61. The Amazing Ancient World - Premier Ancient Civilization Internet Book ACT I What is the ancient World? Greece, Rome, egypt, Mesopotamia, Babylon, Sumer, THE MYSTERY THAT WAS egypt. THE COMPLEXITY THAT WAS THE other ancientS http://www.omnibusol.com/ancient.html

THE AMAZING ANCIENT WORLD OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION: ACT I This Internet Book visited 14, 862,401 times since April 1997 (as of 12/2000) The PREMIER JOURNEY to The Ancient World, weaving together the Peoples of those lands and civilizations and the way they lived and - their thoughts, their hopes, their dreams, their lives. What is the Ancient World? Greece, Rome, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Babylon, Sumer, Nubia, Persia, Byzantium, Turkey? Or is it Assyrians, Chaldeans, Hebrews, Hittites, Akkadians, Etruscans, Minoans? Is it Alexander, Plato, Virgil, Socrates, Hammurabi, Aristotle, Nefertiti, the Pharaohs, Emperors, Caesar, Cleopatra, Sargon, Akhenaton, the Black Athena, Homer? Or is it the dinosaurs, Stonehenge, hunters, slaves, women, rulers, soldiers, or the Iliad, the Aeneid, the Odyssey, the Olympics? Is it found in the ruins, temples, forums, pyramids or in the remnants of ordinary life? Explore through this Web Book and the Online College Course. Ancient Civilization did not begin in what we think of as the West. It did not start in Paris or Berlin or London or Prague or Brussels or Stockholm. It grew out of the Mediterranean breezes, the sun and desert of Northern Africa, the Persian and West Asian lands. To study Ancient Civilization is to travel - across parts of Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia to India. It is a linking voyage, not a reducing trip. It CONNECTS peoples, ideas, patterns, developments, organizations, wars, religions, art, architecture, food and drink. It is a human endeavor about a human story.

62. List Of Unsolved Problems In Egyptology - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia There are several open problems concerning ancient egypt. There are variousprofound problems pyramids What were the origins of the egyptian pyramids? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsolved_problems_in_Egyptology

List of unsolved problems in Egyptology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Unsolved problems in Egyptology This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. This article has been tagged since June 2005. See How to Edit and Style and How-to for help, or this article's talk page The following are unsolved problems in Egyptology and modern knowledge of ancient Egypt . This include a list of ancient Egypt mysteries Contents Introduction Origins The Pharaohs Temples and pyramids ... edit Introduction There are many open problems concerning ancient Egypt, including some with no satisfactory solution. Experts may suggest solutions to many of these questions; others may never be solved. Egyptian archeology is in a state of constant transition, with much of the terminology and chronology in dispute. The archeological record is incomplete, with some relics and artifacts missing or destroyed. New archeological discoveries can call into question previous conclusions about ancient Egypt. Furthermore, there are internal problems of overall cohesion of various Dynasties and there are problems reconciling the Egyptian civilization with other concurrent civilizations.

63. Egyptpf Students at Pioneer Middle School will be studying ancient egypt in the seventhgrade. People, places. Keywords. pyramid. mummification. Cleopatra http://pio.wsd.wednet.edu/library/EgyptPF/egyptpf.htm

64. Egypt Activity Trace the development of ancient civilization in egypt by different kingdoms . Place one on one side of the room the other on the other side. http://killeenroos.com/1/egyactiv.htm

Pyramid A beginning of the course activity* acquiring the skills of logic using characteristics of the Egyptian civilization while learning about specific events in the development of Egypt. Advanced activity that may be modified for lower level or younger students (if modified)6-12 grades or unmodified advanced 9-12 grades *Note there are actually several activities that all tie together. Themes General Objectives Specific Objectives Skills ... Materials Needed / Activities Debriefing Links to other content specific Time Frame minutes depending on the depth of coverage for each separate part of the overall activity. Evaluation can be continued as homework if not completed. Universal Social Studies Themes Top Power and control is first acquired then a method has to be developed to keep the power. Dynasties predictable and occur in cycles. In periods of stability their is usually great accomplishment. In periods of weakness, an empire is open to outside invaders. Weak rulers may create a strong aristocracy; Conversely, a strong aristocracy may create weak rulers. Rigid and well defined social class creates a stable political system.

