61. Ancient Egypt In Fiction For Young Adults A collection of 12 short stories set in ancient egypt. other books in thisseries might feature egyptian gods as characters. http://members.aol.com/wenamun/Egyptkdz.html

ANCIENT EGYPT IN FICTION FOR YOUNG ADULTS Princes, princesses, peasants; mummies, magic cats, and young archaeologists. Stories published for middle-grade and young adult readers (ages 8 to 18), but people of most any age will find something they like here. What does the *asterisk* after some titles mean? Works I am seeking to acquire or borrow! Last updated: 11 June 2005 Titles, including translations, added within the last three monthly updates are marked with the hieroglyph of a jar and the month in which it was added: MM/YR . (Colors change from month to month; the current month's is shown here.) Works previously listed as "forthcoming" and now in print are likewise marked. Other updated information is not flagged. Authors who have works listed in more than one category or sub-category or who have had works published under other by-lines are marked with the hieroglyph of an Egyptian scribal kit. Click on the glyph to go to the author's entry in the Author List Those known to have won some award or honor are marked by a swallow hieroglyph. The following novels and short stories for middle readers and young adults feature significant elements drawn from ancient, and most especially pharaonic, Egypt.

62. Ancient Egypt Blog CHEOPS ancient egypt Blog CHEOPS Chronology Hieroglyphs Epigraphy Onomastics PyramidS . When people speak of the building of the great pyramids they tend to http://www.tauta.net/ancientegypt/ancientegypt.htm

Welcome. Please maximize your window for best viewing results. A N C I E N T E G Y P T B L O G C H E O P S A N C I E N T E G Y P T B L O G C H E O P S A N C I E N T E G Y P T B L O G C H E O P S co-author of: click for details Personal EU Pundit EULegal.org LawPundit Blog Internet Law Web ... Golfing Technorati Profile Archives February 2004 April 2004 May 2004 June 2004 ... September 2005 Monday, September 19, 2005 Hebrew tahas and Ancient Egyptian ths I received this interesting inquiry from a reader: "I saw in a paper that the Hebrew word "tehas" is a loanword from the Egyptian "ths" (= fine leather)...now I have searched on internet for "ths" and in the grammatics by Gardiner but couldn't find this word. Do you know this word, what is the hieroglyph and is there any connection with the leather of the sea animal dugong." Here is the answer I sent: Rainer Hannig at p. 1456 in his „gyptisches W¶rterbuch: Altes Reich und Erste Zwishcenzeit [Egyptian Dictionary I: Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period] has ths (hieroglyphs: two-noosed animal noose, three-noosed wick, folded cloth hieroglyph, transcribed as t with a line below it, h with a dot below it and the letter s) and transliterated by Hannig in German as "recken (Fell, Leder ¼ber Gestell) giving the similar term hnt (h with a line below it) "Leder recken". "Recken" in German means "rack, stretcher" and in Egypt thus was apparently used to apply to leather stretched across a rack.

63. Egypt.htm List of Egyptian pharaohs and Information About Them The Woman Who Was King Hatshepsut Marvels of ancient Egyptian Art at Museums around the World http://www.fidnet.com/~weid/Egypt.htm

The World of Ancient Egypt General Information Pharaohs Daily Life Mummification ... Cybertrips and Virtual Tours GENERAL INFORMATION: Akhet - A fantastic site on egyptology CMCC - Mysteries of Egypt - Egyptian civilization SUPER Cool site. YOU HAVE TO SEE IT. NM's Creative Impulse..Egypt The River Nile History of Egypt Egypt - Guardian's Egypt - Main Gate The best site for information on Egypt. Alexandria, Egypt : Exceptional site. Memphis, Egypt 2550 BC : info on this site includes page on each of the following - Introduction, The Nile Valley, Traveling in Egypt, Life of the Privileged, Pyramids, Other Sights, The World of Egyptian Art - The Golden Age of Memphis in 2550 BC is brought to life in the historical novel The Scribe's Family, by Don Jacobson. Who's Who of Egypt General Egypt Ancient Egypt BACK TO TOP PHARAOHS: Rulers of Ancient Egypt Egyptian Kings**** : wonderful historical find. One page time line of all the pharaohs, with almost every one linked to a separate bio page. And most of those have interesting links to follow.

