61. IPI Report: IPI/IFJ Petition Ethopian Government (Global Journalist Magazine, Fi We believe that the Ethiopian government is seeking to change the composition of Throughout this period, the Ethiopian government s behavior has been http://www.globaljournalist.org/magazine/2004-1/ipi-ethiopia.html

Radio Magazine Forum About ... Contact/Subscribe Magazine Latest Issue Subscriptions Archives 2004 First Quarter Table of Contents Features Britain's Broadcast Crisis Fight for Freedom Seeking Justice Ombudsman relationship ... A War of Words IPI Report IPI 2004 World Congress Focuses on Post-Communist Transition Death Watch IPI Protests IPI in Focus ... IPI/IFJ Petition Ethiopian Government Departments Tech Notes Point of View World Watch Journalist's Journal ... Final Word IPI Report IPI/IFJ Petition Ethopian Government In recent months, the Ethiopian Free Press Journalists' Association (EFJA) has come under increasing pressure from the Ethiopian authorities who appear determined to stop the free expression association from operating freely. Starting last year, EFJA faced accusations from the Ministry of Justice that it had failed to follow certain administrative procedures. After these claims, EFJA was banned and its offices closed. Then, in early February, in what amounted to a virtual coup d'etat, the existing EFJA leadership was ousted at a meeting that voted in a new EFJA executive board. The fact that the meeting was held at the halls of the Ministry of Justice undermined government claims that it was merely an innocent by-stander in the internal procedures of the only Ethiopian organization representing independent journalists. Moreover, EFJA's problems, coming at the same time as the decision to pass a repressive media law, reinforced the perception that the government had its own reasons for silencing the organization.

62. Ethiopia The government’s failure to take action to alleviate the 1973–74 famine in the the Ethiopian government tried to alleviate the problem by resettling http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0019730.html

// Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> From: www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/ ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Encyclopaedia Search Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: Ethiopia Early medieval parchment with Ethiopian script. The Amharic script is an offshoot of the Ethiopic alphabet, itself a descendant of the South Semitic branch of languages, and the only South Semitic script still in use. Ethiopia, a land of contrasts, has become known throughout the world as a country of famine and civil war. However, in the 1930s, Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia impressed the world as ruler of the only self-governed African state. He is now thought of as a god by Jamaican followers of Rastafarianism. Villagers in the Hararghe region, Ethiopia. Here villagers work together to build a new thatch hut. Country in East Africa, bounded north by Eritrea, northeast by Djibouti, east and southeast by Somalia, south by Kenya, and west and northwest by Sudan. It was known as Abyssinia until the 1920s. Government History Long subject to Egypt, the area became independent around the 11th century

63. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Ethiopia - Government Facts And Figures government and political information for ethiopia. http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/et/Ethiopia_government.htm

Home World Map Rankings Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Z Source: www.exchange-rates.org World Africa Ethiopia (Facts) Ethiopia - Government (Facts) Country name: conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia conventional short form: Ethiopia local short form: Ityop'iya former: Abyssinia, Italian East Africa local long form: Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik abbreviation: FDRE Government type: federal republic Capital: Addis Ababa Administrative divisions: 9 ethnically-based states (kililoch, singular - kilil) and 2 self-governing administrations* (astedaderoch, singular - astedader); Adis Abeba* (Addis Ababa), Afar, Amara (Amhara), Binshangul Gumuz, Dire Dawa*, Gambela Hizboch (Gambela Peoples), Hareri Hizb (Harari People), Oromiya (Oromia), Sumale (Somali), Tigray, Ye Debub Biheroch Bihereseboch na Hizboch (Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples) Independence: oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years National holiday: National Day (defeat of MENGISTU regime), 28 May (1991) Constitution: ratified December 1994; effective 22 August 1995

64. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Ethiopia - Government And Political Conditi ethiopia government and Political Conditions. government AND POLITICALCONDITIONS ethiopia is afederal republic under the 1994 constitution. http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/et/Ethiopia_government_summary.htm