65. The Mysteries Of Ancient Egypt Mysteries, Its Origins, Its Monuments And Theorie Compelling theory about how and why the pyramids of egypt were built and Futurist Gordon-Michael Scallion relates his vision of ancient egypt and what http://paranormal.about.com/od/ancientegypt/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Paranormal Phenomena Lost Worlds Ancient Egypt Paranormal Phenomena Essentials News – Nessie Hunters Claim Breakthrough True Tales: September Stories Online ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Paranormal Phenomena newsletter! See Online Courses Search Paranormal Phenomena Ancient Egypt The mysteries of ancient Egypt mysteries, its origins, its monuments and theories. Alphabetical Recent Up a category 30,000 Years Ago Yesterday The giant figures at Nasca illustrate the events in the Creation Texts of ancient Egypt, this article says, and have their origin in the Alaskan Era, 30,000 years ago. Advanced Machining in Ancient Egypt Did the ancient Egyptians use some lost technology to machine the stones of their pyramids and temples? Christopher Dunn presents his evidence. The Age of the Sphinx Robert Bauval offers his evidence that the Sphinx was built over 10,000 years ago. The mystery deepens with evidence of a secret hypogeum beneath the Sphinx. Ancient Egyptian Treasures in Grand Canyon?

66. 150 Ancient Egypt Links ancient egypt was a glorious land, a place filled with beautiful, Explore thePyramids, temples, and other monumental architecture of ancient egypt http://www.mysteries-megasite.com/main/bigsearch/egypt-1.html

Ancient Egypt Links Go to Frames! Break Out of Frames Search Mystery Links Home Page-Site Guide ... http://www.atlantixis.com Discovery of Atlantis Ring Atlantis Ring -The original one was discovered in Egypt in the Valley of the Kings in 1860 by the Marquis d' Agrain a French archaeologist. Old of about 5 thousand years or more, this Atlantis Ring was made of Assouan Sandstone. This archaeology find was later entrusted to Howard Carter, a British archaeologist, who made an exact replica in sterling silver wearing it since as his secret talisman. Mysteries of radiasthesia and the magical power of the esoteric Atlantis Ring as well as the famous Howard Carter surviving the mummy's curse and other interesting remarks involving the Tutankhamon's tomb.... http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/6082/index.html FastCounter by LinkExchange WELCOME TO ANCIENT TREASURES A Continuity of existenceStill remained in me, which I do not deny.- Fintan, the Great Rememberer This page is under permanent re-construction since I'm always searching for the *best* resources the Net has to offer on Ancient Egypt. I... http://www.mysteries-in-stone.co.uk

67. StarDate: Ancient Horizons - Glossary L - R The constellation was believed to be the final resting place of pharaohs, Several distinct styles of pyramids were built in ancient egypt as monuments http://stardate.org/egypt/glossaryL-R.html

Nabta: Circle in the Sand Glossary Glossary A - K S - Z Lower Egypt The fertile Nile Delta in northern Egypt formed Lower Egypt, home to the modern-day city of Cairo, the ancient capital of Memphis, and the pyramids at Giza. Lower and Upper Egypt united around 3100 BC to form the united kingdom of Egypt and create a civilization that dominated the ancient world for more than 3,000 years. Canals built from the Nile to the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea brought visitors and trade to Lower Egypt and ultimately introduced the Persians and Greeks, who ruled Egypt following the death of the last native-born king. Mars The fourth planet from the Sun , Mars glowed distinctively red in the ancient Egyptian sky, earning it the name " Horus the Red." Observers also described the planet's retrograde motion, noting that Horus sometimes "travels backwards" in the sky. The name of Cairo, the capital of modern Egypt , comes from "Al Qahira," an ancient Arabic name for Mars. Milky Way The galaxy in which we live appears in the sky as the combined glow of millions of stars. Egyptians viewed the Milky Way as a series of islands in a great river in the sky. Gods were believed to ply the celestial waters just as humans sailed the river Nile . (The dark "islands" in the Milky Way are vast clouds of interstellar gas and dust that block our view of the stars behind them.) Nabta Nabta A complex of slabs and stones in a part of the southern Egypt desert called Nabta may be the oldest monument built with astronomical considerations. Thought to have been constructed about 7000 BC (2,000 years before Stonehenge), the site includes a "calendar circle" featuring two pairs of stones that display sunrise at the summer solstice, which heralded the coming of the annual monsoon rains. The circle also includes stones that point east-west and north-south. The site was used by nomads until about 4,800 years ago, when the monsoons shifted southwest and the area became too arid for human habitation. The Nabta culture may have influenced the complex Egyptian civilization ruled by pharaohs for more than 3,000 years.

