41. AllRefer.com - Ethiopia - Historical Setting | Ethiopian Information Resource The evolution of this early Ethiopian culture was driven by a variety of ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. One of the most significant influences http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/ethiopia/ethiopia11.html

You are here allRefer Reference Ethiopia History ... Ethiopia Ethiopia Historical Setting by John W. Turner (An African analyst with the Department of Defense) Ethiopian Orthodox cathedral at Aksum, built in seventeenth century. MODERN ETHIOPIA IS THE PRODUCT of many millennia of interaction among peoples in and around the Ethiopian highlands region. From the earliest times, these groups combined to produce a culture that at any given time differed markedly from that of surrounding peoples. The evolution of this early "Ethiopian" culture was driven by a variety of ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. One of the most significant influences on the formation and evolution of culture in northern Ethiopia consisted of migrants from Southwest Arabia. They arrived during the first millennium B.C. and brought Semitic speech, writing, and a distinctive stone-building tradition to northern Ethiopia. They seem to have contributed directly to the rise of the Aksumite kingdom, a trading state that prospered in the first centuries of the Christian era and that united the shores of the southern Red Sea commercially and at times politically. It was an Aksumite king who accepted Christianity in the mid-fourth century, a religion that the Aksumites bequeathed to their successors along with their concept of an empire-state under centralized rulership. The establishment of what became the Ethiopian Orthodox Church was critical in molding Ethiopian culture and identity. The spread of Islam to the coastal areas of the Horn of Africa in the eighth century, however, led to the isolation of the highlands from European and Middle Eastern centers of Christendom. The appearance of Islam was partly responsible for what became a long-term rivalry between Christians and Muslimsa rivalry that exacerbated older tensions between highlanders and lowlanders and agriculturalists and pastoralists that have persisted to the present day.

42. Cultural Foundation Of Education In Ethiopia The Ethiopian secular culture and spoken languages were not given appropriate Firstly the Ethiopian culture remained Ethiopian more by the fact that http://chora.virtualave.net/culturalfoundation.htm

The Cultural Foundation of Education in Ethiopia by Teklehaimanot Haileselassie (PhD) I. Introduction Education should be an endeavor to introduce the desirable change into a culture while steadily standing on it. It is like a meson who first of all lays the foundation work after which, and using the foundation as working place and platform, continues further construction work upon it. The foundation serves both as a facilitating ground as well as an important input for the additional construction components. This is because, on the one hand, it is on the foundation that all the movements start and take place and, on the other hand, the depth, width and strength are essential inputs for further construction. That is the reason why one cannot think of a relevant and useful curriculum that is based on alien culture. The very first statement of the Education and Training Policy issued in April 1994 reads: "Education is a process by which man transmits his experiences, new findings and values accumulated over the years, in his struggle for survival and development through generations." This is an unequivocal assertion that culture is the basis of education. Amare (1998) has rightly represented culture and education as content and means in the same order. The cultures of the various nations, nationalities and peoples constitute the Ethiopian culture which due to its diversity and continuity is very rich and complex in character. This rich and complex foundation makes the development of education to be challenging and whose solution cannot be prevailing without democratic process.

43. Voices Of New York by the compensatory work of emphasizing other aspects of Ethiopian culture. manifestation of the sincerity and warmth inherent to Ethiopian culture, http://www.nyu.edu/classes/blake.map2001/ethiopia.html

Home Albanian Arabic Brazilian ... West Indian The Language of Identity: Ethiopian Communities in New York City Maya René Smullyan-Jenkins and Ian Jackson Introduction Ethiopian immigrants in this city possess two distinctive qualities: one, the fact that there is no centralized Ethiopian community within the boroughs in the same way that there does exist a Chinatown or a Little Italy. Instead of there being such a locale, there does exist a mish-mash of disparate neighborhoods spread throughout New York: primarily, Flushing, Queens; Parkchester, Bronx; and Manhattan. The other distinguishable quality about Ethiopian settlement in NYC-as initially suggested by one Ms. Apufia Beko, a 49 year-old Parkchester resident-is that unlike many if not most immigrants to New York (particularly those from the East), Ethiopians enter this country with a basic English proficiency. Ultimately, these two factors of permeation and proficiency contribute to setting the stage for a wealth of diverse experience amongst Ethiopian immigrants in New York, which the following discussion will seek to illustrate.

