21. English Civil War - Oliver Cromwell - Quick Quiz A quiz about oliver cromwell. english civil war. oliver cromwell Quick Quiz oliver cromwell was a foot soldier (infantryman). http://historyonthenet.com/Civil_War/olicromquickquiz.htm

History Products from Amazon English Civil War Oliver Cromwell - Quick Quiz You have 60 seconds to answer true or false to the questions below: 1. Oliver Cromwell attended Oxford University. 2. He was a member of parliament for Huntingdon. 3. At the beginning of the Civil war he organised the defence of Norfolk. 4. Oliver Cromwell was a foot soldier (infantryman). 5. He was in favour of executing the King. 6. The massacre of Drogheda happened in 1649. 7. Cromwell was a Protestant. 8. He wanted to become King. 9. Cromwell died in 1650. 10. He was succeeded by his son Richard. Read about Oliver Cromwell More Quickquizzes More English Civil War Quickquizzes Bibliography/Further Information Updated Page Created October 2003 var site="sm5hitzz"

22. Oliver Cromwell english General. oliver cromwell led the parliamentary forces to victory overthe Royalists in the english civil war of the seventeenth century. http://www.carpenoctem.tv/military/cromwell.html

Oliver Cromwell English General Oliver Cromwell led the parliamentary forces to victory over the Royalists in the English Civil War of the seventeenth century. His accomplishments resulted in the adoption of a democratic government for England; the reestablishment of his country as a military power after an absence of nearly two centuries; and his own position as Lord Protector, with a mixture of powers of king and dictator. Cromwell, a brilliant, innovative military commander, exhibited an unusual blend of compassion and ruthlessness as he molded the English army into a professional force. Cromwell's remarkable military career did not begin until he was past forty years of age. Born on April 25, 1599, to a life of a gentleman farmer in Huntingdon, religion became the focus of his early life. By his twenties, Cromwell actively practiced the religious beliefs of the Puritans, who wished to "purify" the national church and political structure of Roman Catholic influence. From that time forward, it is impossible to separate Cromwell's political ambitions from his religious ideas and prejudices. From 1628 to 1629, Cromwell represented Huntingdon in Parliament but returned home after King Charles I disbanded that government body. Only after civil war broke out in 1642 following a power struggle between King Charles, supported by the Royalists, and Parliament, supported by rebels, did Cromwell become involved in the military. (According to some accounts, in his youth Cromwell served as a mercenary in Europe, but there is no substantiation, and these claims are almost surely false.)

23. English Civil War - Table Of Contents Essay on the english civil war. The Army Takes Over Radical High Tide The Adventures of Charles I Execution of the King oliver cromwell http://history.boisestate.edu/westciv/english/

History of Western Civilization Early Modern home English Civil War Table of Contents Introduction Background to the Conflict Charles I Religion and the Scottish Question ... Supplemental Readings and Resources History of Western Civilization E.L. Skip Knox Boise State University Comments and questions

24. English Civil War - Charles I english civil war. oliver cromwell. oliver cromwell. oliver cromwell. The undisputedleader of Parliament was oliver cromwell. http://history.boisestate.edu/westciv/english/15.shtml

History of Western Civilization English Civil War Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell The undisputed leader of Parliament was Oliver Cromwell. He had been born in Huntingdon, East Anglia in 1599, while Elizabeth was still queen. His family had done well out of the Dissolution of monasteries, under Henry VIII, but Cromwell was not wealthy. He first appeared in Parliament in 1627, but his early political career was unremarkable. He grew in influence when he sided with Henry Pym and became identified with those who opposed the king. He was a plain-looking, plain-living man with an obstinate will and a genuine talent for command and battle. He came into his own through the army. He believed utterly that he was called by God to save England and protestantism. History of Western Civilization E.L. Skip Knox Boise State University Comments and questions

25. Manchester During The Reformation, Oliver Cromwell & The English Civil Wars Manchester and the english civil war. In 1547 Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, Statue of oliver cromwell at Wythenshawe Park, Manchester http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/history/history2.html

