81. Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture The Commonwealth of England was then established, with oliver cromwell as Lord These revisionist historians argue that the english civil war cannot be http://www.irelandinformationguide.com/English_Civil_War

Article Discussion History Create an account or log in ... Ireland English Civil War The English Civil War was a civil war fought between Charles I , king of England Scotland and Ireland , and his supporters, and the Long Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell . It began in the summer of 1642 and continued in England until early 1649, when Charles I was tried and executed by members of Parliament. Wars continued in Scotland and Ireland until 1651. Not being the only civil war fought in England or Britain see List of English civil wars), it is sometimes referred to as the English Revolution and (especially in Royalist circles) as the Great Rebellion Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Prelude to the English Civil War 1.1 Mounting Concern 1.2 Petition of Right 1.3 The Eleven Years' Tyranny ... edit Prelude to the English Civil War It must have seemed unthinkable to people of the time that a civil war could result from the events that were taking place. It was less than forty years since the death of Queen Elizabeth I . At the accession of Charles I , England and Scotland were relatively peaceful, and had been so in living memory. Charles had real hopes of fulfilling the dream of his father

82. English Puritanism And The Puritan Revolution This was just one cause of the english civil war; other important constitutional and At this time, oliver cromwell was the captain of a cavalry troop. http://www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com/History/The_Puritans.htm

A Treasury of Christmas Carols WWW This Site Home Carols History of Carols ... Policy Affiliates More On-Line Shopping and Services Here! Sheet Music Plus Amazon.com for Books and Music Christmas Depot for ornaments, music and more ... Send the Gift of Flowers from Flora 2000 70 Million books from around the world abebooks.com Music Books Plus: Books, Music and More Emusic.com : Get 50 FREE MP3s! Choose from over 450,000 songs! Virtual Sheet Music Netflix - Only $9.99 a month. Over 40,000 Titles. No Late Fees. Try it for Free! Musicnotes.com - more than 40,000 digital titles and over 260,000 mail-order titles! Musicmatch Jukebox Plus Napster - fast, safe and legal. Over a million tracks! - Get Free Trial. PowWeb 5,000 MB + 10 Gigs/Day Transfer - $7.77/mo Web Hosting! Other Max Marbles Bookbinder Delicious Products from Monastery Bakery SafeSurf Rated ... Internet Content Rating Association Click on the graphic below to vote for this page as a Starting Point Hot Site. Awards SoMusical.com Top Music Site Award 2004 Christmas Website With Heart Award Christmas Dissolved English Puritanism and The Puritan Revolution ... Christmas in general was dealt a severe setback in 17th Century England. "Puritans" was the name given in the 16th century to an extreme group of Protestants within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church; they wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence. In addition, they wanted the Church of England purified of any liturgy, ceremony, or practices which were not found in Scripture. Thus, the name of "Puritans." The Bible was their sole authority, and they believed it applied to every area and level of life. The criticisms leveled by the Rev. Increase Mather and the Rev. Cotton Matter (below) were true. The Puritans particularly had trouble with the "date" of Christ’s birth, noting that the early Church fathers had simply co-opted the mid-winter celebrations of several pagan societies, which was, as we have seen, true.

83. 2.5 The English Civil War (1642-1649) oliver cromwell, the leader of the parliamentary forces set up an association of The second civil war made cromwell an undisputed leader of the masses. http://www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/euro_his/chap2/e0202502.htm

Please Visit Our Sponsors At the foot of Edge Hill a heated battle was fought. In this battle, the Royalists gained a victory but they could not gain London. Again at Chalgrove Field, the parliamentary army was beaten and John Hampden, one of main rebels against the king was killed. The Royalist forces won on behalf of the Parliament at other places too. Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the parliamentary forces set up an association of eastern counties. They formed a new army "Ironsides." At the battle of Marston Moor the royal army suffered heavily. A self-denying ordinance was passed. By this members of Parliament resigned their commands in the army and were replaced by experienced soldiers. Cromwell retained command over this army. This army was the "New Model." King Charles I took the advantage of the confusion between the Parliament and the army. He refused the demands of both. Attempting to take advantage of the political turmoil, the Scots invaded England. They were routed at the battle of Preston (August 1648). The second Civil War made Cromwell an undisputed leader of the masses. Nobody dared to oppose Cromwell. Now the nation was at the mercy of Cromwell and his army. Charles I was punished for his incurable duplicity. After a formal trial in 1649 Charles I was accused of treason and was executed, on January 30, 1649. He was beheaded before the White Hall. Cromwell called the execution of Charles I as a ’Cruel necessity.’ However, the last words of Charles were:

