41. S C O R E Science - Grades 9-12 Physics Standards a. heat flow and work are two forms of energy transfer between systems. b.the work done by a heat engine that is working in a cycle is the difference http://scorescience.humboldt.k12.ca.us/fast/teachers/content/hsphys.htm

Grades 9-12 Physics Content Standards "Standards without asterisks represent those that all students are expected to achieve in the course of their studies. Standards with asterisks represent those that all students should have the opportunity to learn." Motion and Forces 1. Newton's laws predict the motion of most objects. As a basis for understanding this concept, students know: a. how to solve problems involving constant speed and average speed. b. when forces are balanced no acceleration occurs, and thus an object continues to move at a constant speed or stays at rest (Newton's First Law). c. how to apply the law F=ma to solve one-dimensional motion problems involving constant forces (Newton's Second Law). d. when one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object always exerts a force of equal magnitude and opposite direction. (Newton's Third Law). e. the relationship between the universal law of gravitation and the effect of gravity on an object at the surface of the Earth.

42. ³Â¬Ù²z¤u¾Ç°|¡u¶}©ñ¦¡½Òµ{ºô­¶¡v | ª«²z¾Ç | 8.01 Physi 4, heat and Various Forms of energy, heat energy, calories and specific heat arediscussed. The energy to heat up bath water is calculated. http://www.twocw.net/mit/Physics/8-01Physics-IFall1999/VideoLectures/detail/Vide

var cmThemeOfficeBase = '../../../../../images/'; ·j´M ¶i¶¥·j´M ±Ð¾Ç¤jºõ ½Ò°óÁ¿½Z ¼v¤ù±Ð¾Ç ... Physics I, Fall 1999 Video Index for Lecture 14 Lecture 14 - Recorded on October 13, 1999 Satellite Orbits - Energy - Power Video Lectures RM-80K RM-300K Bound and unbound orbits; escape velocity. Various sources of energy, energy storage, energy conversion, and the world's energy consumption are discussed. SEG # SEGMENT TITLE SEGMENT TOPICS STARTS AT (min:sec) Escape Velocity The escape velocity is the minimum speed required to escape the gravitational pull. You can calculate it using the conservation of mechanical energy. Circular Orbits The gravitational force provides the centripetal acceleration required for orbiting satellites. If you know the radius of a circular orbit of a satellite around the Earth, you can calculate the orbital speed and the orbital period. Examples are worked for both the shuttle and the moon around the Earth, and for the Earth around the sun. The orbital period is independent of the mass of the orbiting object. Power Power is the rate at which a force does work on an object. Instantaneous power is the time derivative of work. Power is the dot product of the force acting on an object and the velocity of that object. Power is a scalar; it can be positive, negative, or zero. A force diagram for a bicycle rider is discussed. The required power to be delivered by the rider scales with the third power of the speed.

43. Energy Redux These complicated forces transfer some of the total energy into heat. The heatescapes from the system and does not appear as motion or change in position. http://dept.physics.upenn.edu/courses/gladney/mathphys/subsection4_1_1.html

Back to Contents! Next: Motion in Two Up: Completing the Circle Previous: Completing the Circle Energy Redux Potential Energy -> Kinetic Energy The image above shows the planet Jupiter as it looks in the infrared. The bright white spot near the bottom left of the planet is due to the impact of a piece of comet Shoemaker-Levy in July of 1994. Jupiter's powerful gravitational field provided enormous potential energy for the comet piece. As it hit the atmosphere, this potential energy was converted to kinetic energy equivalent to thousands of conventional nuclear explosions. The kinetic energy appears as a hot plume of gas rising thousands of kilometers above the atmosphere. Click on the image to see a time-lapse movie of the plume. Click here to get more information, pictures, and animations on the the Great Comet Crash. Now that momentum has had its share of the spotlight, we need to backtrack a little to look at a property of the universe which is every bit as fundamental as momentum conservation, although more difficult to observe directly. The new universal property we will study is Conservation of Energy . We have already seen that Newton observed (as did others before him) that the quantity is conserved in collisions between hard objects. We can see directly how this kinetic energy term comes in by turning back to our old familiar friends, the 4 equations for motion. For example, suppose you throw a ball into the air. If we ignore air friction, then the equations for motion tell us that the ball will rise for a distance, stop, then fall straight down until it hits our hand again. To determine how far the ball goes up, we turn to an equation for motion, like