Papillon Graphics' Virtual Encyclopaedia of Greater Manchester NAVIGATION Virtual Hosting by TheServerBank Photos by John Moss in and around Greater Manchester The Reformation in Manchester See also: Wythenshawe Hall Bramall Hall Nether Alderley Mill Hall i' th' Wood, Bolton ... Gawsworth Hall, Macclesfield Manchester and the English Civil War In 1547 Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, and this effectively ended the life of the ecclesiastical collegiate church at Manchester. By 1540 Manchester had been granted the right of Sanctuary, and this also ended with the dissolution. By 1579 the Lordship of Manchester had been purchased by Richard Lacy, a local mercer, and in 1596, Sir Richard Mosley, former Lord Mayor of London, gained the Lordship of the "Manor of Manchester". In 1642, with the outbreak of hostilities in the Civil War, and with Manchester taking a distinctly Parliamentarian side, the town was besieged by Royalist forces - probably the first siege of the Civil War. The town's fortified location evidently proved unassailable, for in 1644 Prince Rupert decided to bypass Manchester and went on to sac

26. English Civil War Spartacus, USA History, British History, Second World war, First World war, Germany, oliver cromwell William Prynne Richard cromwell John Pym http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CivilWar.htm

English Civil War Spartacus USA History British History Second World War ... Email Military Leaders Jacob Astley Prince Maurice John Byron George Monck ... Henry Wilmot Political and Religious Figures Earl of Argyll Henrietta Maria Thomas Aylesbury Denzil Holles ... Thomas Wentworth Writers and the Civil War Richard Baxter John Milton John Bunyan Richard Overton ... Gerrard Winstanley Artists and the Civil War Mary Beale John Hoskins Samuel Cooper Peter Lely ... Anthony Van Dyck Events, Issues and Organizations Cavaliers Levellers Commonwealth New Model Army ... Wales in the Civil War Battles Edgehill Newbury Marston Moor Roundway Down ... Worcester Religious Groups Anabaptists Independents Anglicans Presbyterians ... Roman Catholics Available from Amazon Books (order below) Enter keywords...

27. English Civil War From Channel4.com However, there s more to oliver cromwell than the grimfaced Puritan of legend . You will find a great overview of the english civil Wars and cromwell on http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/B/blood_on_our_hands/

TV Listings Text Only Site A-Z FourDocs ... GAMES A Channel 4 season of films Blood on Our Hands In 1640, England was so peaceful that only four people knew how to fire a mortar-cannon. Just eight years later, the nation had become a 17th-century Bosnia, engulfed by brutal violence in which families and communities tore themselves apart. England suffered, proportionately, greater losses than in the First World War. A newly free media stoked the fires of suspicion and religious hatred to push the nation, step by step, towards carnage. Blood on Our Hands explores the real reasons behind the English Civil War and brings to life through the personal testimony of everyday people the story of how the nation turned on itself. Brilliana, Lady Harley, under siege in her Herefordshire home, smuggles coded appeals for help to her teenage son in the army. Former journeyman tanner Sgt Wharton gets a taste for leadership only to die during his first battle. And humble wood turner, Nehemiah Wallington, one of a new breed of news junkies, watches the terrible human tragedy unfold. Cromwell Saturday 12 February, 7.30pm

28. War cromwell s Army History of the english soldier during the civil wars, For more, see oliver cromwell and the english Revolution, edited by John Morrill http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/war/experts.html

TV Listings Text Only Site A-Z FourDocs ... Text only Blair Worden Broadly speaking, there were two kinds of Protestants in pre-Civil War England: 'Anglicans' (though the term was not in common usage) and 'Puritans' (though the term was a disparaging one, not used by those to whom it was applied). Anglicans believed that the Reformation of the 16th century, though right in itself, had gone too far, and that the place of order, ceremony and ritual in religion was now inadequately respected, especially by grasping landlords who had acquired much control of the Church and who now gave its buildings and clergy too little support. What to Anglicans seemed decent observance seemed to Puritans idolatry. The set rhythms of the Prayer Book dulled the soul; man-made images polluted it; and the sacramental stature given by Anglicans to the clergy was another wicked human invention. Those evils cut off the lifeline of salvation between God and the individual believer. For Puritans, the proper centre of worship lay not in forms or rituals but in fervent sermons, which should smite the hearers with a sense of their own wickedness and open their souls to the strenuous process of conversion. Cromwell's commitment to preaching and his revulsion at the High Church policies of the 1630s were the formative influences of his career.