44. Www.news2mail.com: Soc.Culture.Ethiopia -- Subscribe the Messages from the Usenetgroup Soc.culture.ethiopia and get them in your local mailbox. http://www.news2mail.com/soc/culture/ethiopia.html

Soc.Culture.Ethiopia Home Soc Soc.Culture Soc.Culture.Ethiopia.Misc Unmoderated forum to discuss Ethiopian culture. Soc.Culture.Ethiopia.Moderated Ethiopian culture. (Moderated) This group is not available by e-mail on news2mail.com This group is available on the following free newsservers: dp-news.maxwell.syr.edu (0Articles per day) Clicking on this link should open this group in your Newsreader. This will only work if you have a correctly installed a newsreader and a standard news-server is set. To contact us, please send a mail to webmaster@news2mail.com .Please do not ask questions about the content of the group, since we will not be able to answer those. See this description how to post a message into the group. impressum google_ad_client = "pub-6032656026755482"; google_ad_width = 160; google_ad_height = 600; google_ad_format = "160x600_as"; Home Groups: Computer Cultures ... Impressum

45. Ethiopia Ethiopian’s history and culture are rich, unique and diverse, and is the most ancient empire in the world, which goes back thousands of years, http://us-africa.tripod.com/ethiopia.html

Africa About us Africa Introduction Country Files ... us-africa ETHIOPIA Other great Links Greenland Travel More Links Bernard Cloutier: Photos Foundation Afrika (Adoption) (Dutch Language) Foundation Kune Zuva (Dutch Language) Remote River expeditions The Schoelink's: Photos Tour Ethiopia Official Name Ityop'iya Located Mid East : Sudan, Eritrea, Kenya, Somalia Capital Addis Ababa ("new Flower") Head of State President Lt. Girma Wolde-Giorgis Area 1,127,000 sq km Population 58.3 million Growth rate Languages Currency Ethiopian birr GNP per capita Inflation Airlines (advertise here) from Europe: from Asia: from USA: Hotels (advertise here) USAfrica Agent Greenland Travel Country Advertiser USAfrica Research Information JOIN AFRICA-4-AFRICA Land of people with sun burnt faces ". Some believe that Ethiopia is the land of genesis. The territory of Ethiopia is one of the oldest centers of human habitations. Ethiopian’s history and culture are rich, unique and diverse, and is the most ancient empire in the world, which goes back thousands of years, came to an end on the 12th of September 1974. The country's rich history is woven with legends of King Solomon and Queen of Sheba; the Ark of the Covenant that is said to rest in Axum ; the great Axumite kingdom and the birth of Christianity; the rise of Islam; and the story of King Lalibela, who is believed to have had constructed eleven rock-hewn churches , still standing today and considered the eighth wonder of the world. The majority of Ethiopians eat "Injera" as staple food with variety of sauces Injera. Sour pan cake like food is prepared from indigenous grain called Teff. Meat, fish and vegetarian meals are very colorful and tasty. Visitors are highly recommended to try Ethiopia food according to their tastes and preferences. Many Ethiopians are very particular about clothing. It is usually recommended to wear lighter clothes during the day and warmer during the night.