68. World Mysteries - Mystic Places Mystic places section of WorldMysteries website deals with ancient sites, ancient mysteries revealed at last Who built the pyramids? http://www.world-mysteries.com/mpl.htm

Mystic Places Strange Artifacts ... Home You are here: world-mysteries.com mystic places Mystic Places Nazca Lines The Great Pyramid The Sphinx Stonehenge ... Fatima Main Selection Mystic Places Introduction Many popular experts suggest possibility that mysterious sites around the world were created with help of advanced knowledge and technology (possibly more advanced than our current one) possessed by lost civilizations. Others do not believe that there ever was very advanced civilization on earth and all of the superb knowledge was handed down to us by ancient astronauts who came down from heaven. Most scientists do not subscribe to any of these ideas and try to explain ancient enigmas on the ground of religion and ritual... In this section we are presenting few sites that are still causing controversy in the scientific community. Don't miss these new articles: Astronomical Alignments of Ancient Structures The Ancient Walls - an article by our new guest writer Richard Nisbet.

69. World Mysteries - Robert Bauval The pyramids have long fascinated Robert Bauval. He is Egyptian, born in the pyramids, and the other monuments at Giza are of far more ancient origin http://www.world-mysteries.com/pex_5.htm

Mystic Places Strange Artifacts ... Us You are here: world-mysteries.com popular expert robert bauval Popular Experts A. Alford Z. Sitchin E. von Daeniken G. Hancock ... Other Authors Robert Bauval Popular Experts Biography Bibliography Contact Information Website Biography The pyramids have long fascinated Robert Bauval. He is Egyptian, born in Al-Iskandariyya (Alexandria) to Belgian parents, and has spent most of his life living and working in the Middle East. For many years he had pondered over the significance of Sah, the constellation of Orion, and its link to the pyramids. One night, while working in Saudi Arabia, he took his family and a friend's family up into the sand dunes of the Arabian desert for a camping expedition. Bauval knew that the seemingly inconsistent layout of the three Fourth Dynasty pyramids at Giza was no accident, and had applied his own engineer's mind, and those of many friends to the problem. Most agreed that the alignment, though unusual, was no accident, given the precise mathematical knowledge that the Egyptians had. His friend, a keen amateur astronomer, pointed out Orion, and mentioned, in passing, that Mintaka, the smaller more easterly of the stars making up Orion's belt was offset slightly from the others. Immediately Bauval saw the answer the three Belt Stars were aligned in exactly the same way as the three pyramids!

70. Egypt Introduction Giza pyramids, egypt Giza pyramids, egypt (Fine Art Print Available) Most ofour knowledge of ancient egypt concerns the history and culture of the http://www.sacredsites.com/africa/egypt/introduction_sacred_egypt.html

skip to: page content links on this page site navigation footer (site information) ... Current Newsletter Introduction to Egyptian Sacred Places Sacred Sites Web Explore Sacred Sites Photographs and essays from Martin's pilgrimage travels. World Atlas View sacred sites maps and locations worldwide. ... We need your help... The Geomancy Foundation, a non-profit company, needs financial support to continue it's worldwide research. All donations are welcome. Read more... Keep Up to Date! Subscribe to the Sacred Sites newsletters to receive updates, activities, announcements, book reviews, and links to related websites. Don't wait, Subscribe Now! National Geographic Order copies of the Geography of Religion, with many photographs by Martin Gray, from from Amazon.com Resources A comprehensive list of other helpful websites. Below are the currently featured sites. Magic Planet Nomadics Geomancy Foundation Giza Pyramids, Egypt (Fine Art Print Available) A comprehensive and accurate picture of the development of Egyptian civilization is not however, as clear as the preceding chronological listing implies. To put it quite bluntly, while the hieroglyphic language of the Egyptians was deciphered by Champollion in 1822 and succeeding generations of archaeologists have done admirable work in excavating, preserving and measuring the monumental architecture of the Egyptians, current Egyptological 'science' knows next to nothing about the origins of Egyptian civilization and the fundamental philosophy that underlaid it. This matter is far to complex to deal with in this essay but a few quotes from Egyptian specialists will alert my readers to the very limited knowledge we have concerning the ancient Egyptian culture and, most particularly, its origins.