Home World Map Rankings Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Z Source: www.exchange-rates.org World Africa Ethiopia (Notes) Ethiopia - Government and Political Conditions (Notes) GOVERNMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS Ethiopia is afederal republic under the 1994 constitution. The executive branch includes apresident, Council of State, and Council of Ministers. Executive power resides with the prime minister. There is a bicameral parliament; the most recent national legislative elections were held in 2000. The judicial branchcomprises federal and regional courts. Political parties include theEthiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) and 50 other registered parties, most of which are small and ethnically based. Suffrage isuniversal at age 18. In 2003, Ethiopia continued its transition from a unitary to a federal system of government. The EPRDF-led government of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi has promoted a policy of ethnic federalism, devolving significant powers to regional, ethnically based authorities. Ethiopia today has 9 semi-autonomous administrative regions and two special city administrations (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa), which have the power to raise their own revenues. Under the present government, Ethiopians enjoy wider, albeit circumscribed, political freedom than ever before in Ethiopia’s history. Principal Government Officials PresidentGirma Wolde-Giorgis Prime MinisterMeles Zenawi Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Rural Development and AgricultureAddisu Legesse Minister of National DefenseAbadula Gemeda

65. Women In Ethiopia With this realisation, the government of ethiopia, both the Transitional governmentand The government of ethiopia in 1995, under its new constitution, http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/fact file/a-z/women-1.htm

Women in Ethiopia National Policy on Ethiopian Women Ethiopian women are actively involved in all aspects of their society's life. Women are both producers and procreators and they are also active participants in the social, political, and cultural activities of their communities. However the varied and important roles they play have not always been recognised. The discriminatory political, economic and social rules and regulations prevailing in Ethiopia have barred women from enjoying the fruits of their labour. Without equal opportunities, they have lagged behind men in all fields of self-advancement. Economic development is unthinkable without the participation of women. In some economic sectors women even constitute a proportionally larger group of the labour force than men. However, because their participation in the economy has not been valued, Ethiopian women have not received their fair share of the nation's wealth. Background Before the 1974 Revolution, women's organised activities were run mainly by non-governmental bodies such as the Ethiopian Women's Welfare Association, the Ethiopian Officer's Wives Association, the Ethiopian Female Students' Association. These Associations were, however, limited in scope, and only existed in the cities. They had little or no impact on government policies, laws, regulations or development programs. After 1974, the Revolutionary Ethiopian Women's Association (REWA) was established by proclamation, but this organisation was too monolithic and too close to the Derg to be of any real use to women. The purpose of its establishment was, in fact, the consolidation of the Derg's power. Promoting the interests of women was not high on its agenda nor was it designed to influence government policies or help women benefit from development programs. As a result there was little improvement in the lives of Ethiopian women, whether in the social, economic or political sphere, especially of those who lived in the rural areas.

66. Ethiopia: Oromo Rebels Claim Military Victories Against Government Forces ethiopia Oromo rebels claim military victories against government forces MediaMonitor. http://news.monstersandcritics.com/mediamonitor/article_1015857.php/Ethiopia_Oro

Index U.S. U.K. Americas ... Features Daily Almanac Watercooler Stories Lifestyle Consumer Health Horoscope Life Travel Comment Readers Write Search Released This Week Movies - USA Movies - UK DVD - USA DVD - UK Specials Comic-Con 2005 Edinburgh International Film Festival 2005 Tribeca Film Festival Oscars 2005 Topics Comics Space Misc Links Entertainment Arts Books DVD Movies ... TV News U.S. U.K. Americas Europe ... Tech Lifestyle Consumer Health Horoscope Life Travel Network Sites War of the Worlds Media Movie Stills Movie Trailers Movie Posters Movie Premieres ... Concert Photos Best Sellers Books DVD's Soundtracks Corporate About Us Advertise Contact Staff ... Vacancies Advertisement Media Monitor Ethiopia: Oromo rebels claim military victories against government forces Jun 18, 2005, 4:45 GMT printer friendly email this article Text of report by Ethiopian opposition Radio Freedom audio website on 17 June; all place names in southeastern Ethiopia Ogaden National Liberation Front [ONLF] forces have been conducting a major military operation codenamed Operation Digsi [saucepan] since 30 May 2005, the objective of which is to cripple enemy Ethiopian troops preparing to oversee the so-called election [in Somali regional state]. Heavy losses have been inflicted on colonial Ethiopian forces.