46. OneWorld Magazine - Ethiopia, Surviving Salvation Ethiopian Falasha, How much of Ethiopians in Israel distinctive culture must they surrender in order to enter into Israeli society? http://www.oneworldmagazine.org/focus/etiopia/falash1.html

OneWorld Magazine presents SURVIVING SALVATION: Inventing Tradition? by Dr.Ruth Westheimer and Dr.Steven Kaplan "How much of Ethiopians in Israel distinctive culture must they surrender in order to enter into Israeli society? Whether the demands placed on the Ethiopians are precisely defined by a single authority, as in the case of the Rabbinate, or are the result of more general social forces, the challenge remains essentially the same." In traditional Ethiopia, the Beta Israel adopted many elements from the dominant Christian culture, but retained a separate social and religious identity. In this manner they survived for hundreds of years. The challenge that confronts Ethiopian Jews in Israel is virtually a mirror image of that which they encountered in the past. Overwhelmingly, they seek to become part of the social and religious mainstream. The crucial question is, can they do this without having to abandon their own culture for that of their neighbors? In reality, of course, the predicament they face is far more complex than a simple either/or situation. As we saw in the previous chapter, already in Ethiopia many Beta Israel had undergone changes that hinted at what awaited them in Israel. Religious practices changed, children grew more independent, the authority of elders declined, young women did not automatically marry at puberty. The clock cannot be turned back. And it is both inaccurate and hopelessly romantic to talk, as many do, of "preserving Ethiopian culture." Cultures, like fossils, are best preserved in museums. For them to live, they must be exposed to the light of day and the touch of human beings. To paraphrase the anthropologist Mary Douglas, "And if a culture is not developing, is it really a culture at all?"

47. OneWorld Magazine - Ethiopia, Surviving Salvation Understanding Ethiopian culture does not require us to either idealize it or artificially preserve it. It does, however, demand both careful study and http://www.oneworldmagazine.org/focus/etiopia/falash3.html

OneWorld Magazine presents SURVIVING SALVATION: Translating Culture by Dr.Ruth Westheimer and Dr.Steven Kaplan "Sooner or later everyone who works with Ethiopian Jews in Israel is referred to Dr. Chaim Rosen. If they're lucky, it's sooner rather than later. American born and educated, Rosen spent four years in Ethiopia with the Peace Corps and collecting data for his University of Chicago doctorate. He is therefore the only person in Israel who brings both academic training and first-hand experience in Ethiopia to his work with Ethiopian Jews. Soft-spoken and unassuming, Rosen eschews politics and bureaucratic infighting in order to reach as many people as possible. Although officially employed by the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption, he makes his expertise available to anyone who works with Ethiopians." Rosen's message is essentially a simple one: Only by learning the categories and terms that Ethiopian Jews use to understand the world can we begin to make sense of their behavior in Israel. Only through an appreciation of how they believe a child should be raised, a youth should behave, and an adult must act will we be able to comprehend the conflicts they face and work with them toward solutions. Under the sponsorship of Hadassah Women's Council, Rosen has developed and disseminated his ideas in a series of papers and articles. He rapidly became the Dear Abby (or should we say the Dr. Ruth?) of those working with Ethiopian immigrants, answering questions on almost every aspect of Ethiopian life: What's the best way to phrase an invitation? Why do they seem to have so many names? Why do they accept apartments in one city, but not in another?

48. Eritrea-Ethiopia Bibliography - Works And Words ethiopia A Cultural History. Essex, England Lalibela House, 1955. This is a wideranging tome covering all manner of ethiopian culture. http://www.worksandwords.com/eretlink.htm

Read avariciously or at least like the books were going to disappear tomorrow. Home Coins Travel Photography ... Connections Eritrea-Ethiopia Bibliography FAQs Who's Mike? Ask Mike What's New? Eritrea-Ethiopia Bibliography This bibliography lists works that reference various aspects of Eritrea and Ethiopia. Read them for your research and enjoyment of the history and times of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Those that are available online include a link to that online location. You can find most of the others at your favorite library that includes African history among its topics. You can likely locate some of them at Amazon.com Barnes and Noble Borders , or Google.com . I may even be talked into lending out those that I have now and then. Ask. Journal of Ethiopian Studies , VI, No.2 (July, 1968), pp. 1-5. This article lists the Axumite Kings according do conclusions based on its coinage. Some of this chronology has been revised by Munro-Hay and others. No one chronology is generally accepted yet. (in French) Buston, David. The Abyssinians . New York: Praeger, 1970. A historical work. David is using an old word Abyssinian to refer to what has since the second World War been called almost exclusively Ethiopia. The names are interchangeable.

