81. Estonia: Refusing To Bear Arms 2005 Revision The Estonian government stated in 1999 that less than 50 CO applications were 9 According to the Estonian government, only 11 COs have ever performed http://www.wri-irg.org/co/rtba/estonia.htm

Estonia As published in The Right to Conscientious Objection in Europe , Quaker Council for European Affairs, 2005. Conscription Conscientious objection Conscription Conscription is enshrined in Article 124 of the 1991 Constitution and is further regulated by the 2000 Defence Forces Service Act. The length of military service is 8 months, and 11 months for officers and conscripts serving in some specialist positions. All men between the ages of 19 and 27 are liable for military service. After completion of military service, conscripts may be called up for reservist duties every five years. Statistics The armed forces comprise 3,800 troops, including 1,500 conscripts. Every year, approx. 11,000 young men reach conscription age; approx. 15 per cent are recruited. Conscientious objection Legal basis The right to conscientious objection is recognized in Article 124 of the 1991 Constitution, according to which: "Any person who refuses to serve in the Defence Forces for religious or ethical reasons shall be obligated to participate in alternative service, in accordance with procedures established by law". The 2000 Defence Forces Service Act includes further provisions on conscientious objection and substitute service. The law requires the government to pass further legislation implementing the right to conscientious objection, but this has not happened.

82. Bridging The Ports/Oswego, NY/Tallinn, Estonia/Government The City of Tallinn is in the State of estonia. The estonian government is aparliamentary democracy made up of. Head of State President Lennart Meri http://oswego.org/staff/cmurabit/diversity/government.htm

Oswego, New York The City of Oswego operates under a Mayor-Alderman form of government. The Mayor presides over the meetings of the group of Aldermen, called the Common Council . The Mayor is eligible to vote only in case of a tie, but he may be heard at all times. He may veto all Common Council actions, including line items within a budget resolution, and his veto may be overridden by two-thirds of the whole membership of the Common Council. The Mayor is also Budget Officer for the City of Oswego. Legislative authority is vested in the Common Council which is composed of seven aldermen who are elected for a two-year term by the residents of the Ward in which the respective alderman resides. You can take a virtual tour of the City Hall!

83. Government - Estonia - Government Contact Support Special Offer. Please enter Keywords. government / estonia.Web Directory / government No results found in government estonia http://www.haabaa.com/dir/635/160.php

Drive traffic to your website FREE with Haabaa.com partnership. Your site will be listed on our Recommended site page and for every hit you send us your site will be listed higher on the recommended site page. Click here to join. FEATURED ARTICLE Mahatma Gandhi was the charismatic intellectual and mass-movement more... Home Add URL Advertise ... Special Offer Please enter Keywords: Government / Estonia Web Directory / Government Census Central Government Civic Participation Civil Service ... Europe / Estonia Add Url Suggest Category Submit your site to Haabaa No results found in Government - Estonia Haabaa Quick Links: Internet Finance Entertainment Business Services ... Golf Special Offer Haabaa Site Links: Advertise About Haabaa Contact Us Directory ... Web Design

84. Estonia Country Profile The estonian government has replaced paper documentation prepared for its The Action Plan is discussed once a year in the government of estonia and it http://www.comnet.mt/unesco/Country Profiles Project/estonia.htm

Estonia Introduction Estonia has made significant steps towards the information age and several processes initiated earlier are starting to bear fruit. The government has been able to assign about one percent of its budget to information technology development in the public sector for eight consecutive years now. This has brought PCs to the desks of more than 90% of employees of ministries, authorities, inspectorates and other government institutions who need to work with computers. The Estonian government has replaced paper documentation prepared for its sessions with digital documents and launched an Internet-based system for government sessions. As from of this year all Estonian municipalities are connected to the Internet. A national network of public Internet access points is also taking shape. Last year, the Digital Signature Act was approved by Parliament. This gives the basic legal framework for the development of e-commerce. Rapid development of information infrastructure PeaTee, the backbone network for government institutions started in 1998, has now matured to reach its planned volume. The number of government institutions and their subdivisions to be connected to PeaTee has passed the 550 mark (ie more than 10,000 computers). About 80% of these entities enjoy the benefits of 2 Mbps or even 10 Mbps transfer speeds. Connection costs have steadily decreased at the same time.