67. NomadNet:Feeding The War Machine In Ethiopia The Ethiopian government presented these scenarios to the resident internationaldonors to But in this case, the Ethiopian government demanded control. http://www.netnomad.com/warmachine.html

Boston Sunday Globe May 28, 2000 Feeding the War Machine in Ethiopia When Ethiopia's people, not its army might have been fed Western powers ceded close control of massive food aid effort, thereby fattening the war effort against Eritrea By Sam Barnes After listening to news last week from Ethiopia and Eritrea Ethiopia on Tuesday opened a huge, and perhaps decisive, new offensive in its two-year-old battle against Eritrea it's hard not to think of what could have been done to prevent the carnage of this war. Often in international disputes, there are fleeting moments in which peace is possible, but too often those become lost opportunities, a chance for political action missed. One such moment occurred shortly after the war erupted in 1998. In December, six months after the Ethiopian-Eritrean war began, the Ethiopian government issued a contingency plan to, as the title of the document declared, "Meet the Humanitarian Needs of the Displaced People in the Regional State of Tigray." This plan included two scenarios. The first which reflected the actual situation claimed 315,976 people displaced along the Eritrean border, requiring 65,000 tons of international food aid valued at $150 million. The second presumed a wider war effort in the region, and predicted that another 268,239 people would have to be evacuated. And 128,000 tons of food valued at $298 million would be needed.

68. WoYaa!: COUNTRIES/ETHIOPIA/GOVERNMENT The Status Of Human Rights Organizations In SubSaharan Africa ethiopia pop war crimes trials for the defeated former government leaders in ethiopia, http://www.woyaa.com/links/COUNTRIES/ETHIOPIA/GOVERNMENT/

Web Calendar Forums Classifieds ... LOGIN Looking for something in particular? the entire directory only this category More search options Home COUNTRIES ETHIOPIA : GOVERNMENT LINKS: Pages: 1 Country profiles : Ethiopia , Ethiopie pop European Union (EU) - Africa-Carribe-Pacific (ACP) : Bilateral and developpement cooperation relations http://europa.eu.int/en/comm/dg08/country/ethiopia.htm (Added: Hits: 234 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Review It Send this link to a friend! ETHIOPIE pop > Les représentations diplomatiques et consulaires étrangères en France. http://www.expatries.diplomatie.fr/repdipfrview.asp?pays=ETHIOPIE (Added: Fri Jun 22 2001 Hits: 137 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Review It Send this link to a friend! The Status Of Human Rights Organizations In Sub-Saharan Africa Ethiopia pop In 1974, Mengistu Haile Mariam Led A Rebellion That Overthrew The Monarchical Rule Of Emperor Haile Selassie http://www.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/ethiopia.htm (Added: Hits: 66 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Review It Send this link to a friend! USAID - Ethiopia pop Ethiopia Country Health Statistics Profile.

69. Ethiopia - Economic Analysis Of Government S Policies, Investment Tesfa Piccola s analysis of jobs, growth, social justice and business opportunity. http://www.mkeever.com/ethiopia.html

THE McKEEVER INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC POLICY ANALYSIS ETHIOPIA: Economic Policy Analysis This site presents an analysis of the Ethipian government's economic policies compared to a revised list of 34 economic policies as prepared by student Tesfa Piccola with the McKeever Institute of Economic Policy Analysis (MIEPA) in May of 2003. To read the analysis scroll through this site. To learn more about the background policies, click here Introduction and Policy Recommendations To learn more about MIEPA , click here Return to MIEPA 's Home Page Tesfa Piccola, an Ethiopian citizen who currently [May 2003] lives in California, has completed a study of the home country government's economic policies as compared to the MIEPA list of policies as outlined above. The study on Ethiopia is shown below. The ratings herein are based on the following rating scale: RATING SCALE 5.0 Perfect Facilitation of Wealth Creation 4.0 Midway between Perfect and Neutral 3.0 Neutral Effect on Wealth Creation 2.0 Midway between Neutral and Obstructionist 1.0 Perfectly Obstructionist to Wealth Creation