71. Caribbean Net News: Texas Professor Breaks New Ground On Maya In Belize The Maya erected new pyramids on top of older ones, concealing previous building pyramids in other places, they would find the same thing, he added. http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/2003/09/29/maya.htm

Welcome to Caribbean Net News [../../../top.htm] [../../../left.htm] News from the Caribbean as of Texas professor breaks new ground on Maya in Belize Monday, September 29, 2003 SAN ANTONIO, Texas: Findings by a Texas State University professor at an archaeological site in Belize have pushed back the date for the rise of the Maya civilization to 300 years earlier than previously believed. According to a report in the San Antonio Express-News, anthropology professor James J. Garber has worked at the site, known as Blackman Eddy, each summer since 1990. Although smaller than many other Maya ruins, it was a major cultural center in the Upper Belize Valley. "I would say it's a very important finding," said Sandra Noble, executive director of the Florida-based Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies. "People in this field will take notice. We are realizing what we thought we knew is just scratching the surface." The site was discovered by chance in the 1980s, when a bulldozer doing road work in the area hit a pyramid, destroying half of it.

72. Ancient Egypt - MMSD Electronic Library ancient egypt Choose to learn about the pyramids, life among the ancient Place your cursor on any pyramid to find out approximately when it was built, http://www.madison.k12.wi.us/elib/elib.cgi?cat=136;o=alpha

73. "The Riddle Of Ancient Egypt" By I. M. Oderberg Among the new books are the sumptuously produced Art of ancient egypt by PolishProfessor The ruined pyramids of egypt are not unique for instance, http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/world/med/eg-imo2.htm

The Riddle of Ancient Egypt By I. M. Oderberg The ancient Egyptian civilizations is still strange to us after many decades of research into its features and history. It seems so contradictory and presents a life-style far removed in spirit from our own. Some sensitive writers who have lived there have confessed their bafflement. The riddle of the Sphinx symbol of the spiritual and material elements applies not only to the culture of early Egypt, but to the enigma of our own lives. The head stands for the inner man of intuition and higher mind (or, on a cosmic level, the Christos-Horus aspect), while the body betokens the animal side of man and nature generally. Lately, many of the books dealing with old Egypt have tended to concentrate either on the art aspect or a restatement of certain historical events. However, most of these reappraisals leave us with an aftertaste of our own century's mores and psychology rather than with the distinctive flavor of a civilization vastly different from ours. Mere knowledge of the language does not automatically unlock the doors into how the Egyptians thought about man and the universe. Among the new books are the sumptuously produced Art of Ancient Egypt by Polish Professor Kazimierz; Michalowski (Harry N. Abrams, Inc., N.Y., 1968. 600 pp. including 904 illustrations, $40.00.) and the much smaller but very valuable advance report on recent finds made by Egyptian Dr. Zaki Y. Saad:

74. Kids Online Resources - History Pg 4 ancient egypt for Children What sort of a place is egypt? Ebyptvoyager.com -Virtual tours through the ancient pyramids at Giza; Machu Picchu- The http://www.kidsolr.com/history/page4.html

YOU CAN HELP HERE! American Red Cross The Salvation Army Web KidsOLR Home Internet Safety Art/Music Geography ... Site Map History and Social Science Pg4 American/Government/Women Explorers World/Ancient/Castles Human Origins/Ancient ... War Human Origins Cradle Of Civilization - Welcome to the homeland of the Chaldeans of Beth Nahreen (Mesopotamia) From Holy Babylon to Mighty Assyria to the 21st Century, this is the journey of the builders of Mankind's Cradle of Civilization. Ancient skull challenges human origins - Fossil said to be more than 6 million years old. Exploring Ancient World Cultures - Why study ancient cultures? Fossil Hominids - The Evidence for Human Evolution. Outpost: Human Origins @ nationalgeographic.com. Peter Brown's, Palaeoanthropology