29. The English Civil War (1642-1688) of oliver cromwell. Although the civil war is often referred to as the. However, by the outbreak of the english civil war, cromwell proved himself http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/englishcivilwar/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Military History Battles and Wars ... 17th Century Wars English Civil War Homework Help Military History Essentials Share Your Research ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Military History newsletter! See Online Courses Search Military History The English Civil War (1642-1688) This protracted conflict pitched the royalist forces of King Charles I of England against the parliamentarians of Oliver Cromwell. Although the Civil War is often referred to as the "Puritan Revolution" due to heavy religious influences, the conflict resulted more from socio-economic conditions. In short, the king, supported by the declining nobility, believed he ruled by divine right. Contrary to this, the Parliament, representing an exploding population of wealthy gentry and merchants, demanded rights and privileges independent of the crown. After a long and complex struggle, the English Civil War concluded with the defeat and execution of the king and the establishment of a republican commonwealth. Alphabetical Recent Up a category Battle of Naseby (June 14, 1645)

30. The English Civil War (1642-1688) Read how oliver cromwell s army of 15000 Parliamentarian soldiers, However,by the outbreak of the english civil war, cromwell proved himself to be a http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/englishcivilwar/index_a.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Military History Battles and Wars ... 17th Century Wars English Civil War Homework Help Military History Essentials Share Your Research ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Military History newsletter! See Online Courses Search Military History The English Civil War (1642-1688) This protracted conflict pitched the royalist forces of King Charles I of England against the parliamentarians of Oliver Cromwell. Although the Civil War is often referred to as the "Puritan Revolution" due to heavy religious influences, the conflict resulted more from socio-economic conditions. In short, the king, supported by the declining nobility, believed he ruled by divine right. Contrary to this, the Parliament, representing an exploding population of wealthy gentry and merchants, demanded rights and privileges independent of the crown. After a long and complex struggle, the English Civil War concluded with the defeat and execution of the king and the establishment of a republican commonwealth. Sort By: Guide Picks Recent Up a category Battle of Naseby (June 14, 1645)

31. Oliver Cromwell - Cromwelliana - The Journal Of The Cromwell Association 1999, Cavalry of the english civil war. oliver cromwell Kingship and the HumblePetition and Advice. The Siege of Crowland, 1643cromwellian Britain http://www.olivercromwell.org/cromwelliana.htm

Home Past editions of Cromwelliana are may be purchased from the association. Click here for an order form (pdf format) Cromwelliana - The journal of the Cromwell Association ‘Cromwelliana’ is an annual journal of civil war and Cromwellian studies published by the Cromwell Association. It contains articles, papers, book reviews, and a bibliography of publications produced during the preceding year. An ongoing contribution is that of ‘Cromwellian Britain’ which focuses each year on a town in the UK. Cromwelliana is published in July each year. Current and back issues are available at £7-50 per copy (£4 for members) and can be obtained by sending for an order form at : mail@olivercromwell.org Selected contents of the past 10 issues Did the Civil War and its aftermath offer any lasting new opportunities for women? What were the social and economic impacts of the English Civil War on Catholics between 1642-48?Religious conflict and the Bermuda Islands in the mid-seventeenth century Cromwellian Britain: Bridgwater, Somerset

32. Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector Of England (1599-1658) oliver cromwell was born into a common family of english country author ofPilgrim s Progress served under his command in the english civil war, http://www.forerunner.com/champion/X0004_3._Oliver_Cromwell.html

Oliver Cromwell: Lord Protector of England (1599-1658) There is definitely an association between John Knox and Oliver Cromwell. Knox, in his book The Reformation of Scotland, outlined the whole process without which the British model of government under Oliver Cromwell never would not have been possible. Yet Knox was more consistently covenantal in his thinking. He recognized that civil government is based on a covenant between the magistrate (or the representative or king) and the populace. His view was that when the magistrate defects from the covenant, it is the duty of the people to overthrow him. Cromwell was not a learned scholar, as was Knox, nevertheless God elevated him to a greater leadership role. Oliver Cromwell was born into a common family of English country Puritans having none of the advantages of upbringing that would prepare him to be leader of a nation. Yet he had a God-given ability to earn the loyalty and respect of men of genius who served him throughout his lifetime. John Bunyan, author of Pilgrim's Progress served under his command in the English Civil War, and John Milton, who penned Paradise Lost, served as his personal secretary. The English people were bent upon the establishment of a democratic parliamentary system of civil government and the elimination of the "Divine Right of Kings." King Charles I, the tyrant who had long persecuted the English Puritans by having their ears cut off and their noses slit for defying his attempts to force episcopacy on their churches, finally clashed with Parliament over a long ordeal with new and revolutionary ideas. The Puritans, or "Roundheads" as they were called, finally led a civil war against the King and his Cavaliers.