85. Estonia It is a great honour for me to speak on behalf of estonian government and toreaffirm our In 1999 the government of estonia approved the Conception of http://www.un.org/socialsummit/speeches/306est.htm

Estonia Mr. Eiki Nestor Geneva, 30 june 2000 Mr. President, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen It is a great honour for me to speak on behalf of Estonian Government and to reaffirm our continuing commitment to social development. I also would like to associate Estonia with the speech made by representative of Portugal on behalf of the European Union and associated countries. I would like to thank the Secretary General and the Division for Social Policy and Development for the excellent preparatory work done before this session and also to thank Swiss Government for hosting this special session. The UN Conference held in Copenhagen in 1995 highlighted the importance of social development world-wide. The key objectives agreed in Copenhagen included the eradication of absolute poverty and the achievement of full employment. At the time of the Copenhagen Conference, Estonia had already begun its transition to market economy. Key structural changes that took place in 1990s were the fall of the agricultural sector and heavy industries, a rapid growth of the service sector and new technology industries. As a result, the structure of the Estonian economy is now similar to that of developed countries. The rapid development of the information technology, which started with the economic restructuring, has had a considerable impact on labour market - it means that the demand for qualified specialists and skilled workers is high. A reform of state vocational education institutions began in 1995 and aimed at providing young people and adults with an opportunity to obtain knowledge and skills that the employers need.

86. Estonian Institute Www.einst.ee The estonian government has established a network of 33 language centres Starting from 1990, the Republic of estonia s government has helped to support http://www.einst.ee/factsheets/factsheets_uus_kuju/the_protection_of_human_right

The protection of Human Rights in Estonia The protection of Human Rights in Estonia has been monitored by at least 15 high-level international missions during the last few years. Human Rights observers of the CSCE have permanently resided in the country. This particular interest has been caused mainly by continuing Russian accusations of grave but unspecified Human Rights violations of Russian-speaking immigrants in Estonia. No Human Rights violations or instances of discrimination on ethnic grounds have been found by any mission. In May 1993, Estonia became a fun member of the Council of Europe, and is thus recognized as a democratic state with a constitution and laws in accordance with international standards. Nevertheless, Russian accusations continue. The large group of recent Russian-speaking settlers in Estonia, deliberately created during the decades of Soviet occupation, is obviously being used for political purposes. This general frame of reference should be considered whenever the issue of the protection of Human Rights in Estonia is brought up. In the following the existing legal framework and the actual Human Rights situation in Estonia is described in some detail.

87. Estonia- Government & Governmental Organisations Overview government and governmental Organisations. http://www.ceehr.euv-frankfurt-o.de/hr/states/estonia/01.htm

Government and Governmental Organisations Government Governmental Organisations Estonian State Web Center (also Estonian and Russian version available) Estonian Parliament- Riigikogu Chancellery of the Riigikogu kantselei Commitees of the Parliament Estonian President ... Add Site Last Update:

88. Foreign & Commonwealth Office UK-Estonia Action Plan The British government is providing support to estonia in reforming its The UK government will continue working with the estonian government to ensure http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Pag

89. PHR2004 - The Republic Of Estonia 19 However, the Estonian government provides only 20 percent of the funding 21 The Estonian government Decided to Allocate Funds for the Estonian http://www.privacyinternational.org/article.shtml?cmd[347]=x-347-83552

90. Estonia "graduates" From USAID Assisted the estonian government in drafting the fundamental Provided technicalassistance as estonia sought to strengthen government at the municipal http://www.usaid.gov/press/releases/960905.htm

