailing lists Journals Ethnovet and livestock Indigenous Knowledge ethnobotany Other websites . Websites on ethnobotany and plants http://www.ethnovetweb.com/ethnobotany.htm

Up Mailing lists Journals Ethnovet and livestock ... Other websites Websites on ethnobotany and plants Centre for International Ethnomedical Education and Research Gray Card Index Guide to Economic Botany Links Herb walk ... VAST Centre for International Ethnomedical Education and Research The Centre for International Ethnomedical Education and Research is a non-profit educational and research organization developed to establish a focal point for the exchange of ethnomedicinal knowledge and to establish an international network of ethnobotanical researchers. The site features bibliographies, databases, publications, online courses, research projects, a web directory, and more pertaining to medicinal plants. www.cieer.org/ Back to top Gray Card Index This database of the Harvard University Herbaria catalogues over 325,000 citations of names of New World vascular plants. www.herbaria.harvard.edu/data/gray/ Back to top Guide to Economic Botany Links http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/scihort/eblinks/

58. Pinus Discolor Description Taxonomic notes, physical features, range, and ethnobotany of the Border Pinyon of southwestern North America. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/discolor.htm

Pinus discolor Bailey and Hawksworth 1979 Common Names Taxonomic notes Subsection Cembroides. Syn: P. cembroides subsp. cembroides var. bicolor Little 1968; P. culminicola var. discolor (Bailey and Hawksworth) Silba 1985 ( The validity of this taxon is greatly disputed. At one extreme, Kral (1993) summarily dismisses its existence altogether, and regard it, combined with P. johannis Robert-Passini, as merely a variety of P. cembroides (var. bicolor Little) while at the other extreme, Perry (1991) and Price et al. (1998) regard it as a valid species distinct in its own right. An intermediate view is taken by Passini (1994) , who treats P. discolor as a synonym of P. johannis . It is clearly very close to that species but does differ slightly, and might best be treated as a variety of it; the combination Pinus johannis var. bicolor has however yet to be formally published. There have been no reports of any natural hybridisation with P. cembroides , despite frequent intermingled occurrence, which strongly supports specific distinction from P. cembroides

59. Ethnobotanical Leaflets ethnobotany of Palas Valley, Pakistan by Zafeer Saqib and A. Sultan. * The Lost Glory of Folk Medicine by Amrit Pal Singh http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/

Edition 2005 WELCOME to Ethnobotanical Leaflets . The aim of this journal is to expedite publication. Papers must be appropriate in subject matter and submitted in electronic form. All articles are reviewed by the editor Take time and enjoy our Web Journal. Contributions from our readers are always welcome ( see instructions International Web Journal All Articles Are Archived on the Internet Wayback Machine: Click for details Quality and Harvesting Specifications of some Medicinal Plant Parts Set Up by some Herbalists in the Eastern Region of Ghana by Y. Ameyaw, F.A. Aboagye, A.A. Appiah and H.R. Blagogee ... Dr. Amrit Pal Singh, MD Back Issues of Ethnobotanical leaflets and Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Fall 1997 Winter 1998 Summer 1998 ... Edition 2004 Book Review Corner The Wealth of India by K.S. Krishnan Marg, editor. Medicine Quest by Mark Plotkin ... Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants Research Notes Starch Research Page The Inclusive Herbarium by Edgar Anderson How to Define a Species? Preparing Herbarium Specimens of Vascular Plants by C. Earle Smith, Jr. ... Botany: Internet Resources Galleria Botanica EBL Featured Artist Keith Harrison EBL Featured artist Rebecca Brown Discover Domestication, Paris

60. Pinus Merkusii Description Physical features, range, and ethnobotany of Sumatran Pine. Provides taxonomic notes and distribution map. http://www.botanik.uni-bonn.de/conifers/pi/pin/merkusii.htm

Distribution of Pinus merkusii (solid color) and P. latteri (large enclosed region) ( de Laubenfels 1988 Pinus merkusii Common Names Sumatran pine ( Farjon 1984 FIPI 1996 Taxonomic notes Syn: P. merkiana Gordon; P. sumatrana Junghuhn ( Farjon 1984 P. finlaysoniana Wall. ex Blume 1847 ( Farjon 1998 P. latteri Mason, previously considered conspecific, is now treated as a separate species ( Farjon 1998 Alliances to pines other than P. latteri are unclear, but probably closest to Sect. Pinea , subsect. Pinaster (Frankis 1993). Description Tree 30-50(70) m tall and 60-80 cm dbh with straight bole level to upcurved branches, the open crown changing from conical to rounded as the tree ages. Bark thick, rough, gray-brown or reddish-brown, deeply fissured, forming small rounded plates on the lower part of the trunk; thin and flaky in upper crown; all bark thin on trees from some areas at higher altitude (Tapanuli prov., Sumatra) where grass fires are infrequent. Branches mostly multinodal. First year branches brownish and glabrous. Leaves dark green, 2 per fascicle, 15-25 cm long, slender, rigid, persistent 2 years, sheaths persistent; dried leaves 60-90 mg per fascicle (c.f. over 100 mg in P. latteri

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 3     41-60 of 176    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | Next 20