49. Ethiopian Jewish Culture - Israel Association For Ethiopian Jews Jews in ethiopia were separated from the Christian and Moslem communities by their distinct way of life and religious customs. http://www.iaej.co.il/pages/our_culture.htm

Ethiopian Jewish Culture Way of Life Way of Life Music Food Family Dress ... Sigd Jews in Ethiopia were separated from the Christian and Moslem communities by their distinct way of life and religious customs. The majority of Ethiopian Jews were farmers, but a smaller portion were traditional craftsmen, working as tinsmiths and tailors. Overall the community had very little contact with other ethnic communities and developed a very rich culture in isolation. Jews in Ethiopia lived in huts and their villages were built near rivers and streams in the mountainous regions of Ethiopia. Besides the economic benefits of living near the water, there was the importance of flowing waters in the rituals of purification and cleanliness practiced by the community. The Ethiopian Jews maintained a strict biblical code of purity surrounding menstruation, birth, death and preparation for the Sabbath. Fresh running water was therefore essential to the community's way of life and spiritual health. The Kessim ("Kohanim") were the top religious and spiritual leaders of the Jewish community. Members of the community came to the Kessim for information related to religion, holidays, wedding ceremonies, divorce proceedings, burials, etc.

50. MSN Encarta - Ethiopia felt the Coptic Church was the backbone of an independent Ethiopian culture. the country experienced an artistic renaissance for Ethiopian culture, http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573854_6/Ethiopia.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Addis Ababa, capital Denakil Desert more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Ethiopia Search for books and more related to Ethiopia Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics for Ethiopia Encarta Search Search Encarta about Ethiopia Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Ethiopia ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 6 of 8 Ethiopia Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 17 items Dynamic Map Map of Ethiopia Article Outline Introduction Land and Resources Population Economy ... History B Local Government Ethiopia is made up of nine regions, most with a distinct ethnic majority. Each region has a regional council that may establish lower levels of jurisdiction to allow people to participate in self-government. In accordance with the 1995 constitution, individual ethnic groups within a region have the right to form their own regions or to secede from the federation. C Judiciary The Ethiopian judicial system consists of two principal branches; the Federal Supreme Court has final jurisdiction over federal cases, and the regional supreme courts have final jurisdiction over regional concerns. Regional supreme courts may also serve as federal first-instance courts. Federal judges are nominated by the prime minister and appointed after approval by the Council of People’s Representatives.

51. MSN Encarta - Search View - Ethiopia The most significant area of Ethiopian culture is in the field of literature, represented predominantly by translations from ancient Greek, Arabic, http://encarta.msn.com/text_761573854__1/Ethiopia.html

Search View Ethiopia Article View To find a specific word, name, or topic in this article, select the option in your Web browser for finding within the page. In Internet Explorer, this option is under the Edit menu. The search seeks the exact word or phrase that you type, so if you don’t find your choice, try searching for a key word in your topic or recheck the spelling of a word or name. Ethiopia I. Introduction Ethiopia , republic in northeastern Africa, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Ethiopia is bounded on the northeast by Eritrea and Djibouti, on the east and southeast by Somalia, on the southwest by Kenya, and on the west and northwest by Sudan. A high plateau capped with rugged mountains covers much of Ethiopia; lowland deserts surround the plateau region. Agriculture, the country’s chief economic activity, is carried out in the fertile plateau area. Ethiopia has a diverse population, with more than 70 distinct ethnic and linguistic groups. The 1995 constitution established Ethiopia as a federation and created nine regions for the country’s main ethnic groups. Known as Abyssinia until the 20th century, Ethiopia is the oldest independent nation in Africa. It was home to the powerful Christian kingdom of Aksum that flourished from around the first century

52. Precious Angel : Ethiopia ethiopia. • ethiopian culture ethiopia.At; USENET Soc.culture.ethiopia.Misc; USENET Soc.culture.ethiopia.Moderated. http://jah1.com/ethiopia/linksaa.htm