44. The Educational Encyclopedia, Physics, All About Temperature And Heating, Energy The educational encyclopedia, physics, temperature, heating, energy. The energyprocesses that convert heat energy from available sources such as http://users.pandora.be/educypedia/education/physicstemperature.htm

EDUCYPEDIA The educational encyclopedia Home Electronics General Information technology ... Science Science Automotive Biology Biology-anatomy Biology-animals ... Space Social science Atlas - maps Countries Dinosaurs Environment ... Sitemap Physics Batteries Electricity Electrostatics Energy ... Sound Temperature Waves Temperature related subjects: Thermo dynamics Microwave ovens About temperature introduction to the physical concept of temperature, heat and thermodynamics, kinetic theory, thermal radiation, 3 K - the temperature of the universe Absolute zero Applied thermodynamics applied thermodynamics is the science of the relationship between heat, work, and systems that analyze energy processes. The energy processes that convert heat energy from available sources such as chemical fuels into mechanical work are the major concern of this science Black body radiation black body radiation curves Black body radiation Black body radiation blackbody radiation or cavity radiation refers to an object or system which absorbs all radiation incident upon it and re-radiates energy which is characteristic of this radiating system only, not dependent upon the type of radiation which is incident upon it Boiler water a boiler is a closed vessel in which water under pressure is transformed into steam by the application of heat. In the boiler furnace, the chemical energy in the fuel is converted into heat, and it is the function of the boiler to transfer this heat to the contained water in the most efficient manner

45. Syvum Physics Theory : Heat physics Grade 7 Theory, Quiz Activities , Problems , Exercises Worksheets The SI unit of thermal energy (heat) is Joule, which is abbreviated as J. http://www.syvum.com/cgi/online/serve.cgi/squizzes/physics/heat.html

Syvum Home K-12 GMAT GRE ... Search this site document.writeln(''); SYVUM ESPAÑOL SYVUM BRAZIL Language Learning Trivia Contest ... Physics Physics Theory : Heat P reparation Just what you need to know ! Heat is an invisible energy which causes in us the sensation of hotness (when it flows into our body) or coldness (when it flows out of our body). Heat can bring about a change in the temperature, state and dimensions of a given body. The SI unit of thermal energy (heat) is Joule, which is abbreviated as J. This SI unit is named after British physicist James Joule (1818-89) who discovered the first law of thermodynamics (the conservation of energy). Two more units used for heat are erg and calorie. 1 Joule = 1 kg m s g cm s ergs. 1 calorie = 4.184 Joules. 1 calorie of heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 o C. 1 calorie of heat is lost when 1 g of water cools by 1 o C. Heat energy always flows from a (hot) body at a higher temperature to a (cold) body at a lower temperature, till both the bodies attain the same temperature. The method of mixtures assumes that the heat lost by the hot body equals the heat gained by the cold body.

46. PHYSICS: SMALL-SYSTEM NONEQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS 3) Thermodynamics describes energy exchange processes of macroscopic Consider specific heat and heat resistance. For specific heat, one asks how much http://scienceweek.com/2005/sw050729-1.htm