64. Egyptians Most egyptologists would argue that the ancient egyptians were an ethnic group Thus, the black pharaohs of egypt were also the country’s last pharaohs http://www.barnesreview.org/Feb_2004/Egyptians/egyptians.html

Supplemental Book Listing Why Civilizations Self-destruct The New German Reichs- chancellery, $39.95 ... Thinkers of the Right: Challenging Materialism, $25 The Racial Makeup of the Original Egyptians By John Tiffany The average Egyptian of today, or even most members of the higher classes of that country, is partly Negroid, but the great pharaohs of olden times (until about 1185 B.C.) were clearly white. Could this explain why Egypt was great in ancient times but is a fourth-rate nation today? lacks have been present in Egypt from very early times, if not from the beginning. It has even been suggested by some scholars that Egyptian civilization only arose because there were both whites and blacks present, the whites to provide the ruling class and the blacks to provide the slaves, without whom the rulers would not have had the leisure time necessary to create a civilization. Therefore it is only to be expected that blacks have been depicted in ancient Egyptian art. But this certainly does not in itself prove that Negroes were preponderant in Egypt. Afrocentrists point to various busts showing Negro types in Egypt, but a curious thing about these busts is that they nearly all date from a late period, the 25th dynasty (730 B.C.-633 B.C.), a degenerate era, when Egypt had the Negroid pharaoh Tahara on the throne. From the 18th dynasty (1580-1350 B.C.) to the 25th (663-525 B.C.) is a period of six centuries. They mark the decay of Egyptian civilization. During this period Egyptian initiative and ingenuity slowly declined. When a mulatto was received as king, religion had fallen from an ethical test for the life hereafter to a cult of animal worship. The early pharaohs built the pyramids and temples which stand today. The later pharaohs built nothing of significance; instead, they cut out the names of the early kings and inserted their names upon some of the greatest architectural achievements of the world. Art, science, and literature were dead.

65. Retake Your Fame other invaders included the Turks, the French and the British. The Hyksos alsoinvaded egypt in ancient times, about 1675 BC They are believed to be white http://www.stewartsynopsis.com/retake_your_fame.htm

Home Site Index Synopsis 1 Synopsis 2 ... Links Retake Your Fame : Black Contribution to World Civilization Vol. 1 Aylmer von Fleischer What comes to mind when we think of Africa? Even today, there are many people who believe in the worthlessness of a continent mired in perpetual darkness and from which no good can emanate? A land of one-eyed intellectuals, groping blindly in search of solutions to endless problems? A land raped, imbued with starvation, diseases and superstition? The answer, sadly, is in the affirmative. Some eminent Western intellectuals, in whose hands it fell to give a true account of the glorious achievements of the black race, the barbaric institution of slavery having muzzled their voices, focused on the periphery of black accomplishments and only had ignominious words to say. One such was Voltaire, who said in his supreme ignorance: “the round eyes of the Negroes, their flat nose, thick lips, ears of different shape, the wool on their heads, the measure of their intelligence, place between them and other species prodigious differences.” Yet, world civilization emerged from this despised continent and her peoples. My purpose therefore in writing this book is to help shed light on the fact that blacks, widely considered to be the scum of the earth, have in actual fact contributed immensely to world civilization.

66. Afrocentric Book Recommendations Books About ancient Black egypt and African Kingdoms. When other groups ofpeople came in from the east the Africans allowed them to assimilate into http://www.homestead.com/wysinger/ptahhotep.html

@import url(http://www.homestead.com/~media/elements/Text/font_styles.css); The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality by Dr. Cheikh Anta Diop Turning to the major falsification of the history of mankind, as he puts it, Cheikh Anta Diop underlines that the time has come to bring justice to the Negro race, to give black people their due credit for leading the march, and blazing a trail for humanity to follow. Egypt Revisited: Journal of African Civilizations by Ivan Van Sertima (Editor) A compilation of many great scholars sharing their expertise. This book has many ancient photos. Contents: RACE AND ORIGIN OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS, BLACK DYNASTIES AND RULERS, PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE OF THE EGYPTIANS, MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS and more. Authors include: Ivan Van Sertima, Chiekh Anta Diop, Basil Davidson, James Brunson, Bruce Williams, Runoko Rashidi, Wayne B. Chandler, Asa G. Hilliard III, Legrand Clegg II, Phaon Goldman (Tarharka), Habib Sy, Theophile Obenga, Charles S. Finch, Maulana Karenga, Larry Williams, Beatrice Lumpkin and others. Black Spark, White Fire: Did African Explorers Civilize Ancient Europe?