Links Your search: Ethiopia Search in: The Web Directory News Inside Yahoo! Travel Ethiopia Guide on Yahoo! Travel News Full Coverage : in-depth coverage on Eritrea-Ethiopia World Factbook : information about Ethiopia at Yahoo! Reference Directory Category Matches Next 20 Ethiopia Ethiopia n Culture ... results by location Web Matches Next 20 CIA World Factbook: Ethiopia - synopsis of information about Ethiopia , including geography, people, government, economy, and more. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/et.html search within this site More sites about: Ethiopia > Country Guides Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation - The introduction of telecommunication in Ethiopia dates back to 1884. In those years, the technological scheme contributed to the http://www.telecom.net.et/ search within this site Ethiopia Page Ethiopia Page. Country Map of Ethiopia : Capital Map of Addis Ababa. US State Department Travel Advisories for Ethiopia Other On-Line Resources Related to Ethiopia http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/

53. POET LAUREATE TSEGAYE GABRE Footprint of Time, delineating ethiopia’s place in world culture and interpreting and popularizing ethiopia and ethiopian culture to the world, http://www.ethiopians.com/tsegaye/

P OET L AUREATE T SEGAYE G ABRE-MEDHIN OF E THIOPIA A Short Walk Through His Literary Park By Professor Negussay Ayele B elatengeta P oet L aureate— T segaye G abre- M edhin is Ethiopia’s premier versatile and prolific man of letters. For half a century now he has been continuously productive as poet, playwright, essayist, social critic, philologist, historiographer, dramatist, synthesist, peace activist, artistic director...on matters national, continental and global. Even if he has yet to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, he has often been more appreciated and duly honored abroad than in his own land. Perhaps this is in keeping with that old Ethiopian saying to the effect that ‘ a prophet is often not esteemed in his own country .’ In this day and age, when most of us have been preoccupied and indeed consumed by wars and rumors of wars in Ethiopia-Eritrea and elsewhere in the Horn of Africa, it seems as though there is nothing else of positive value or of grave concern that deserves or commands the attention of Ethiopians. Today we shall take time out from violence and war and reflect on the life and works of Poet Laureate Tsegaye Gabre-Medhin who is a living legend, a literary hero, and as one observer described him recently, Ethiopia’s “biblical sage”. A Glimpse At Poet Laureate Tsegaye’s Literary Journey Young Tsegaye’s educational itinerary then takes him to formal higher schooling at home (Wingate and Commercial School) and abroad (Blackstone School of Law) in Chicago where he took his Bar Exam. But his precocious self-reading of his inner needs, moods and proclivities pointed towards pastures for artistic and literary expression. And so he pursued opportunities to visit and apprentice at experimental theater and drama establishments in Britain, France and Italy in the late 1950’s. In addition to writing and producing Amharic plays including

54. Ethiopia - Ityopya Official web sites of ethiopia, the capital of ethiopia, art, culture, history, cities, airlines, embassies, tourist boards and newspapers. http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/ethiopia.htm

Advertise here One World - Nations Online the countries of the world Home Continents Africa Ethiopia A virtual destination guide to Ethiopia, this page is about many aspects of the land formerly named Abyssinia. Search and locate official web sites from the country, and find comprehensive information on the nation in its diversity: The Ethiopian culture, history and geography. Get key information on Ethiopia's economy, education, science, environment, population, and government. You will have access to news from Ethiopia and you may visit Ethiopian cities. Find maps and other tourism information for travel in Ethiopia. keywords: Ethiopia information, Ethiopia news papers, tourist information for Ethiopia, Ethiopia map Official Sites News Business Country Guides ... Additional Links Ethiopia ( Ityop'iya ) Country Profile Official Flag of Ethiopia since 1996 Ethiopia's historical Flag Background: Oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years. The country comprises of more than 80 ethnic groups and as many languages. Primarily their shared independent existence unites Ethiopia's many nations. Unique among African countries, Ethiopia has never been colonised, one exception being the Italian occupation in 1936-41. In 1974 a military junta, the Derg, deposed Emperor Haile SELASSIE (who had ruled since 1930) and established a socialist state. Torn by bloody coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and massive refugee problems, the regime of Mengistu Hailemariam was finally toppled by a coalition of rebel forces, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), in 1991.