70. What Ethiopia Needs We are writing in regards to recent ethiopian government s action to imprison ethiopia s government not only does it interferes with the internal http://www.oromoliberationfront.org/Hiraan_HRights.htm

SBO/ Radio Liberating the Oromo People for Stability and Development in the Horn of Africa Somali mass imprisment by Ethiopian Government Hiiraan People's Forum for Peace and Human Rights Press Release March 12, 2004 We are writing in regards to recent Ethiopian government's action to imprison Prominent Somali Clan elders including the mayor of Beled Weyne in the border town of Ferfer as well as the imprisonment of the mayor of Doolow another town near the border of Ethiopia and Somalia. We believe the Ethiopian Government's interference in the inter-clan warfare between two hegemony tribes in the border areas was politically motivated by siding with one clan, instead of reconciling the two Somali clans, and this is a clear human rights violation. These actions seriously undermine Ethiopian government's stated commitment to the protection of basic human rights as shown by its ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political rights in 1993. This is not the first time Ethiopia committed gross human right violation against its citizens, repression, imprisonment and torture against the ethnic Somali minority tribes in the ogaden region has become daily occurrence. These human rights violations were even committed against Oramo, Ethiopia's largest

71. Ethiopia - Government Defeats In Eritrea And Tigray ethiopia. government Defeats in Eritrea and Tigray ethiopian offensive inTigray with a series of attacks on government positions there in early March. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4406.html

Country Listing Ethiopia Table of Contents Ethiopia Government Defeats in Eritrea and Tigray In March 1988, the EPLF initiated one of its most successful military campaigns by striking at Ethiopian army positions on the Nakfa front north of the town of Afabet, where the Derg had established a base for a new attack against the insurgents. In two days of fighting, the Eritrean rebels annihilated three Ethiopian army divisions, killing or capturing at least 18,000 government troops and seizing large amounts of equipment, including armor and artillery. Subsequently, the town of Afabet, with its military stores, fell to the EPLF, which then threatened all remaining Ethiopian military concentrations in northern Eritrea. The Ethiopian army's defeat in Eritrea came after setbacks during the preceding week in Tigray. Using the same tactics employed by the EPLF, the TPLF preempted a pending Ethiopian offensive in Tigray with a series of attacks on government positions there in early March. A government attack against central Tigray failed disastrously, with four Ethiopian army divisions reportedly destroyed and most of their equipment captured. In early April, the TPLF took the town of Adigrat in northern Tigray, cutting the main road link between Addis Ababa and Eritrea. The March 1988 defeats of the Ethiopian army were catastrophic in terms of their magnitude and crippling in their effect on government strategy in Eritrea and Tigray. The capability of government forces in both regions collapsed as a result. Subsequently, Ethiopian government control of Eritrea was limited to the Keren-Asmera-Mitsiwa triangle and the port of Aseb to the southeast. The TPLF's victories in Tigray ultimately led to its total conquest by the rebels and the expansion of the insurgency into Gonder, Welo, and even parts of Shewa the following year.