67. Malcolm X -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article and bandleader (18991974)) Duke Ellington and other notable black (Someone who On that trip he went to egypt, (Joint capital (with Riyadh) of Saudi http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/m/ma/malcolm_x.htm

Malcolm X [Categories: Murdered activists, Civil rights activists, Autodidacts, African Americans, African-American history, 1965 deaths, 1925 births] Malcolm X Malcolm Little Detroit Red El-Hajj (The leader of a town or community in some parts of Asia Minor and the Indian subcontinent) Malik El- (Click link for more info and facts about Shabazz) Shabazz , and Omowale ) was a spokesman for the (A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans) Nation of Islam , and a founder of both the (Click link for more info and facts about Muslim Mosque, Inc.) Muslim Mosque, Inc. , and the (Click link for more info and facts about Organization of Afro-American Unity) Organization of Afro-American Unity . He was (Click link for more info and facts about assassinated) assassinated in February 1965 on the first day of National Brotherhood Week. During his life, Malcolm evolved from being a street-wise hoodlum to one of the most prominent (A militant reformer) militant (Click link for more info and facts about black nationalist) black nationalist leaders born in the (North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776)

68. Bulliet | The Earth And Its Peoples, Second Edition Besides writing, these ancient peoples left behind other sources of ancient Egyptian life from this practice of stocking the tomb of the pharaohs with http://college.hmco.com/history/world/bulliet/earth_peoples/2e/students/web_acti

Primary Sources ACE Practice Tests Web Links Glossary ... Pronunciation Guide Textbook Site for: The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History , Second Edition Richard W. Bulliet, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, David Northrup History WIRED Chapter 2: The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500-1500 B.C.E. Maps Mesopotamia Mesopotamia to 2500 B.C.E. Estimated Empire of Sargon Poppa's World History: The Near East ... Satellite Image of Middle East Images The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Ancient Near East Collection  Explore fifty images from this world renowned museum's collection of artwork from Mesopotamia, Iran, Syria, and Anatolia. Slides of Mesopotamia This collection of images from multiple sources offers numerous examples of artwork from ancient Mesopotamia. Photo Gallery of Ancient Mesopotamia The first three images at this site offer examples of ancient Mesopotamian art and cuneiform writing. Images from World History: Sumer Several images or artifacts from Mesopotamia can be found here, including the "Standard of Ur" and an example of cuneiform writing. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Egyptian Collection Another superb collection from this museum. Notable images included hieroglyphics used in the "Book of the Dead" and statues of several pharaohs.

69. Egypt Page It is democratic in the sense that the people acquiesce and vote in elections, other than the agriculture and the oil, egypt has few natural resources. http://www.angelfire.com/mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/africa/egypt.html

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Angelfire 40 Yr Old Virgin Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next State Capital Egypt Al Kahira Misr Cairo Currency unit Egyptian pound Connections Arabs Empire Space Impact Islam ... Rights History The most ancient civilization in the Mediterranean area. See BBC summary " Egypt has profoundly affected the civilization of Europe to the north and Africa to the south and west. The people of present day Egypt seem to be a mixture of people from the south, north and east. That is, some of them are genetically similar to the other Mediterranean peoples of north Africa and southern Europe. Others are related to the Africans of the south. Most are a mixture. The earliest Egyptians were probably closer to those of the south. Were ancient Egyptians African? By definition and location they were. At the time of classical Egypt African populations were much smaller than today. It is difficult to tell where the different human types were mainly to be found, and how far North Africans were related to Central Africans. The Sahara was probably not as arid as it is now so that it may have been easier to cross than later. It is probable that ancient Egyptians had contact with the peoples of the whole Nile valley, including modern Ethiopia. The ancient Egyptian language, now represented by the Coptic texts used by the Egyptian Christians, was related to the other north African languages now represented by the Berber languages of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia and the Tuareg of the Sahara. It is classified as an Afro-Asiatic language. Modern Egyptians speak a variety of Arabic.

70. From Prehistory To The Second Intermediate Period (from Egypt, Ancient) --  Enc e The Literature of ancient egypt An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Michael A. Hoffman, egypt Before the pharaohs The Prehistoric Foundations of http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-229725

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction Introduction to ancient Egyptian civilization Life in ancient Egypt The king and ideology: administration, art, and writing Sources, calendars, and chronology The recovery and study of ancient Egypt The predynastic and early dynastic periods Predynastic Egypt The Old Kingdom The First Intermediate Period The Middle Kingdom The Second Intermediate Period The New Kingdom The 18th dynasty Ahmose Amenhotep I Thutmose I and Thutmose II Hatshepsut and Thutmose III ... The later Ramesside kings Egypt from 1075 to the Macedonian invasion The 21st dynasty Libyan rule: the 22nd and 23rd dynasties The 24th and 25th dynasties Egypt under Achaemenid rule The 27th dynasty The 28th, 29th, and 30th dynasties The second Persian period Additional Reading From prehistory to the Second Intermediate Period From the New Kingdom to 332 Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled.