33. The Levellers And The Diggers Index Seventeenth century democrats in the english civil war. The Land Is Ours Admittedly, oliver cromwell saw the error of his ways before he died . http://www.bilderberg.org/land/

Main Site Index The Land and Freedom pages English Civil War History England: The birthplace of Capitalism (ooops!) Land and Freedom The Seventeenth Century Diggers and Land Rights The Levellers Seventeenth century democrats in the English Civil War ... Twenty first century ways forward - returning the land to God, its rightful owner Through my research of seventeenth century source materials - many of which are reproduced here - a picture emerges of the Western world's first Civil War from the peoples' point of view. These sources show people and popular movements in crisis as they discovered the aim of all the anti-monarchical anguish, a Commonwealth, was not going to materialize after all. The people had been duped into usurping the king only to have him replaced by a corrupt 'rump' parliament of self-seeking capitalist merchants. Admittedly, Oliver Cromwell saw the error of his ways before he died . Here is one of his late speeches delivered to the House of Commons - it could erasily be delivered to the cabinet system of government, 'Tony's cronies', in the early 21st century. 20 April 1653 Oliver Cromwell to the Long Parliament.

34. English Civil War the Parliamentarians (Roundheads) under the leadership of oliver cromwell . The accepted starting point of the english civil war is August 22nd 1642 http://www.thevickerage.worldonline.co.uk/ecivil/

On all the pages of this site - click on the above banner to backtrack. This is the story of the English Civil War or the Great Rebellion, the events that led up to it, the people involved and the battles they fought. Charles I was born in Dunfermline in , the son of James I of England (James VI of Scotland). He would not have been King if his brother Henry had not died in From the moment of his coronation in there was friction between himself and Parliament...finally leading to the Civil War between the Royalists (Cavaliers) and the Parliamentarians (Roundheads) under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell. Charles I August 1642. The accepted starting point of the English Civil War is August 22nd 1642 when Charles I unfurled his standard at Nottingham.... The following night the standard blew down ... an ill omen? ...but we need to understand the events in the years leading up to this. The Prologue and the Causes of War The People The Story - 9 Years of Conflict

35. Civil War, English At this major battle of the english civil war, fought near York on 2 cromwell,oliver oliver cromwell, in a portrait attributed to Anthony van Dyck. http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0000674.html

// Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> From: www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/ ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Encyclopaedia Search Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: Civil War, English Battle of Marston Moor by James Ward. At this major battle of the English Civil War, fought near York on 2 July 1644, the Royalists were defeated by the Parliamentarians, led by Oliver Cromwell. (Cromwell Museum, England). Seige of Oxford in 1646, by Jan Wyck. During the English Civil War, Oxford University supported the Royalist cause and became the headquarters of King Charles I and his court. The city was besieged by Parliamentary forces under Thomas Fairfax in May 1646 and surrendered the following month. Cromwell then became Protector (ruler) from 1653 until his death in 1658. Causes Charles I divine right of kings monopolies Star Chamber court to suppress the Puritans and make judgements in his favour. His officials and associates were also unpopular. Strafford Laud Henrietta Maria was also disliked, as she encouraged him to aid Catholics and make himself an absolute ruler.

36. English Civil War. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 english civil war. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 200105. engagements of 1643 were remarkable mainly for the emergence of oliver cromwell, http://www.bartleby.com/65/en/EnglshCW.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. English civil war Charles I commonwealth The Nature of the Struggle Parliament in this period did not represent the full body of the English people; it was composed of and represented the nobility, country gentry, and merchants and artisans. The 16th cent. had seen a decline in the influence of the nobility and a striking rise in the numbers, wealth, and influence of the gentry and merchants, the beneficiaries of a tremendous expansion of markets and trade in Tudor times. It was from this middle class of gentry and merchants that the opposition to the crown drew most of its members. Their ambition to do away with financial and commercial restrictions and their desire to have a say in such matters as religious and foreign policies had been severely restrained by the Tudors, but on the accession (1603) of a Scottish king to the English throne the popular party began to organize its strength.