72. Ethiopia - GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS ethiopia. government AND POLITICS. Party and government Until 1974 revolution After mid1991, transitional government reoriented ethiopia s foreign http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4368.html

Country Listing Ethiopia Table of Contents Ethiopia GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS Party and Government: Until 1974 revolution ruled by an imperial regime whose last emperor was Haile Selassie I. Following revolution, a socialist state based on principles of Marxism-Leninism, led by Workers' Party of Ethiopia. Constitution promulgated in 1987 created People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. In theory, National Shengo (National Assembly) highest organ of political power, but real power centered in hands of Mengistu Haile Mariam, president and commander in chief of armed forces. In May 1991, Mengistu regime overthrown by coalition of forces led by Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF). A National Conference in July 1991 created Transitional Government of Ethiopia, consisting of a president and a prime minister, a seventeen-member Council of Ministers, and an eighty-seven-member Council of Representatives. Transitional government to last not longer than two-and-one-half years. Meles Zenawi, former head of EPRDF, elected president by Council of Representatives. In mid-1993 new constitution being drafted to come into force not later than early 1994. After May 1991, Eritrea controlled by Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF). EPLF set up Provisional Government of Eritrea under its leader, Issaias Afwerki. In a referendum held April 23-25, 1993, more than 98 percent of registered voters favored independence from Ethiopia. In May 1993, Government of Eritrea was formed, consisting of a National Assembly with supreme authority, a State Council with executive powers, and a president. Issaias Afwerki elected president by National Assembly. New government to last not longer than four years, during which democratic constitution is to be written.

73. CNN.com - Ethiopian Government Denounces Haile Selassie As Despot And Tyrant - O ethiopia s government broke its silence on Tuesday over the controversial reignof the country s last emperor, denouncing Haile Selassie the focus of the http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/10/31/ethiopia.emperor.ap/

world africa Editions myCNN ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web WORLD TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Gates pledges $100 million for AIDS Davos protesters face tear gas ... MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters face tear gas MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Ethiopian government denounces Haile Selassie as despot and tyrant ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia (AP) Ethiopia's government broke its silence on Tuesday over the controversial reign of the country's last emperor, denouncing Haile Selassie the focus of the Caribbean religion of Rastafarianism as a despot and a tyrant who oppressed and exploited the masses.

74. CNN.com - Ethiopia Rejects Killings Inquiry - Jun 10, 2005 The Ethiopian government has rejected a call by human rights groups for aninvestigation into police violence during postelection unrest that left at http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/africa/06/10/ethiopia.arrests/

International Edition MEMBER SERVICES The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Autos SERVICES Video E-mail Newsletters Your E-mail Alerts RSS ... Contact Us SEARCH Web CNN.com Ethiopia rejects killings inquiry var clickExpire = "-1"; RELATED 22 dead in Ethiopia clashes YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS Ethiopia Violent Demonstrations Amnesty International European Union or Create your own Manage alerts What is this? ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia The Ethiopian government has rejected a call by human rights groups for an investigation into "police violence" during post-election unrest that left at least 27 people dead. Most shops remained closed Friday and taxi drivers stayed off the streets for a second day in a strike called to protest against a government crackdown on the political opposition after the disputed elections. UK-based Amnesty International said it feared students detained during this week's unrest could be tortured. Police released a leading opposition figure but continue to hold 14 others. Amnesty accused police of using live ammunition and beating mainly peaceful protesters. It did though acknowledge that some demonstrators threw stones. "We call on the Ethiopian government to halt the police violence and set up an independent and impartial commission of inquiry," Kolawole Olaniyan, the group's Africa director, told Reuters.

75. Amnesty International 1999 Annual Report On Ethiopia (the Federal Democratic Rep Thousands of critics and suspected opponents of the government were arrested, Amnesty International appealed to the Ethiopian government to respect the http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/afr25.htm