71. Ancient Egypt (from Egypt) Encyclopædia Britannica ancient egypt (from egypt) The most detailed presentation of egyptian history, e ty = s Michael A. Hoffman /e , e egypt Before the pharaohs The http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-129506

72. Ancient World History Program Contents of the civilizations of ancient egypt and the Near East. ancient India in ancient Rome, Create an illustrated travel guide to help other http://www.teachtci.com/curriculum/wh6-program.asp

On Our Site About TCI The TCI Approach Implementing at Your Site Preview an Activity ... in Your Methods Class Our Services Request a Catalog Get TCI e-News Price List Helpful Information How to Contact Us Frequently Asked Questions Site Security and Privacy Career Opportunities Ancient World History Program Contents Early Humans When you teach: Your students will: Learning About the Past Experiencing the Challenge of Interpreting the Past Create personal history collages and then act as historians to interpret events from the past. Understanding Our Place in Human History Sequence human history on a 12-month calendar and explore the concepts of timelines and chronology. Investigating the Past: Assembling an Archeological Team Appoint six archeological specialists to investigate The Paleolithic Period: The Earliest Humans Creating Puppet Shows of Origin Stories Design and present puppet shows to demonstrate how various cultures explain human origins.

73. Saudi Aramco World : Chicago House: Rescuing History On that trip, he discovered that many of egypt s ancient monuments had Later pharaohs finished the decoration and modified some of the inscriptions. http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199405/chicago.house-rescuing.history.htm

September/October 1994 Volume 45, Number 5 September/October 1994 Volume 45, Number 5 Chicago House Rescuing History Written and photographed by Arthur Clark Take me to Chicago." Egyptologists, artists and photographers working out of this rambling headquarters are rescuing history, recording the inscriptions and reliefs on endangered ancient monuments before they crumble into dust. With what they learn, they're rewriting history, too. Among the most intriguing recent discoveries is that the pharaoh Tutankhamen, long held to have been a youth with no real claim to fame when he died in 1325 BC, may in fact have been a mature, chariot-riding warrior who led an army against Hittites and Nubians. One hypothesis: An official "coverup" after Tutankhamen's death, perhaps of a battle wound, expunged records of his military exploits (See box, page 45). Established 70 years ago by James Henry Breasted, the father of the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute (See Aramco World, But the job involves more than just copying. "We're not only trying to record, but to interpret as we go," said Peter Dorman, Survey director since mid-1989. "That's part of 'reading' a wall, especially if it's damaged." He was speaking from high on a ladder inside the colossal Colonnade Hall in Luxor Temple, where Chicago House recently completed the fieldwork of a 20-year project. The temple was a paramount structure in ancient Thebes, which took in the precincts of modern-day Luxor and the opposite west bank of the Nile and was long the religious capital of ancient Egypt.

74. OD Board - Evidence Of Fair Hair & Blue Eyes In Ancient Egypt Paintings of people with red hair and blue eyes were found at the tomb of Bagt But, the logic of blacks is that because egypt is in Africa then ancient http://www.originaldissent.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-4371.html

OD Board Original Dissent History / Western Civilization PDA View Full Version : Faust Direct Evidence of Fair Hair and Blue Eyes in ancient Egypt The mummy of the wife of King Tutankhamen has auburn hair. (61) A mummy with red hair, red mustache and red beard was found by the pyramids at Saqqara. (62) Red-haired mummies were found in the crocodile-caverns of Aboufaida. (63) The book HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN MUMMIES mentions a mummy with reddish-brown hair. (64) the mummies of Rameses II (65) and Prince Yuaa (66) have fine silky yellow hair. The mummy of another pharaoh, Thothmes II, has light chestnut-colored hair. (67) An article in a leading British anthropological journal states that many mummies have dark reddish-brown hair. (68) Professor Vacher De Lapouge described a blond mummy found at Al Amrah, which he says has the face and skull measurements of a typical Gaul or Saxon. (69) A blond mummy was found at Kawamil along with many chestnut-colored ones. (70) Chestnut-haired mummies have been found at Silsileh. (71) The mummy of Queen Tiy has "wavy brown hair." (72) Unfortunately, only the mummies of a very few pharaohs have survived to the 20th century, but a large proportion of these are blond. http://www.delphi.com/redramesses/messages/?msg=21.1