84. Swuklink: The English Civil War (1642-1652)   A short history of the english civil war with links to related pages about events, Oct.23, Battle of Edgehill oliver cromwell faught in the battle http://www.swuklink.com/BAAAGCAP.php

THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR document.all.SponsorPanel.style.top=125; The English Civil War, often referred to simply as the 'Civil War' was the conflict between king and parliament which inaugurated the Commonwealth. This period of bloodshed, with the the whole nation polarised behind either monarch or parliament, took place between and . Warfare again errupted between and , this time between parliament and the disgruntled army which it had assembled to fight the Royalists. This is not the first period of internal conflict in England for the death of led to a protracted battle between Queen Matilda and King Stephen. This conflict, however, was much more localised and its effects were felt most in the immediate surroundings of the two chief protagonists rather than involving the whole country in warfare. Battles Bibliography Discuss this Page Hits on this Page ... Time-Line Causes of the Conflict There were two quite seperate forces which drove the country into Civil War between the king and parliament . Religious intolerance was still a major issue after the upheavals of the Tudor period and, in particular, the official intolerance regarding religion which was exhibited by the crown. The fiscal difficulties of the crown , however, were the primary cause of the war which divided the country so bitterly.

85. Modern Bodley Bibliography On The Civil War And Commonwealth : Bodleian History Mason, James, 1946 , oliver cromwell and the civil war and Interregnum Young, Peter, 1915-1988, The english civil war A Military History of the Three http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/readerserv/history/civil.htm

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86. NYU Press Gaunt introduces oliver cromwell by recounting the strong opinions still The english civil war, fought between 1642 and 1646, occurred during one of http://www.nyupress.org/product_info.php?cPath=&products_id=3646

87. AllRefer.com - English Civil War (British And Irish History) - Encyclopedia oliver cromwell • Richard cromwell • Dublin, city, Republic of Ireland • Sir JohnEliot More articles from AllRefer Reference on english civil war http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/E/EnglshCW.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 21, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia British And Irish History ... English civil war By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z E English civil war, British And Irish History Related Category: British And Irish History English civil war, Charles I of England and a large body of his subjects, generally called the "parliamentarians," that culminated in the defeat and execution of the king and the establishment of a republican commonwealth Sections in this article: Introduction The Nature of the Struggle The Rise of the Opposition The Long Parliament The First Civil War ... Bibliography Topics that might be of interest to you: Francis Bacon, English philosopher Bedfordshire Bishops£ Wars Bishops' Wars ... Sir William Waller Related Categories: History Modern Europe More articles from AllRefer Reference on English civil war SITE MAPS Encyclopedia US Gazetteer: US States A-C US States D-H US States I-L US States M ... Countries A-Z Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. About Us Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ... Link to AllRefer.com

88. The British 17th Century Civil Wars Commentary, biographies, chronology of the wars and related links. http://freespace.virgin.net/owston.tj/civilwar.htm

THE WARS CROMWELL READING LIST CHARLES 1 THE BRITISH 17TH CENTURY CIVIL WARS by Tim J Owston Home

89. The Civil War Aware that civil war was inevitable, Charles began to form an army. While thiswas going on oliver cromwell launched an attack on the left wing of the http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/STUcivilwar.htm

Civil War Spartacus USA History British History Second World War ... Email In the first five years of his reign Charles I summoned and dissolved Parliament three times. Charles now tried to rule England without the House of Commons and the House of Lords . For the next eleven years no Parliaments were held. The king's main adviser was William Laud , the Archbishop of Canterbury . Laud argued that the king ruled by Divine Right . He claimed that the king had been appointed by God and people who disagreed with him were bad Christians. Laud believed that Church reforms had gone too far. Anglicans tended to support the policies of Laud but the Puritans strongly disagreed with him. When Laud gave instructions that the wooden communion tables in churches should be replaced by stone altars. Puritans accused Laud of trying to reintroduce Catholicism. Laud also upset the Puritans (