This is an archived USAID document retained on this web site as a matter of public record. USAID PRESS RELEASE Estonia Graduates from U.S. Foreign Assistance The first nation of Central Europe and NIS to re-join the global economy The rapid progress that Estonia has made in re-establising its democratic institutions and economic relations with the West makes it the first of the Central European countries to "graduate" from U.S. assistance. The United States renewed formal diplomatic relations with Estonia, a small Baltic country located 50 miles south of Finland, in September 1991 after Estonia regained its independence, concluding almost 50 years of U.S. recognition of the Estonian government-in-exile. Nearly all the goals of the U.S. assistance program have been met and the relationship is maturing from that of donor-recipient to a partnership of shared values, mutual security interests and increased trade and investment. Thomas Dine, USAID assistant administrator for Europe and the Newly Independent States will travel to Estonia with James Holmes, Department of State SEED coordinator, to participate in graduation events with Estonian President Lennart Meri and Prime Minister Tiit Vahi and others on September 16 in Tallinn. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) supervises a broad range of U.S. assistance activities under the 1989 Support for Eastern European Democracy (SEED) Act and has worked with the people of Estonia as a partner to help support their reform efforts.

91. ODP Regional Europe Estonia Government - Viaggiatori.net Regional Europe government (2); Society government Multilateral Bank ofestonia http//www.ee/epbe/en/, Bank of estonia Daily FX fixings, http://www.quilombo.it/public/odp/index.php?browse=/Regional/Europe/Estonia/Gove

92. NOVES SL. SPRING-SUMMER 2004. LANGUAGE POLICY IN ESTONIA (3) However, these proposals were declined by the estonian government for two Since 1992 estonia s governments have held to a firm position on the right of http://www6.gencat.net/llengcat/noves/hm04primavera-estiu/rannut3_6.htm

Language Policy in Estonia, by Mart Rannut CONTINUA 7. Current status planning Estonian monolingualism throughout the whole Estonian territory; Estonian-minority language bilingualism, reflected in two different forms: - territorial autonomy; - cultural autonomy. In addition to this, functional regimes concerning foreign language use may be introduced by the Estonian government. Monolingual regime is based on two different foci: administrative requirements based on instrumental needs of a state (official language, information, translation, etc.) and specific linguistic rights, sustaining the Estonian language environment. Linguistic human rights are based on various fundamental principles, including the non-discrimination principle (equality before the law), the communication rights (freedom of expression) The most important domestic human right, the right to communicate in the Estonian language throughout the whole territory of Estonia, is provided in article 4 of the Language Law. It implies Estonian-language environment, placing obligations to all institutions and artificial bodies before any person. The law does not differentiate between public and private legal persons and subordinate-superior position in these. In order to fulfil this obligation, Article 5 of the Language Law (Requirements for knowledge and usage of the Estonian language) delegates the establishment of requirements for the knowledge and usage of the Estonian language by employees of state institutions and local governments, as well as of institutions, enterprises and organisations, in work-related dealings with the public to the Government of the Republic to be regulated through regulations.

93. DerKeiler Directory - /Regional/Europe/Estonia/Government Web directory for sites containing websites about government. http://directory.derkeiler.com/Top/Regional/Europe/Estonia/Government

Home UNIX Linux Coding ... Government Government Sub-categories Elections Embassies and Consulates Laws See also: Top/Regional/Europe/Estonia/Society and Culture Top/Society/Government/By Country Links Bank of Estonia Daily FX fixings, monetary policy framework, Estonian banking system, Estonian banknotes and coins, papers on the EU accession process. Eesti Vabariigi Rahandusministeerium Ministry of Finance. In Estonian and English. Estonian Defence Forces Official site representing all the branches of Estonia's armed forces. Includes insignia, information about the military service, history and contact details. Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Includes details of foreign policy, government and ministries, publications, press releases and EU relations. Keskkonnaministeerium Ministry of the Environment. In Estonian and English. Kultuuriministeeriumi kodulehek¼lg Ministry of Culture. In Estonian and English. Riigikogu Parliament of Estonia. Official site with introduction, directory of members, committees, history of Toompea castle. The Estonian Patent Office Protection of industrial property in Estonia.