75. ATITD Wiki: The Epic History Of Egypt Here we see the long history of our Egyptian people in all its (delusions of) and an amnesty all in the newly landscaped Playground of pharaohs. http://wiki.atitd.net/tale1/The_Epic_History_Of_Egypt

Search: Home Atlas Guides Tests ... The Epic History Of Egypt Here we see the long history of our Egyptian people in all its (delusions of) grandeur and majesty. A concise version can be found here This composition is organized in five sections: Creation, and Ages One through Four. Creation is... well, creation. The beginning and all. The ages are the betas and the first telling. As more tellings occur, the history will (hopefully) be expanded. Note: This is a work in progress. One and all are encouraged to contribute. Contributions need not be in sequential order. Please go ahead and insert your paragraph wherever it fits in the timeline. Creation (Od Al) There were Teppy and Josh, who in Egyptian were called Pharaoh and Nekhmet; and they made first the builders that were the offspring of Pharaoh's thought, and they were with him before aught else was made. And he spoke to them, propounding to them themes of landscape; and the built before him, and he was glad. But for a long time they built only Old Egypt and very slowly, for each could build only through bitmap tools. The First Age (Od Al) The first age was a time of few people and much chaos. This age gave rise to a hard-working bunch who put to good use the legal system to give us what we take for granted. Examples of laws from then which have since become features are guilds and banning buildings near schools and universities. The first age was completely contained in what are now known as Old Egypt and a part of Desert of Nomads. Notable pieces of work from then are

76. The Official Graham Hancock Website: Library but a host of other useful skills and gifts, by far the most notable and the The ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, p. 192, Utt. 519 O Morning Star, http://www.grahamhancock.com/library/fotg/c45-7.htm

Chapter 45 The Works of Men and Gods (Cont) Setting sail across seas of sand and time Before leaving Abydos, there was one other puzzle that I wanted to remind myself of. It lay buried in the desert, about a kilometre north-west of the Osireion, across sands littered with the rolling, cluttered tumuli of ancient graveyards. Out among these cemeteries, many of which dated back to early dynastic and pre-dynastic times, the jackal gods Anubis and Upuaut had traditionally reigned supreme. Openers of the way, guardians of the spirits of the dead, I knew that they had played a central role in the mysteries of Osiris that had been enacted each year at Abydos-apparently throughout the span of Ancient Egyptian history. It seemed to me that there was a sense in which they guarded the mysteries still. For what was the Osireion if was not a huge, unsolved mystery that deserved closer scrutiny than it has received from the scholars whose job it is to look into these matters? And what was the burial in the desert of twelve high-prowed, seagoing ships if not also a mystery that cried out, loudly, for solution? It was the burial place of those ships I was now crossing the cemeteries of the jackal gods to see: The Guardian, London, 21 December 1991

77. Egypt: Map, History And Much More From Answers.com egypt is famous for its ancient civilization and some of the world s most For the first time in egypt s history, the people will have a chance to elect http://www.answers.com/topic/egypt

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia Map Local Time Bible Geography Dialing Code Currency Stats Anthem WordNet Wikipedia Translations Best of Web Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Egypt Dictionary (Click to enlarge) Egypt (Mapping Specialists, Ltd.) E·gypt jĭpt (Formerly (1958–1961) United Arab Republic A country of northeast Africa and the Sinai Peninsula on the Mediterranean Sea. In ancient times it was a flourishing kingdom and one of the earliest known civilizations, known for its development of hieroglyphic writing and its achievements in agriculture, art, and architecture. It reached its height during the XVIII dynasty (1570–1342? B.C. ) and declined after the seventh century B.C. , falling to various conquerors including the Assyrians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Turks, French, and British. Although nominally independent after 1922, it remained a British protectorate until 1936. A military coup in 1952 overthrew King Farouk I's constitutional monarchy, and a republic was established the following year. Cairo is the capital and the largest city. Population: 76,100,000 . Encyclopedia Egypt jĭpt ) , Arab.