Subscriptions Archives Contact Us Home ... Advertising ScienceWeek Crossing Barriers Since 1997 Receive free new report announcements by Email: ScienceWeek TOC Alerts About ScienceWeek Archives Contact Us ... Subscriptions ScienceWeek PHYSICS: SMALL-SYSTEM NONEQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS The following points are made by C. Bustamante et al (Physics Today 2005 July): 1) Small systems found throughout physics, chemistry, and biology manifest striking properties as a result of their tiny dimensions. Examples of such systems include magnetic domains in ferromagnets, which are typically smaller than 300 nm; quantum dots and biological molecular machines that range in size from 2 to 100 nm; and solidlike clusters that are important in the relaxation of glassy systems and whose dimensions are a few nanometers. Researchers nowadays are interested in understanding the properties of such small systems. For example, they are beginning to investigate the dynamics of the biological motors responsible for converting chemical energy into useful work in the cell. Those motors operate away from equilibrium, dissipate energy continuously, and make transitions between steady states. 2) Until the early 1990s, researchers had lacked experimental methods to investigate various properties of small systems, such as how they exchange heat and work with their environments. The development of modern techniques of microscopic manipulation has changed the experimental situation. In parallel, during the past decade, theorists have developed several results collectively known as fluctuation theorems (FTs), some of which have been experimentally tested. The much-improved experimental access to the energy fluctuations of small systems and the formulation of the principles that govern both energy exchanges and their statistical excursions are starting to shed light on the unique properties of microscopic systems. Ultimately, the knowledge physicists are gaining with their new experimental and theoretical tools may serve as the basis for a theory of the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of small systems.

47. PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway Search/Browse Results A theoretical introduction on the equivalence of heat, mechanical energy, In thermal physics the topics covered are ideal gas, heat transfer and http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/psisearch.pl?term1=heat energy&limit=0&su

48. PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway Search/Browse Results physics 201/207 Lab Manual Mechanics, heat, Sound/Waves Topics includeenergy and heat transfer, radiation, and energy balance (ground cover, http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/psisearch.pl?term1=latent heat&subject=Al

49. UO: Physics Of Energy & Environment- PHYS161 HOME PAGE physics of energy the Environment PHYS 161- Winter 1998 Lecture 13- heat Engines Redux, heat energy Transfer, and the World Climate. http://physics.uoregon.edu/~courses/dlivelyb/ph161/home.html

Quick Index Administrative Current Events Internet Resources Exams and Homework ... Feedback Special Notes: New book on reserve at the science library: Lecture Activity 2 is due Friday, 20-February in class. Exam 1 was Wednesday, 25-February. See tabulation of exam scores here See your grades as of 2-24-98 posted here Final exam is Monday, 16-March at in Rm. 100, Willamette (the usual place). See your grade for the course here . Listed, also, are HW, Exam and other scores. Administrative: Course Overview Course Information Course Outline Printing the Web Pages ... Physics 162 Class The Final Exam Is Monday, March 16 at 13:00 (1 PM) Current Events in the News: Electric Hybrid Cars: BS or not? Clinton and Global Warming Low-pollution Cars China's Three Gorge Damn Project Internet Resources For This Class Statistical Abstract of the United States 1994 Sustainability Examples Energy Information Administration Tennessee Valley Authority ... A Web Page about the Carbon Cycle. Exams and Homework Homework 1- Due Friday, 16-January in class. See the

50. Specific Heat -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Physics specific heat is an intensive variable and has units of energy per mass perdegree (or where k is Boltzmann s constant, so the average energy is http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/SpecificHeat.html

Thermodynamics Heat Capacity Specific Heat The specific heat (also called specific heat capacity) is the amount of heat required to change a unit mass (or unit quantity, such as mole) of a substance by one degree in temperature. Therefore, unlike the extensive variable heat capacity , which depends on the quantity of material, specific heat is an intensive variable and has units of energy per mass per degree (or energy per number of moles per degree). The heat capacity of a substance can differ depending on what extensive variables are held constant, with the quantity being held constant usually being denoted with a subscript. For example, the specific heat at constant pressure is commonly denoted , while the specific heat at constant volume is commonly denoted . The specific heat of water at constant atmospheric pressure is i.e., 1 calorie is needed per degree Kelvin (or Celsius ) of temperature change for 1 gram of liquid water . In fact, the definition of (one of the several types of) the calorie is the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 at its temperature of maximum density The heat capacity ratio is defined as the ratio of specific heats of a substance at constant pressure and constant volume