55. MEMORIES OF MENGHESTU LEMMA, IN ENGLAND AND ETHIOPIA as a chapter in her book ethiopia A Cultural History (1955) on which she The standard of living, health, education and culture of our country is http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2002/08/16-08-02/Memories.htm

Memories of Menghestu Lemma, in England and Ethiopia By Dr Richard Pankhurst In England Menghestu Lemma was one of the first group of Ethiopian students to travel to Britain after Ethiopia 's Liberation from Italian fascist occupation in 1941. Arriving in London in the late 1940s he enrolled at the then Regent Street Polytechnic to prepare himself to enter the London School of Economics (LSE) where we developed a friendship which was to last close on forty years. While in London, Menghestu read widely, not only the prescribed textbooks, but also on both political science and creative literature. He immersed himself in the Marxist classics: I remember him for example studying, and carefully annotating, two books of Lenin: State and Revolution, and Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. Menghestu also eagerly devoured the writings of the major Russian novelists and playwrights, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Chekov, Gorky and others. He saw in the old Russian society they depicted significant parallels with the Ethiopian society of his own time. He subsequently visited the Soviet Union, and often spoke of the need to translate nineteenth and early twentieth century Russian literature into Amharic - (and criticised the authorities in Moscow for wishing to translate modern Soviet writings which he found largely irrelavant to the then Ethiopian situation). Menghestu (seated right) at the author's wedding 1957 Richard (standing left) with wife Rita and mother; and Afewerk Tekle, also seated

56. Ethiopian Culture Revisited ethiopian culture Revisited The History of Writing in ethiopia By Richard Pankhurst. Papyrus Writing and Stone Inscriptions http://www.addistribune.com/Archives/2004/08/13-08-04/Culture.htm

Ethiopian Culture Revisited The History of Writing in Ethiopia By Richard Pankhurst Papyrus Writing and Stone Inscriptions The history of writing in Ethiopia dates back to extremely early times. Some scholars believe that use may have been made in Ethiopia, as in ancient Egypt, of papyrus, which, then as now, grew abundantly around Lake Tana. No examples of Ethiopian writing on papyrus, however, have thus far been found. Many royal inscriptions on stone were nevertheless later produced by Aksumite rulers, in the early centuries of the present era. Some of the most important, written in Ge'ez, South Arabian, and Greek, were erected by the early fourth century King Ezana. He used them to describe, and glorify, his victorious expeditions in various parts of the country, as well as to Nubia and South Arabia. Parchment Parchment, made from the skins of sheep, goats, cattle, and even horses, later came into extensive use, particularly after Ethiopia's conversion to Christianity in the early fourth century. This period witnessed the translation into Ge'ez, as well as the writing on parchment, of the Bible and other religious texts, mainly translated from Arabic and Greek. Letter Writing Parchment, in the medieval period, was also used in Ethiopia for the writing of letters. One such epistle was a famous communication from Emperor Zar'a Ya'qob (1434-1468) to the Ethiopian community in Jerusalem. The text was written in Ge'ez on four sheets of parchment.

57. Ethiopian Airlines - Land Of Timeless Appeal - Cultural Ethiopia & More the cultures of many different communities pattern ethiopian lifestyle. ethiopia still retains the Julian calendar, in which the year is divided http://www.flyethiopian.com/ethiopia/culture.aspx