78. Stargate SG-1 Egyptology : Related Articles And Links History Channel a while back had a television special on ancient egypt. egyptian gods (summaries). An all text page, it lists all notable gods http://www.stargatefan.com/references/egyptology/

episodes l fan fiction l multimedia l fun stuff l research l shop l links l updates email us l site map l home research articles egyptology ... further reading articles hathor and the punishment of humankind A brief account on the Egyptian goddess Hathor and a relating myth. back to top egyptology sites akhentef's egyptian links An assortment of very good links relating to Egyptology. Keep in mind, however, that this site hasn't been updated in a while and all the links might not be current. akhet internet Excellent source of Egyptology links and artifacts sites. Including images of the tombs and temples for good visual references. ancient civilizations, atlantis and egypt Connecting Atlantis with Ancient Egypt..interesting reading..fast loading site. Note: Has no relation with the spin-off Stargate : Atlantis egyptology.com One of the premier websites in regards to Egyptology around. Sponsored by KMT , one of the leading journals out there in this academia. One could only imagine Daniel Jackson frequently visiting this site himself! Can't recommend this site or its sister journal publication enough! Hosts the Reeder's Egypt Page, covering a great deal of the art, archaeology and culture of Egypt. egyptology resources An excellent site with lists of anything you could think of about Egypt with the academic journals also available for reading.

79. Untitled1.html One of the unique features of ancient Egyptian civilization was the bond between Egyptian control in Nubia and Ethiopia vanished. The pharaohs of the http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/dept/d10/asb/anthro2003/legacy/egypt/handbook/ancient

ANCIENT EGYPT The Predynastic Period and the First and Second Dynasties, 6000- 2686 B.C. During this period, when people first began to settle along the banks of the Nile (Nahr an Nil) and to evolve from hunters and gatherers to settled, subsistence agriculturalists, Egypt developed the written language, religion, and institutions that made it the world's first organized society. Through pharaonic (see Glossary) Egypt, Africa claims to be the cradle of one of the earliest and most spectacular civilizations of antiquity (see fig. 2). One of the unique features of ancient Egyptian civilization was the bond between the Nile and the Egyptian people and their institutions. The Nile caused the great productivity of the soil, for it annually brought a copious deposit of rich silt from the monsoon-swept tableland of Ethiopia. Each July, the level of the Nile began to rise, and by the end of August, the flood reached its full height. At the end of October, the flood began to recede, leaving behind a fairly uniform deposit of silt as well as lagoons and streams that became natural reservoirs for fish. By April, the Nile was at its lowest level. Vegetation started to diminish, seasonal pools dried out, and game began to move south. Then in July, the Nile would rise again, and the cycle was repeated. Because of the fall and rise of the river, one can understand why the Egyptians were the first people to believe in life after death. The rise and fall of the flood waters meant that the "death" of the land would be followed each year by the "rebirth" of the crops. Thus, rebirth was seen as a natural sequence to death. Like the sun, which "died" when it sank on the western horizon and was "reborn" in the eastern sky on the following morning, humans would also rise and live again.

80. HST236 The History and Culture of ancient Western Asia and egypt (Chicago, 1988) Most notable among these were the Philistines, the Aramaeans (and with them, http://www.provost.cmich.edu/gened/hst236.htm

HST 236: The Near East to Alexander, 3 (3-0) I. Bulletin Description The cultural and political development of the Fertile Crescent and of Egypt from the earliest times to the age of Alexander the Great. (Group IVB) II. Prerequisites None. III. Textbooks and Other Materials to be Furnished by the Student Recommended Texts/Readings Recommended Texts/Readings Recommended Texts/Readings Knapp, A. Bernard. The History and Culture of Ancient Western Asia and Egypt (Chicago, 1988) Pritchard, James B. (ed.). The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures , Vol. I (Princeton, 1958) Roux, Georges. Ancient Iraq , 3rd edition (London, 1992) Saggs, H.W.F. Civilization before Greece and Rome (New Haven, 1989) Romer, J. Ancient Lives: Daily Life in Egypt of the Pharoahs (New York, 1984) (The list above may be modified as new works incorporating the most recent discoveries appear.) IV. Special Requirements for this Course None. V. General Methodology Used in Teaching this Course Lectures complement and supplement the assigned readings and, in many instances, elaborate upon especially controversial or troublesome issues in the history and archaeology of the ancient Near East. Most of the lectures are illustrated with slide or videotape presentations to enhance awareness of the nature of and problems inherent in archaeological sites and artifacts; such presentations also promote awareness of the development of architectural traditions and the evolution and persistence of motifs and techniques in ancient Near Eastern art. Reading of primary sources facilitates understanding and discussion of religious, economic, literary, and legal traditions.

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