90. Oliver Cromwell - The English Civil Wars Header The oliver cromwell Association. Red dot Home english civil Wars.cromwell had grown to manhood during the reign of James I (King of England http://www.olivercromwell.org/civil_wars.htm

Home English Civil Wars Cromwell had grown to manhood during the reign of James I (King of England 1603-25) and to maturity during that of Charles I (King from 1625). Historians suggest that England was experiencing problems over this period, though they disagree about their nature and seriousness and the degree to which they contributed to the crisis of the 1640s. Some emphasise long-term issues: social tensions resulting from a rapidly expanding population, which caused worsening unemployment, poverty and disorder; class-based tensions caused by the increasing affluence of the middle classes or the declining position of the old aristocracy; constitutional tensions between a crown which was anxious to retain and extend its powers and a parliament which wanted more power for itself and greater rights and liberties for the people; political tensions, caused especially by the failure of royal income to keep up with expenditure and by the attempts of various monarchs to raise extra money; This site is jointly maintained by the Cromwell Association and the Cromwell Museum Huntingdon Please make all proposals and requests for reciprocal links to mail@olivercromwell.org

91. Britannia: Monarchs Of Britain oliver cromwell, born in Huntingdon in 1599, was a strict Puritan with a England was again embroiled in civil war. cromwell added sixty horses to the http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon48.html

British History Monarchs King Arthur Church History ... Monarchs Oliver Cromwell (1649-1658 AD) Oliver Cromwell, born in Huntingdon in 1599, was a strict Puritan with a Cambridge education when he went to London to represent his family in Parliament. Clothed conservatively , he possessed a Puritan fervor and a commanding voice, he quickly made a name for himself by serving in both the Short Parliament (April 1640) and the Long Parliament (August 1640 through April 1660). Charles I, pushing his finances to bankruptcy and trying to force a new prayer book on Scotland, was badly beaten by the Scots, who demanded £850 per day from the English until the two sides reached agreement. Charles had no choice but to summon Parliament. The Long Parliament, taking an aggressive stance, steadfastly refused to authorize any funding until Charles was brought to heel. The Triennial Act of 1641 assured the summoning of Parliament at least every three years, a formidable challenge to royal prerogative. The Tudor institutions of fiscal feudalism (manipulating antiquated feudal fealty laws to extract money), the Court of the Star Chamber and the Court of High Commission were declared illegal by Act of Parliament later in 1641. A new era of leadership from the House of Commons (backed by middle class merchants, tradesmen and Puritans) had commenced. Parliament resented the insincerity with which Charles settled with both them and the Scots, and despised his links with Catholicism. 1642 was a banner year for Parliament. They stripped Charles of the last vestiges of prerogative by abolishing episcopacy, placed the army and navy directly under parliamentary supervision and declared this bill become law even if the king refused his signature. Charles entered the House of Commons (the first king to do so), intent on arresting John Pym, the leader of Parliament and four others, but the five conspirators had already fled, making the king appear inept. Charles traveled north to recruit an army and raised his standard against the forces of Parliaments (Roundheads) at Nottingham on August 22, 1642. England was again embroiled in civil war.

92. The Battle Of Winceby: Chronology Of The English Civil Wars Chronology of the english civil Wars. by Paul G. Cooper Battle of Preston,oliver cromwell defeats the Scots, 1719 August 1648 http://www.magweb.com/sample/sced/5winchro.htm

Chronology of the English Civil Wars by Paul G. Cooper In an era dominated by the "Divine Right of Kings," England dared to create the first modern democracy. The years of 1642 through 1688 saw England undergoing a vast governmental change. Charles I, King of England from 1625 to 1649, touted the theory of the Divine Right of Kings, a medieval throwback proclaiming the king's absolute power over his subjects, limited only by his noblese oblige . This was during Louis XIV's time, when kings sought to secure absolute power and destroy all opposition. Unlike Louis, who succeeded in his quest for power, Charles I's inept handling of England's political, military, and religious affairs allowed for the creation of a highly effective opposition further solidified by the king's higher taxes and his ignoring the wishes of Parliament. Charles' failure to split the opposition via social class and economic prosperity finally led to a popular revolt led by Parliament on 2 January 1642. First Civil War 1642-1646 Battle of Edgehill, 23 October 1642