94. The Danish EU Presidency - Eu2002.dk - Estonia The estonian government has taken a number of steps towards increasing integration.Foreign policy estonia is steering deliberately towards admission to the http://www.eu2002.dk/eu/default.asp?iStaticContentID=696

95. Välisministeerium Foreign Representations accredited to estonia estonian Embassies on InternetInformation about estonia and its foreign policy in different languages http://www.vm.ee/eng/

EST ENG Estonian Economy Foreign Relations ... Estonia Visa questions, Estonia's representations around the world, foreign representations accredited to Estonia etc. Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia? Visa Regulations Travel document requirements for visitors Estonian-Russian Border Treaties ... Year 2004 in Estonia's Foreign Relations Overview of the main developments in Estonia's Foreign Relations in 2004. Chronology. Estonia's Representations around the world Foreign Representations accredited to Estonia Estonian Embassies on Internet Information about Estonia and its foreign policy in different languages: German, French, Spanish, Italian, Finnish, Swedish, Russian, Japanese, Danish, Latvian, Lithuanian etc. 16 Sep Development Co-operation Overview of Estonian development co-operation 15 Sep Estonian Review Estonian Review: September 5-11, 2005 12 Sep Estonian Society Citizenship 11 Sep Press Releases Estonia is in favour of giving Ukraine market economy status 09 Sep Monthly Survey of Estonian Economy July-August 2005 Välisministeerium Islandi väljak 1, 15049 Tallinn

96. Publius Pundit - Blogging The Democratic Revolution I much hope that the Estonian government’s collapse is of the (say) modern One thing I’d like to see the Estonian government address; when on earth, http://www.publiuspundit.com/?p=719

97. Estonian Reforms: The Early Pos-Soviet Years. An Interview With One Of The Chief Economist Ardo Hansson, 35, has been advising the Estonian government on The process doesn’t seem quite as easy as the Estonian government has been http://www.balticsww.com/library/hardtimes.htm

The Library Home Baltic News Tourist Guides About City Paper Hard Times An interview with Ardo Hansson From City Paper-The Baltic States No. 3 Spring/1992 Economist Ardo Hansson Unfortunately, I think the focus of the last few years has been on staying float and not on the grand pushes ahead. There has been more focus on fire-fighting particular economic emergencies which have arisen one after another and, subsequently, the longer-term perspective has not been emphasized enough. There has been less strategy and more adept fire fighting so far. But there is more of a consensus now for something more comprehensive, for a program with more vision. I think the new Tiit Vähi government may have a more comprehensive vision, with less emphasis on the fire fighting. CITY PAPER: What is the main obstacle preventing successful economic reform right now? The major obstacle is the political paralysis in parliament. The fact is that the current representatives were elected in what was a different time two years ago. They were elected when people were thinking that they should elect representatives with connections to Moscow, representatives who could help secure independence. But the types of people who were elected are simply not the ones who are going to push through economic reforms. You also have to consider that a quarter of the delegates are hard-line Russian-speakers. A quarter of them are former communists of some sort. A quarter of them are centrists of some kind and another quarter are what would be termed

98. Governments On The WWW: Estonia Links to websites of governmental institutions and political parties in estonia. http://www.gksoft.com/govt/en/ee.html

Governments on the WWW: Estonia Home Table of Contents List of Countries Signs and Symbols ... Feedback Estonia [ Eesti ] Official language: Estonian General Resources: [Estonian State Web Center] National Institutions: Presidendi Kantselei [Office of the President] Riigikogu [National Diet] Eesti Vabariigi Valitsus [Government of Estonia] Riigikantselei [State Chancellery] [State Information Systems Department] Eesti Riigiarhiiv [Estonian State Archive] Eesti Informaatikakeskus [Estonian Informatics Centre] [Estonian Translation and Legislative Support Centre] Peaminister [Prime Minister] [Ministry of Agriculture] Taimetoodangu Inspektsioon [Plant Production Inspectorate] Kultuuriministeerium [Ministry of Culture] Muinsuskaitseinspektsioon [Antiquities Inspectorate] Eesti Instituut [Estonian Institute] Kaitseministeerium [Ministry of Defence] [Estonian Defence Forces] Majandusministeerium [Ministry of Economy] Turismiamet [Tourism Office] Standardiamet [Standards Office] Tarbijakaitseamet [Consumer Protection Office] Riigihangete Amet [Public Procurement Office] Eesti Investeerimisagentuur (EIA) [Estonian Investment Agency] Eesti Erastamisagentuur (EEA) [Estonian Privatization Agency] Eesti Ekspordiagentuur [Estonian Export Agency] Haridusministeerium [Ministry of Education] Keskkonnaministeerium [Ministry of Environment] Maaamet [Land Office] Rahandusministeerium [Ministry of Finance] Maksuamet [Tax Office] Tolliamet [Customs Office] Statistikaamet [Statistics Office] Konkurentsiamet [Competition Office] [Enterprises Register]