51. Heat Capacity -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Physics Specific heat is therefore an intensive variable and has units of energy per mass Denote a heat capacity by a capital C with a subscript denoting which http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/HeatCapacity.html

Thermodynamics Heat Capacity Heat Capacity The heat capacity C of a substance is the amount of heat required to change its temperature by one degree, and has units of energy per degree. The heat capacity is therefore an extensive variable since a large quantity of matter will have a proportionally large heat capacity. A more useful quantity is the specific heat (also called specific heat capacity), which is the amount of heat required to change the temperature of one unit of mass of a substance by one degree. Specific heat is therefore an intensive variable and has units of energy per mass per degree. Denote a heat capacity by a capital C with a subscript denoting which variable is held constant during the temperature change. The heat capacity at constant pressure is then defined by where is the change in heat with temperature, T is the temperature, and S is the entropy . At constant volume, and The two heat capacities and satisfy the relationship (Sears and Salinger 1975, p. 164), where is the thermal expansion coefficient and is the isothermal bulk modulus For an ideal gas , the total heat capacity is where n is the number of moles and R is the universal gas constant . When and are divided by the number of moles, they become the

52. Electrical Energy Electrical energy is converted to heat energy in the resistive But this highertemperature is necessary to keep heat energy flowing into the food. http://www.uvi.edu/Physics/SCI3xxWeb/Energy/ElectricalEnergy.html

Electrical Energy Electrical energy is undoubtedly the primary source of energy consumption in any modern household. Most electrical energy is supplied by commercial power plants. The most common poswer plants are fueled by coal, oil, or nuclear fuel. But there are hydroelectric power plants that capture the power of falling water, geothermal plants that use the heat from beneath the earths crust, and wind farms that capture the energy of wind. And finally, electrical power from solar radiation is steadily gaining ground. We will deal with electricity from solar energy in the next section. Common Household Appliances In this section we will consider some of the major appliances that consume most of the electrical energy in a household. The propane stove is covered in the Chemical Energy section of this module. Conventional Electric Stove The conventional electric stove operates in on a principle we have already studied in detail. Electrical energy is converted to heat energy in the resistive "elements" of the stove. One of the differences between a stove element and an incandescent light bulb is the operating temperature. While the light bulb operates at a very high temperature in order to produce visible light, the stove element is designed to operate at a lower temperature. At the highest setting, most elements glow a dull red. The element temperature is still very high, much higher than the temperature at which the food itself cooks. But this higher temperature is necessary to keep heat energy flowing into the food. For the top side elements, heat reaches the food through

53. Exploring Nuclear, Heat, And Chemical Energy Applied Science physics (2B) Post Lab Many items can cause heat energy.Examples are gas stoves, water heaters, and gas heat for many homes. http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/as/physics/2/asp2_6a.html

Applied Science - Physics (2B) Post Lab OBJECTIVES: Exploring forms of energy. Discovering sources of energy. VOCABULARY: chemical electrical heat nuclear MATERIALS: worksheet vinegar and baking soda (optional) Electricity by Hy Zaret and Lou Singer Electricity Slideshow Students explore different types of energy. BACKGROUND: Energy takes on different forms. Students have learned about some forms of energy. Below is information on 3 other types of energy generating processes. HEAT ENERGY - Energy that produces heat is due mainly to electricity and gas. Many items can cause heat energy. Examples are gas stoves, water heaters, and gas heat for many homes. NUCLEAR ENERGY - The inside of matter (atoms and molecules) are held together by "glue". When this glue is broken or added to, an enormous amount of energy is created. Discuss nuclear bombs or nuclear reactors. Nuclear bombs are created when atoms split (fission) or when atoms come together (fusion). The energy of an atom is the greatest way to generate energy. However, the release of some of the energy can be very harmful. Nuclear reactors control the release of nuclear energy for use in society. CHEMICAL ENERGY - Chemical Energy is caused when two chemicals react when combined. Show students the baking soda and vinegar reaction. This is the release of chemical energy. Another good example is a battery. Energy is released because the chemicals inside are reacting to produce electrons needed to create electricity.