75. Ancient Civilizations Theme Page Mysterious places An exploration of sacred sites and ancient civilizations. There is also information on egypt s Pyramid Age, the History of Giza, http://www.cln.org/themes/ancient.html

Ancient Civilizations Theme Page This "Theme Page" has links to two types of resources related to the study of Ancient Civilizations. Students and teachers will find curricular resources (information, content...) to help them learn about this topic. In addition, there are also links to instructional materials (lesson plans) that will help teachers provide instruction in this theme. Please read our Alexander the Great Created by three high school students, this site has information about Alexander the Great, his life, his family, his conquests, and his battles. There are also links to other Alexander the Great sites and resources on the WWW. Ancient Civilizations Half a dozen multi-disciplinary lessons on Ancient Civilizations from Houghton Mifflin's Activity Search. Ancient Civilizations: Specific Civilizations Byzantine and Islamic Worlds (NM's Creative Impusle) Celts (History of the Celts) China (Chinese History) Egypt (Egyptology Resources) Mysteries of Egypt (From the Canadian Museum of Civilization) Egypt (Guide to Ancient Egypt on the Web) Greece (Perseus Project) India (NM's Creative Impusle) Maya (Maya Civilization Past and Present) Meso-America (From the Canadian Museum of Civilization) Mesopotamia (NM's Creative Impusle) Rome (Bill Thayer's Web Site) Rome (Forum Romanum) Ancient World Web Over 400 links to Websites dealing with ancient civilizations, arranged alphabetically.

76. Grade 6: Egyptian Projects And Internet Resources egyptianRelated Projects from other Schools. Projects on ancient egypt History and This is a good place to start your online exploration of ancient http://www.internet-at-work.com/hos_mcgrane/egypt/egyptintro.html

Amsterdam Grade 5/6 Projects Ancient History Menu Ancient Egypt Projects Ms Hos-McGrane's Grade 6 Social Studies Class Welcome to our Ancient Egyptian Project Pages Main Menu [Amsterdam Projects Other Schools] Egyptian Resources Amsterdam Student Projects Egyptian Project 1 by Shivanthi S., Martin B., and Meri I. Egyptian Project 2 by Erez H. and Natalie H. Egyptian Project 3 by Niel B. and Ashley-Britt H. Egyptian-Related Projects from Other Schools Projects on Ancient Egypt: History and Thought of Western Man Rich East High School, Park Forest, IL These webpages were the final project for a high school course on the History and Thought of Western Man . Topics include: Egyptian mummification, the lives of middle-class Egyptians during the New Kingdom, Queen Hatshepsut, and the role of cats in Ancient Egypt Egypt World A ThinkQuest '98 semi-finalist entry designed by students from Germany and the US. Here is on-line museum designed an Internet educational tool for people ages 12 and up. The authors offer rich content combined with collaborative Internet-style tools found in their Media Kiosks, Tourist Centers, Arcades, and a collaborative hub, the Bazaar. The site also features stunning graphics and a splash page using Macromedia's Flash creating a dramatic entry point for visitors. Voyages of Exploration : Discovering New Horizons Voyage of the Ancient Egyptians ThinkQuest 2000

77. Pyramid Part II FOOTNOTES of Paris was used as a standard by the French, but other sources have otherplaces. 5 West, Serpent in the Sky The high wisdom of ancient egypt, http://greatpyramid.org/aip/footnotz.htm

FOOTNOTES to The Great Pyramid, Part II. Chronography 1a. Dan Millar, who has been posting messages around the internet about the Virgin Mary, says this, "If you study the Virgin Mary's messages, you will come across the following; (Paraphrasing) "The Lady first held up three fingers, then four, then all five. She said, 'The three stands for March, four is April, and the five is May 5th. It will be an important day for souls.' " Perhaps the date May 5 comes from a source like this, because the book reveals NOTHING about that date deriving from the Pyramid. 1 And smote all the firstborn in Egypt; the chief of their strength in the tabernacles of Ham: (Psa 78:51) Israel also came into Egypt; and Jacob sojourned in the land of Ham. (Psa 105:23) They showed his signs among them, and wonders in the land of Ham. (Psa 105:27) Wondrous works in the land of Ham, and terrible things by the Red sea. (Psa 106:22) 2 "And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits... "(Gen 6:15) 3 I have read sources that say the meridian of Paris was used as a standard by the French, but other sources have other places. I have not pinpointed the exact place that was originally used in setting up the metric system. The point is irrelevant, and the things I say here about Paris would apply to any other location.