Home About ET ET Network Flight Schedules ... Tour Operators in Addis MORE AT ETHIOPIAN Cargo with Care News Land of Timeless Appeal ith over 80 ethnic groups, the cultures of many different communities pattern Ethiopian lifestyle. With traditions going back to the days of Axum, and the strong religious setting, celebrations and festivals play an important part in daily life. Ethiopian Festivals With religion playing such an important part in many people's lifestyles, Ethiopia is a land where festivals and ceremonies provide many high points in the calendar. At such times, in towns and villages the people are dressed in their finest clothes. The following are among the most famous festivals: Enkutatash - Ethiopian New Year's day. Maskal - The festival of the finding of the true cross. Gena - Ethiopian Christmas (Jan. 7) Timket - Ethiopian Epiphany Faseka - Ethiopian Easter Kulubi Gabriel Gishen Mariam Sheik Hussein Sof Omar Axum Tsion Id Al Adha Id Al Fetir Maulid Festivals Ethiopia still retains the Julian calendar, in which the year is divided into 12 months of 30 days each, and a 13th month of five days, or six days during the leap year. The Ethiopian calendar is almost eight years behind the Gregorian calendar now used in the west. Ethiopian Christmas Day is on January 7th of the Gregorian calendar. Archeological Attractions The remains of "Lucy" which date back 3.5 million years and the recent discovery of amidas, a 4.4 million year old hominid fossil, mark Ethiopia as the cradle of mankind. Both were discovered in Haddar, along the Awash river, in the east of the country. They completed the missing link between apes and men.

58. Historic African Empires And Dynasties - Ethiopia This cultural, political, and religious fusion was far enough advanced by the susceptible to assimilation into the more developed Ethiopian culture. http://www.ijebu.org/repository/empires/index.php?cat=63

59. Circus In Ethiopia To promote Ethiopian cultures both nationally and abroad. Circus is a new phenomenon within Ethiopian culture, previously unfamiliar to our society. http://www.circusrotjeknor.nl/circus_in_ethiopia.htm

Circus in Ethiopia Committed to entertaining and educating Newsletter First Issue : May 2003 This is the first edition of the quarterly newsletter of Circus in Ethiopia. With this newsletter Circus in Ethiopia wants to inform partners, donors, friends and digital audience on the activities, achievements and future plans. Moreover, every newsletter will present the story of one of the circus artists, the profile of one of the donors as well as facts of figures on Circus in Ethiopia. Please forward this newsletter to friends, family and colleagues who might be interested to know more about Circus in Ethiopia. If you are interested to support our activities, Circus in Ethiopia will be more then happy to give you information about the possibilities. For these and other questions: please contact us! Table of Contents What is Circus in Ethiopia ? Workshops for trainers and artists. The Hero - a new circus drama New head office for Circus in Ethiopia ... Upcoming events For more information please contact us What is Circus in Ethiopia?

60. Mountain Voices: Oral Testimonies From North Wollo, Ethiopia: Local Themes: Cult quotes about culture and customs key testimonies featuring culture and customs Two Muslim narrators (ethiopia 9 and 10) refer to Eid el Fitr, http://www.mountainvoices.org/e_th_culture_and_customs.asp

RELATED THEMES identity social institutions social relationships spiritual beliefs OTHER LOCAL THEMES agriculture communications development economics ... traditional skills BACKGROUND introducing the area culture and customs quotes about culture and customs key testimonies featuring culture and customs Many traditions are associated with religion. One narrator, for example, mentions that when the Holy Tablet is carried out of the church the custom is to "escort it dressed in our best clothes and [to] celebrate the occasion with horse races" (Ethiopia 1) . Two Muslim narrators (Ethiopia 9 and 10) refer to Eid el Fitr, the feast at the end of Ramadan, when "we all go to the same place and drink our coffee and have breakfast together" . Some narrators sing traditional songs in the course of their testimonies and mention that new songs are composed to reflect changing circumstances. The custom of spontaneously composing funeral dirges is in decline, however; as elsewhere, it seems that musicians and singers now perform commercially rather than providing their services free. top quotes about culture and customs "When the Holy Tablet comes out, there are traditional war songs [sung] even by elderly men. Guns are fired to herald the event and also at the funeral of a man to honour him as a hero. But now the authorities punish or detain people for firing their guns when the Holy Tablet is carried out of the Church. People fire their guns also because they have made vows to do so if they reach the next celebration in good health. Now all that fanfare and jubilation has been reduced by these restrictions."

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