99. Refugees International: Publications: Stateless Report To address this issue, the Estonian government has imposed a reform plan that The Estonian government does encourage gray passport holders to apply for http://www.refugeesinternational.org/section/publications/stateless_estonia/

Search: Home About Us Donate Where We Work ... Contact Us Lives on Hold: Estonia “CITIZEN, THIRD CLASS”: FINDINGS FROM RI’S STATELESS PROJECT Estonia Bangladesh United Arab Emirates Exploring Common Themes Profiles of Stateless People Estonia When Estonia joined the European Union on May 1, 2004, the country’s 160,000 Russian-speaking non-citizens remained in limbo. These individuals are being forced to choose between learning a new language and passing an exam to acquire Estonian citizenship; applying for Russian citizenship and thus surrendering the benefits of EU membership; or remaining stateless with limited political access and foreign travel restrictions. While Article Nine of the Estonian Constitution states that “the rights, freedoms and duties of each and every person, as set out in the Constitution, shall be equal for Estonian citizens and for citizens of foreign states and stateless persons in Estonia,” this mandated equality is not the reality for Estonia’s stateless persons. The problem of statelessness in Estonia has a long history. In June 1940, Soviet troops occupied Estonia, abolishing its independence and establishing a new Soviet order. From 1944 to 1991, Estonia belonged to the Soviet Union. During this time, thousands of Estonians were killed or deported, while Russians were forced to migrate to Estonia. The Russian-speaking population in Estonia jumped from eight to approximately 40 percent. On August 20, 1991, Estonia re-established independence. At that time, the government restricted automatic citizenship to those who held it before the Soviet occupation and their descendents, leaving hundreds of thousands of individuals stateless. Over time, albeit slowly, Estonia has taken steps to reduce the numbers of stateless people.

100. Refugees International: Articles: Left Behind: Stateless Russians Search For Equ To address this issue, the Estonian government has imposed a reform plan that To its credit, the Estonian government has made significant steps to http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/4635/

Search: Home About Us Donate Where We Work ... Contact Us Left Behind: Stateless Russians Search for Equality in Estonia Contacts: Maureen Lynch and Thatcher Cook ri@refugeesinternational.org or 202.828.0110 When Estonia joined the European Union on May 1, 2004, over 160,000 Russian-speaking non-citizens remained in limbo. These individuals are being forced to choose between learning a new language and passing an exam to acquire Estonian citizenship; applying for Russian citizenship and thus surrendering the benefits of EU membership; or remaining stateless with limited political access and foreign travel restrictions. While Article Nine of the Estonian Constitution states that "[t]he rights, freedoms and duties of each and every person, as set out in the Constitution, shall be equal for Estonian citizens and for citizens of foreign states and stateless persons in Estonia," this mandated equality is not the reality for Estonia's stateless persons. As the country settles into its new role as a European nation, every resident's human right to a nationality must be upheld. The problem of statelessness in Estonia has a long history. In June 1940, Soviet troops occupied Estonia, abolishing its independence and establishing a new Soviet order. From 1944 to 1991, Estonia belonged to the Soviet Union. During this time, thousands of Estonians were killed or deported, while Russians were forced to migrate to Estonia. The Russian-speaking population in Estonia jumped from eight to approximately forty percent. On August 20, 1991, Estonia re-established independence. At that time, the government restricted automatic citizenship to those who held it before the Soviet occupation and their descendents, leaving hundreds of thousands of individuals stateless.

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