78. LII - Results For "history, Ancient" Information about ancient Egyptian civilization, including geography, virtual tours of Easter Island, Chichen Itza, Mali, and other mysterious places. http://www.lii.org/search?searchtype=subject;query=History, Ancient;subsearch=Hi

79. K. Zahrt - Thoughts On Ancient Egyptian Mathematics In other words, a normal pyramid with the top cut off. Turaeff believed the egyptians Finally, John A. Wilson in The Culture of ancient egypt remarks http://www.iusb.edu/~journal/2000/zahrt.html

Thoughts on Ancient Egyptian Mathematics Kim R. W. Zahrt Communicated by: Dr. Micheal Kinyon Department of Mathematics ABSTRACT Do the experts, Egyptomologist, know the true history of Egypt, and furthermore, are they sure of the level of Egyptian mathematical thought? This paper demonstrates two problems found on ancient papyri, and examines the words of scholars to determine the answer to the above questions. It has been said that Egyptian mathematics was only practical arithmetic and simple geometry. There are several scholars who contend Egyptians lacked formal proofs and stated rules, and therefore they lacked ``the scientific attitude of mind'' (Gillings 232). Thomas Eric Peet, a noted professor of Egyptology, refers to the table of fractions in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus as being proof that the Egyptians did not reach a scientific understanding of mathematics (ibid). Concerning geometry, Bartel L. Van der Waerdan in Science Awakening II states ``The Egyptians of the Middle Kingdom had methods for calculating areas . . . but there is no textual evidence of a geometry with constructions and proofs. Furthermore . . . the mathematical texts were no longer copied after the Hyksos period'' (41). These and other scholars contend that the Egyptians did not have the rigor of mathematics, and the value of studying Egyptian mathematics lies only in its place as history. There are two prime sources which are considered the best examples of Egyptian mathematics. These are the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus. Several other sources exist such as the the Kahun Mathematical Fragments and the Mathematical Leather Roll at the British Museum, but these add nothing of substance to our knowledge of ancient Egyptian mathematics.

80. Egyptians Egyptians ties into one of the Wonders of the ancient World The pyramids . The Egyptians, like any other culture, watched the sky and mapped it. http://home.cwru.edu/~sjr16/advanced/pre20th_ancients_egyptians.html

Egyptians Babylonians Greeks Others Calendars Overview Egyptians had an entire mythology built around astronomy, but so did nearly every other ancient civilization. What is most remarkable about Egyptians ties into one of the Wonders of the Ancient World The Pyramids. The amazing accuracy to which the pyramids are aligned have sparked movies, alien conspiracy theories, and many different astronomical theories as to how they were made. Besides the pyramids, this page discusses the planets, constellations, and mythologies around these celestial objects. Pyramids Egyptians used astronomy to help build some of the most impressive architecture on Earth: The Pyramids. By using knowledge of the sun and constellations, Egyptians were able to align the pyramids and shafts within the pyramids with the cardinal directions, as well as with star groupings that held spiritual significance. The Great Pyramid, also called the Pyramid of Khufu (or, in older texts, as Cheops), has sides which deviate from true North by an average of less than 3 arcmin. They are also nearly perfectly straight, varying no more than 2 cm (2/3 in.) in their 230 m (755 ft) length. This accuracy is the most precise of all the subsequent pyramids, which actually grew more inaccurate the latter they were made. Spence assumed that pyramid construction began in the second year of a monarch's reign. Between the reigns of Snofru and Neferirkare (~2600-2400 B.C.), eight major pyramids were constructed, all in a nearly straight line. Researchers which propose stellar alignment methods (stellar meaning stars, not stellar meaning really good) agree that the Egyptians used northern or circumpolar stars for orientation of the east and/or west sides of the pyramid. Most studies show that it was mainly the west side that was accurately aligned (because it is the best aligned), while the other sides were determined through the creation of right angles.

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