AI REPORT 1999: ETHIOPIA Eritrea entry). The internal armed conflict between the government of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi and the Oromo Liberation Front (olf) continued in the Oromo region; in the Somali region and at least three other regions there was armed opposition from the Ogaden National Liberation Front (onlf) and the Ethiopian Unity Front. There were major intercommunal disturbances in July in the south between the Gedeo and Oromo-Guji peoples; 3,000 people were reportedly killed. In early May Ethiopia called an international conference to consider the establishment of a national human rights commission and an ombudsman's office. The conference, attended by many international experts as well as hundreds of Ethiopian government officials, affirmed the need for the commission to be independent and impartial. Laws to establish it were still being drafted at the end of the year. In June Ethiopia acceded to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Thousands of critics and opponents of the government were arrested, including prisoners of conscience. Some 20 journalists were arrested under the 1993 Press Law and held without trial for publishing articles critical of the government. In January Anteneh Merid and Taye Belachew were among four journalists and six staff members of the newspaper Tobia who were arrested after Tobia published a security plan for un staff in Addis Ababa. The government alleged they were inciting violence and detained them without charge for seven months. Kifle Mulat, an official of the Ethiopian Free Press Journalists Association, was arrested in February after publishing a list of detained journalists and held without charge for two months. Alemayehu Kifle of

76. Human Rights Focus: Ethiopia The ethiopian government should launch an immediate investigation leading to The government of ethiopia, the ruling party of which has its roots in a http://www.africafocus.org/country/ethiopia_hrw.php

HRW Reports on ETHIOPIA to another country Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central Afr. Rep. Chad Comoros Congo (Brazzaville) Congo (Kinshasa) Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe tips on searching the web allafrica.com africaaction.org home page about AfricaFocus subscribe to AfricaFocus Bulletin back to countries page Reports from Human Rights Watch ( HRW The Dark Side of Ethiopia’s “Green Revolution” By Chris Albin-Lackey On September 3, Norwegian fertilizer giant Yara International awarded its first-ever African Green Revolution Prize to Ethiopia’s prime minister, Meles Zenawi. To the amazement of many Ethiopians, Yara had identified Meles as being at the vanguard of what it calls “a revolution to end hunger that also empowers people with a voice, and the opportunity to create their own future.” September 5, 2005 Commentary

77. Ethiopia - GOVERNMENT The government announced the formation of the Workers Party of ethiopia (WPE) on The ELF called for the ethiopian government to agree to immediate http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/ethiopia/GOVERNMENT.html

COUNTRY STUDIES Ethiopia - GOVERNMENT Ethiopia - Government and Politics THE FINAL CONGRESS of Ethiopia's Provisional Military Administrative Council marked a watershed in modern Ethiopian history. The congress, held in the capital city of Addis Ababa, was the prelude to the inauguration, in 1987, of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, which would be guided by a vanguard Marxist-Leninist party and regime. At least nominally, thirteen years of rule by the military regime were at an end. When the Provisional Military Administrative Council had assumed power in 1974, there were no clear signs that it was committed to a Marxist-Leninist model of social transformation; neither was there any indication that it was sincere about its pledge to return Ethiopia to civilian rule. In fact, within months of seizing power, the new regime began systematically to buttress the already preeminent role of the military as the vanguard of the revolution. Until its collapse in 1974, the Ethiopian imperial state had attempted to construct an absolutist but modernizing autocracy, a regime committed to preserving tradition while carefully guiding society into the twentieth century. Emperor Haile Selassie I, who ruled the country from 1930 to 1974, portrayed himself as a strong but compassionate leader, a model for all African statesmen. However, at a very fundamental level, the imperial state constructed by Haile Selassie was tenuously held together by a top-heavy, secularized bureaucracy and an imperial myth. Once the myth that the emperor was unassailable had been broken, the new regime began the process of reconstituting state institutions. This process was slow but methodical, and by 1989 the fruits of this institutional transformation were definitely in evidence.

78. GENOCIDE WATCH: THE ANUAK OF ETHIOPIA The massacres were led by Ethiopian government troops in uniform, Even ifthey had been Anuak, the response of Ethiopian government troops was criminal. http://www.genocidewatch.org/Anuakgenocideupdated23jan2004.htm