54. A Glossary Of Physics Terms, With Links To An Online Textbook. Contents of book 6, The Modern Revolution in physics Absorption. Damping.the dissipation of a vibration s energy into heat energy, or the frictional http://www.lightandmatter.com/area1glossary.shtml

Home Physics Astronomy Courses Physics Contents Why a new book? 1. Newtonian Physics 2. Conservation Laws ... Links Glossary of Physics Terms The following are glossary entries compiled from the Light and Matter series of free introductory physics textbooks Each entry has a link to the volume that contains it. You can also browse the tables of contents of the books: Contents of book 1, Newtonian Physics Contents of book 2, Conservation Laws Contents of book 3, Vibrations and Waves Contents of book 4, Electricity and Magnetism ... Contents of book 6, The Modern Revolution in Physics Absorption . What happens when wave passes through a medium and gives up some of its energy. See textbook. Acceleration . The rate of change of velocity; the slope of the tangent line on a v t graph. See textbook. Alpha decay . The radioactive decay of a nucleus via emission of an alpha particle. See textbook. Alpha particle . A form of radioactivity consisting of helium nuclei. See textbook. Ammeter . A device for measurin electrical current. See textbook.

55. The Open Door Web Site : IB Physics : Thermal Physics : The Heat Capacity Of A B The specific heat capacity of a substance is the quantity of energy needed tochange the temperature of Thermal physics Chapters Index. Thermal physics http://www.saburchill.com/physics/chapters/0102.html

The Open Door Web Site Search Site Map Biology Chemistry Physics Electronics Technology History Study Guide ... Gallery Thermal Physics The Heat Capacity of a Body Consider the two pans shown below. The pans are of a similar type but different size. Each pan is filled with water. They are placed on heaters having the same power . In which pan would the water boil first? Obviously the smaller one. The larger pan of water needs a greater quantity of energy to cause its temperature to change by a given amount. We say that the larger pan has a greater heat capacity than the smaller one. The heat capacity of a body is the quantity of energy needed to cause its temperature to change by 1°C. The units of heat capacity are J°C or JK The heat capacity of a body depends on i) what substance(s) it is made of and ii) the masses of the different substances in the body. The Specific Heat Capacity of a Substance (c) Considering again the two pans of water. Suppose that the small pan holds 1kg of water and the larger one holds 3kg of water. It is reasonable to expect that to change the temperature of the 3kg of water, by a given amount, will require three times as much energy as to change the temperature of the 1kg of water. We are assuming that 1kg of water always needs the

56. The Open Door Web Site : IB Physics : Thermal Physics : Heat Engines And The Sec Thermal physics. heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. A heatengine is a machine which converts internal energy (from a high temperature http://www.saburchill.com/physics/chapters/0121.html

The Open Door Web Site Search Site Map Biology Chemistry Physics Electronics Technology History Study Guide ... Gallery Thermal Physics Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics A " heat engine " is a machine which converts internal energy (from a high temperature body) into some other form of energy When the lid on a pan of boiling water is lifted by the steam inside, the internal energy of the steam is being converted to gravitational potential energy of the lid. This is a very simple example of a heat engine. The conversion of energy from some other form of energy to internal energy of a substance can be done with 100% efficiency of conversion. For example, 100J of electrical energy will be converted to 100J of internal energy by a resistor. Conversion of energy from internal energy to some other form cannot be done with the same efficiency.