93. History Of Ireland 1629 - 1687: The English Civil War And Cromwell Due to the war, the english did nothing about this and the deathtoll In 1649,after the civil war had ended, cromwell landed at Dublin with 12000 men http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/history/16291687.html

History of Ireland 1629 - 1687: The English Civil War and Cromwell History Menu All through these events the power of the English Parliament was steadily increasing. The Parliament was an elected organisation set up by the King to manage the country as it was becoming too much work for the King. Although officially ruled by the King, Parliament was increasing its power to such an extent that by the 1600s it could no longer be relied upon to do what the King wanted. King Charles 1st first came into conflict with his Parliament in 1629 when he ordered Parliament to raise taxes and it refused. His response was to abolish Parliament and he ruled England on his own for 11 years. However, the people didn't support him and he ran so short of money that he was forced to reinstate Parliament in 1640. However conflict broke out again in 1642 when Charles tried to arrest 5 members of Parliament who had been actively disagreeing with his policies. The MPs fled into the back streets of London but when the King went after them, the citizens expelled him angrily from their city. This was a direct violation by the people of the supreme power of the King and marked the beginning of the English Civil War. In 1641, just prior to the Civil War, the Irish of Ulster had begun an uprising and attacked the planters who had been settled 30 years before. Between 10,000 and 15,000 Protestant planters were murdered by the Irish at places such as Portadown. Due to the war, the English did nothing about this and the death-toll became heavily exaggerated over time. In 1649, after the Civil War had ended, Cromwell landed at Dublin with 12,000 men with the intention of punishing those who had uprisen. He first attacked Drogheda and captured it, killing over 3000 people. He then marched on Wexford town and massacred several hundred people there. The surrounding towns of Cork, Bandon, Kinsale and Youghal surrendered. Cromwell left Ireland in 1650 having dealt a severe blow to the uprising Irish.

94. Lemieux Library: History: English Civil Wars Subject Guide Documents of the english civil wars, the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 16411660Blitzer, oliver cromwell s letters and speeches, with elucidations. http://www.seattleu.edu/lemlib/ResearchPath/SubGuides/History_English_Civil_Wars

Subject Guide History: English Civil Wars Liaison Librarian: Karen Gilles Atlases Biographies Book - Stacks Books - Reference Resources (non-circulating) ... Videos Atlases Blaeu Atlas of Scotland, 1654 The first atlas of Scotland published in 1654 after the just after the end of the English Civil Wars. Click on sidebar for other maps of Scotland. Excellent search feature. Gardiner, Samuel. A School Atlas of English History. 1907 Some maps from the 1892 are available online. Ref G 1811 S1 G3 1907 Routledge Atlas of British History by Martin Gilbert Ref G 1811 S1 G 5 2003 Shepherd's Historical Atlas. 9th ed. 1964 One map of England, Scotland 1688. Good for sheer number of historical maps. No description Ref G 1030 G68513 1987 (top) Biographies Dictionary of National Biography Mammoth scholarly work written before World War I. Each biography is consist and list writings by and about the subject of the entry. Ref DA 28 D47 Renaissance and Reformation 1500-1620, a Biographical Dictionary Ref CT 759 R46 2001 A Seventeenth Century Country Gentleman (Sir Francis Throckmorton, 1640-1680) Social history based on the ledger of the steward of Sir Francis Throckmorton Check online catalog Who's Who in History v. 3. England, 1603-1714, by C. P. Hill.

95. The English Civil Wars - History Overview History image The History Of The english civil Wars History image The Commonwealthwas then established, with oliver cromwell as Lord Protector of http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~crossby/ECW/history/ecw.html

The History Of The English Civil Wars W hat follows is a brief overview of the events that took place at the time of the English Civil Wars. For more details of a particular event, click on the highlighted words as you read through, then click on "Overview" in the left-hand frame to return. The Bishops' Wars, 1639 and 1640 T he Bishops' Wars were fought between the Scots and English forces led by Charles I . These conflicts paved the way for the uprising of Parliament that began the English civil wars. Charles I was attempting to enforce Anglican reforms onto the Scottish church. However the Scots were opposed to this, and even wanted to destroy the control that bishops had over the church. To this end, Charles' reforms were rejected by the Scottish Assembly at Glasgow in 1638. Charles was furious that the Scots had rejected his proposals, and hastily formed an English force with which to march on Scotland in 1639. He did not have the funds for such a military expedition, nor confidence in his troops, so he was forced to leave Scotland without fighting a battle. The unrest continued in Scotland, and when Charles discovered that they had been plotting with the French he again decided to mount a military expedition. This time, Charles called Parliament in order to get funds (1640).