37. Cromwell, Oliver. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 During the first civil war (see english civil war) he rose rapidly to See thewritings and speeches of oliver cromwell (ed. by WC Abbott et al., 4 vol., http://www.bartleby.com/65/cr/CromwellO.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Cromwell, Oliver

38. English Civil War: Information From Answers.com english civil war, 1642–48, the conflict between King Charles I of England and a In the same year, oliver cromwell formed his troop of Ironsides , http://www.answers.com/topic/english-civil-war

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Encyclopedia WordNet Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping English Civil War Encyclopedia English civil war, 1642–48, the conflict between King Charles I of England and a large body of his subjects, generally called the “parliamentarians,” that culminated in the defeat and execution of the king and the establishment of a republican commonwealth The Nature of the Struggle The struggle has also been called the Puritan Revolution because the religious complexion of the king's opponents was prevailingly Puritan, and because the defeat of the king was accompanied by the abolition of episcopacy. That name, however, overemphasizes the religious element at the expense of the constitutional issues and the underlying social and economic factors. Most simply stated, the constitutional issue was one between a king who claimed to rule by divine right and a Parliament that professed itself to have rights and privileges independent of the crown and that ultimately, by its actions, claimed real sovereignty. Parliament in this period did not represent the full body of the English people; it was composed of and represented the nobility, country gentry, and merchants and artisans. The 16th cent. had seen a decline in the influence of the nobility and a striking rise in the numbers, wealth, and influence of the gentry and merchants, the beneficiaries of a tremendous expansion of markets and trade in Tudor times. It was from this middle class of gentry and merchants that the opposition to the crown drew most of its members. Their ambition to do away with financial and commercial restrictions and their desire to have a say in such matters as religious and foreign policies had been severely restrained by the Tudors, but on the accession (1603) of a Scottish king to the English throne the popular party began to organize its strength.

39. Oliver Cromwell: Biography And Much More From Answers.com oliver cromwell From Britannia.com s list of english monarchs At the outsetof the english civil war, cromwell began his military career by raising a http://www.answers.com/topic/oliver-cromwell

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Personalities Dictionary Encyclopedia History WordNet Wikipedia Best of Web Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Oliver Cromwell Personalities Source Oliver Cromwell Political Leader Born: 25 April 1599 Birthplace: Huntingdon, England Died: 3 September 1658 Best Known As: Lord Protector of England, 1653-58 FOUR GOOD LINKS Oliver Cromwell From Britannia.com's list of English monarchs The Cromwell Association Homepage Good Cromwell "portal" with wide resources The Cromwell Museum Online exhibits and the great story of his severed head The English Civil War Good background on Cromwell and the era, from the BBC Dictionary Crom·well krà m wĕl , -wəl, krà ­m Oliver English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642–1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653–1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator. His son Richard (1626–1712) succeeded him briefly as lord protector (1658–1659) before the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II.

40. English Civil War - Definition Of English Civil War In Encyclopedia The english civil war (or wars) refers to the series of armed conflicts and The Commonwealth of England was then established, with oliver cromwell as http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/English_Civil_War

Add to Favorites General Encyclopedia Legal ... Law forum Search Word: Visit our Law forums Labor Law Accidents Law Bankruptcy Law Business Law ... Tax Law The English Civil War (or Wars ) refers to the series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians and Royalists from until , specifically to the first ) and second civil wars between the supporters of Charles I of England and the supporters of the Long Parliament , and the unsuccessful campaign by Charles II which ended with his defeat at the Battle of Worcester on September 3 Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Mounting Concern 2.2 Petition of Right ... 10 External links Introduction The wars were inextricably mixed with and formed part of a linked series of conflicts and civil wars between and in the kingdoms of England Scotland and Ireland , which at that time shared a monarch but were distinct countries in political organisation. These linked conflicts are called the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by recent historians aiming to have a unified overview rather than treating parts of the other conflicts as background to the English Civil War . Some have also described them as the "British Civil Wars", but this is misleading as the kingdoms did not become a single political entity until the

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