57. Fusion The second law of thermodynamics states that heat naturally flows from a Conservation of energy is a basic principle of modern physics that is used in http://nobelprize.org/physics/articles/fusion/sun_1.html

HOME SITE HELP ABOUT SEARCH ... EDUCATIONAL The Age of the Sun How old is the sun? How does the sun shine? These questions are two sides of the same coin, as we shall see. The rate at which the sun is radiating energy is easily computed by using the measured rate at which energy reaches the earth's surface and the distance between the earth and the sun. The total energy that the sun has radiated away over its lifetime is approximately the product of the current rate at which energy is being emitted, which is called the solar luminosity, times the age of the sun. The older the sun is, the greater the total amount of radiated solar energy. The greater the radiated energy, or the larger the age of the sun, the more difficult it is to find an explanation of the source of solar energy. To better appreciate how difficult it is to find an explanation, let us consider a specific illustration of the enormous rate at which the sun radiates energy. Suppose we put a cubic centimeter of ice outside on a summer day in such a way that all of the sunshine is absorbed by the ice. Even at the great distance between the earth and the sun, sunshine will melt the ice cube in about 40 minutes. Since this would happen anywhere in space at the earth's distance from the sun, a huge spherical shell of ice centered on the sun and 300 million km (200 million miles) in diameter would be melted at the same time. Or, shrinking the same amount of ice down to the surface of the sun, we can calculate that an area ten thousand times the area of the earth's surface and about half a kilometer (0.3 mile) thick would also be melted in 40 minutes by the energy pouring out of the sun.

58. Nobel Prize In Physics 1922 - Presentation Speech with all preceding notions, that the energy of heat is given offin the formof quanta , The quantity of energy which is thus radiated is a quantum. http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1922/press.html

HOME SITE HELP ABOUT SEARCH ... EDUCATIONAL The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 Presentation Speech by Professor S.A. Arrhenius , Chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , on December 10, 1922 Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen. Planck of Berlin had traced his law of radiation, which could be explained only on the assumption, which was in conflict with all preceding notions, that the energy of heat is given offin the form of "quanta", that is to say small portions of heat, just as matter consists of small portions, i.e. the atoms. With the help of this assumption Planck succeeded, in complete accordance with experience, in calculating the distribution of energy in radiation from a hypothetically completely black body. Afterwards (in 1905 and 1907) Einstein had perfected the quantum theory and deduced therefrom several laws, such as the diminution of the specific heat of solid bodies with declining temperature and the photoelectric effect, for which discovery he has this day been awarded the Nobel Prize. Accordingly, Bohr had no need to hesitate in his choice: he assumed that Maxwell's theory does not hold good in the present case, but that the atom model of Rutherford is correct. Thus the electrons do not emit light when they move in their tracks round the positive nucleus, tracks which we begin by assuming to be circular. The emission of light would take place when the electron jumps from one track to another. The quantity of energy which is thus radiated is a quantum. As, according to Planck, the quantum of energy is the product of the number of light vibrations with the Planckian constant, which is denoted by the letter

59. PHYSICS SUBJECT TEST Thermal Properties (such as mechanical equivalent of heat, temperature, (such as first and second laws, internal energy, and heat engine efficiency) http://www.utexas.edu/academic/mec/cbe/physam.html

The Physics Subject Test PurposeThis test measures your understanding of physics at the college preparatory level. The test is not based on any one textbook or instructional approach, but concentrates on the common core of material found in most texts. FormatThis is a one-hour test with 75 multiple-choice questions. Topics that are covered in most high school courses are emphasized. Because high school courses differ, both in the percentage of time devoted to each major topic and in the specific subtopics covered, most students will find that there are some questions on topics with which they are not familiar. You may NOT use a calculator during the test. Numerical calculations are not emphasized and are limited to simple arithmetic. In this test, metric units are used predominantly. Recommended PreparationComplete a one-year introductory physics course at the college-preparatory level. Topics Covered Approximate Percentage of Test I. Mechanics Kinematics (such as velocity, acceleration, motion in one dimension, and motion of projectiles) Dynamics (such as force, Newton's laws, and statics)

60. Physics And Astronomy Forums - Energy Required To Heat Gas - Homework Discussion physics and Astronomy Forums / Homework Discussion / energy required to heat gas Posted By, Discussion Topic energy required to heat gas http://www.physlink.com/Community/Forums/viewmessages.cfm?Forum=12&Topic=3313

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