96. Oliver Cromwell: A Who2 Profile oliver cromwell From Britannia.com s list of english monarchs The englishCivil war Good background on cromwell and the era, from the BBC http://www.who2.com/olivercromwell.html

OLIVER CROMWELL Political Leader After Charles II took the throne, Cromwell's body was removed from Westminster Abbey and desecrated. To read the story of his body and his severed head visit our loops Exhumation Celebration and Heads With a Life of Their Own Other British rulers include Elizabeth I Henry VIII and Queen Victoria Oliver Cromwell From Britannia.com's list of English monarchs The Cromwell Association Homepage Good Cromwell "portal" with wide resources The Cromwell Museum Online exhibits and the great story of his severed head The English Civil War Good background on Cromwell and the era, from the BBC Birth: 25 April Birthplace: Huntingdon England Death: 3 September Best Known As: Lord Protector of England, 1653-58 Shop for Posters at AllPosters.com

97. By Sword And Gun: Civil War civil war. When the royal standard was raised in Nottingham in 1642, oliver cromwell (15991658), a Cambridgeshire gentleman and fervent Puritan, http://longford.nottingham.ac.uk/spotlight/story004/page1.asp

dqmcodebase = "http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/common/js/"; Page 1 of: By Sword and Gun Pages from this topic: English Civil War Jacobite Roots American War of Independence Revolution and Empire The Crimean War ... 20th Century Conflict Topic support pages: List of illustrations Related to this page: 17th century satire You are here: Spotlight Topics By Sword and Gun Civil War When the royal standard was raised in Nottingham in 1642, England embarked on a long and bloody civil war. It was to see the execution of Charles I, a new Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell, and, finally, the Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II in 1660. The battle of Naseby , fought on 14 June 1645, was a key victory for the parliamentarians . Joshua Sprigge's account of 1647 provided an illustration of the field, showing the forces under Thomas Fairfax and the position of the enemy. He claimed that the action lasted two hours, resulting in 800 dead, and 4,500 prisoners taken. Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) , a Cambridgeshire gentleman and fervent Puritan, first sat in parliament in 1640. His natural talents as a commander gave a strong power base in the army. He supported the

98. The Sealed Knot - A Brief History Of The Civil Wars The causes of the english civil Wars are many and varied, perhaps nearly as variedas the men of Horse (effective secondin-command) oliver cromwell. http://www.sealedknot.org/index.asp?Page=history-1.htm

99. Book List The following books are concerned with the english civil Wars which started in 1642 Ashley, 1959, The Greatness of oliver cromwell with campaign maps http://www.lioncoins.com/cwbooks.htm

The following books are concerned with the English Civil Wars which started in 1642 under King Charles the First representing the Monarchy and Oliver Cromwell representing the Parliament. Parliament took a temporary victory when the King was beheaded in 1649 (1648 by the old calendar), but sporadic battles raged for another few years. After Cromwell died the son of the late king was invited back to Britain and the Monarchy was restored when he was crowned King Charles the Second. All books are hardbound unless showing (S) after the title. All books are second-hand unless stated, and therefore may carry some marks of use. All prices are U.K pounds English Civil Wars Note: Postage is extra on all books, and will be quoted prior to acceptance of order. - Some Illustration - Well Illustrated - Very Well Illustrated Author Date Pgs Plates UK£ for Numismatic Books - Click Here A Shorter Pepys - 11 x 16 cms Brown Cloth - Covers tatty looking but contents OK - Handy size to stick in your pocket and read on the train Adair By the Sword Divided - Eyewitnesses of the Civil War 1st Edition Complimentary to the television series of the same name.- 17x25 cms

100. Leaders And Battles Of English Civil Wars (The Wars Of The Three Kingdoms, Engli The english civil Wars were fought from 1642 to 1651 between the Royalist of the monarchy and the establishment of a protectorate under oliver cromwell. http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayWar.cfm?WID=10

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