GENOCIDE WATCH: THE ANUAK OF ETHIOPIA Issued 8 January 2004 Updated 23 January 2004 Genocide Watch has received numerous reports of genocidal massacres of Anuak people in and around Gambella Ethiopia in December 2003. At least 416 Anuak people were murdered. Genocide Watch has names of those killed and imprisoned. (See Anuaks Massacred in Gambella The massacres were led by Ethiopian government troops in uniform, but they were joined by local people from highland areas. Genocide Watch has checked these reports carefully with eyewitnesses in Gambella as well as with the United States State Department and the United Nations, who have confirmed that the massacres were committed by Ethiopian government forces. Between 3000 and 5000 additional Anuak refugees have fled into Sudan , where they have congregated around Pochalla . Genocide Watch has verified these reports with the United Nations High Commission for Refugees and with sources in Pochalla . Genocide Watch and Survivors’ Rights International, with the assistance of concerned church groups, have sent field investigators to Pochalla , who corroborated the accounts of massacres in and around Gambella . The refugees say they are fleeing massacres of Anuak in Ethiopia The pretext for these massacres was the ambush of a van on December 13 by an unidentified gang who murdered its eight occupants, who were U.N. and Ethiopian government refugee camp officials. There is no evidence that the killers were

79. Ethiopia: Crimes Against Humanity In Gambella Region “The Ethiopian government must address its responsibility for the horrific Human Rights Watch said that the Ethiopian government’s response to the http://www.genocidewatch.org/EthiopiaHRWReportAnuak24March2005.htm

Ethiopia : Crimes Against Humanity in Gambella Region Army Impunity and Official Inaction Fuel Abuses Nairobi March 24, 2005 ) — The Ethiopian military has committed widespread murder, rape and torture against the Anuak population in the remote southwestern region of Gambella since December Human Rights Watch said in a 64-page report released today entitled “ Targeting the Anuak: Human Rights Violations and Crimes against Humanity in Ethiopia’s Gambella Region .” Human Rights Watch said that the abuses detailed in the report could amount to crimes against humanity. Following the December 2003 massacre of some 400 Anuak civilians in a Gambella town by mobs and soldiers, the military launched a series of attacks on Anuak villages that destroyed well over 1000 homes and left several dozen villagers dead. In numerous smaller incidents, soldiers have severely beaten and sometimes killed Anuak men they encounter along roads or in sweeps of Anuak villages. These abuses have forced several thousand Anuak civilians to flee their homes for camps across the Sudanese border, while others have sought refuge with friends or family in the relative safety of Gambella’s larger towns. “The Ethiopian government must address its responsibility for the horrific crimes that the army has committed against Anuak civilians in Gambella,” said Peter Takirambudde, executive director of Human Rights Watch’s Africa Division. “While serious abuses have continued, the government has focused only on prosecuting a handful of soldiers involved in the December massacre.”

80. Ethiopia - Government And Politics government and Politics. ethiopia Table of Contents. THE FINAL CONGRESS ofethiopia s Provisional Military Administrative Council marked a watershed in http://countrystudies.us/ethiopia/105.htm

Government and Politics Ethiopia Table of Contents Until its collapse in 1974, the Ethiopian imperial state had attempted to construct an absolutist but modernizing autocracy, a regime committed to preserving tradition while carefully guiding society into the twentieth century. Emperor Haile Selassie I, who ruled the country from 1930 to 1974, portrayed himself as a strong but compassionate leader, a model for all African statesmen. However, at a very fundamental level, the imperial state constructed by Haile Selassie was tenuously held together by a top-heavy, secularized bureaucracy and an imperial myth. Once the myth that the emperor was unassailable had been broken, the new regime began the process of reconstituting state institutions. This process was slow but methodical, and by 1989 the fruits of this institutional transformation were definitely in evidence. Ethiopia's turn toward Marxism-Leninism first became evident in early 1976 with the enunciation of the Program for the National Democratic Revolution. This document, which reflected the views of those regime members who espoused Marxism-Leninism long before they seized power, committed the regime to a noncapitalist approach to development based on the principles of scientific socialism. For the next decade, the ruling group used ideology and new socialist institutions to implement and legitimize its policies. Even when particular economic strategies were chosen, the regime seemed to be motivated by political objectives rather than driven by ideological zeal. Chief among the objectives were establishing the regime's political control and securing popular legitimacy.

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