41. California Earthquake-Measurement Field Sites California earthquakemeasurement Field Sites. This map of California shows theStanford field sites as solid circles and some of the most notable faults as http://www-star.stanford.edu/~acfs/Field_sitesMap.html

California Earthquake-Measurement Field Sites [Return to research page , or home page

42. Aftenposten Norway, Norwegian News In English earthquake measurement was Rocknes impact Instruments at the GeophysicalInstitute at Bergen University reveal three powerful measurements in the area http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article714926.ece

OAS_sitepage = 'www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/eng/art';OAS_listpos = 'Position1,Position2,Right1,Right2,Top,Right1,Right2,Top1,x01,x02,x03,x04,x05,x06,x07,x08,x09,x10,x11,x12,x13,x14,x15,Left1,Left3';OAS_query = ''; First published: 22 Jan 2004, 14:54 AFTENPOSTEN English frontpage Norwegian frontpage NEWS ... Press release FEATURES Only in Norway Picture series Norway’s Centennial The Royals ... WEBCAMS See Norway live.See our webcams Most visited Svinesund - vestover Oslo: Aker Brygge Harstad sentrum Flekkefjord ... SEARCH News in english: How to search INFO About the newsdesk Contact us Advertising info Rate calculator ... Looking for someone? Here's a way to search a leading Norwegian telephone catalogue. Read more Listen to Norwegian radio! Aftenposten makes it easy to tune in to 18 Norwegian radio stations. CHOOSE CHANNEL HERE Discover your family tree Advice and resources to help you find your Norwegian roots. LEARN MORE HERE Aftenposten from 1870 'Earthquake' measurement was "Rocknes" impact Instruments at the Geophysical Institute at Bergen University reveal three powerful measurements in the area where the Rocknes capsized, just before the ship overturned. Experts can see no other explanation for the readings other than the ship striking bottom, newspaper Bergens Tidende reports. Related stories: Unstable "Rocknes" floats higher Bondevik promises aid after accident Survivors say doomed ship ran aground Three dead, 15 missing in ship disaster

43. Electronic Desktop Project - Virtual Earthquake You are to locate the epicenter of an earthquake by making simple measurement on In order to get this certificate, you must make careful measurements http://www.sciencecourseware.com/VirtualEarthquake/

Welcome to Virtual Earthquake Virtual Earthquake is an interactive Web-based activity designed to introduce you to the concepts of how an earthquake EPICENTER is located and how the RICHTER MAGNITUDE of an earthquake is determined. The Virtual Earthquake program is running on a Web Server at California State University at Los Angeles. You can interact with Virtual Earthquake NEW : A completely revised version of Virtual Earthquake can be found HERE . This new applet-based version is more inquiry-based than the original version and contains tools so instructors can assess student learning. Currently it runs only under IE on PCs. (After you complete Virtual Earthquake, check out the Geology Labs On-Line home page for the latest information about project activities. Activities about age dating, river discharge and river flooding are available.) Instructors: here is some important information Virtual Earthquake will show you the recordings of an earthquake's seismic waves detected by instruments far away from the earthquake. The instrument recording the seismic waves is called a

44. FEMA For Kids: Disaster Connection - Kids To Kids The intensity of an earthquake can be measured. One measurement is called theRichter scale. earthquakes below 4.0 on the Richter scale usually do not cause http://www.fema.gov/kids/quake.htm

Shake With The Quake Story Rumble Tumble Story are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. Earthquakes happen along "fault lines" in the earth’s crust. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas although they usually last less than one minute. Earthquakes cannot be predicted although scientists are working on it! Most of the time, you will notice an earthquake by the gentle shaking of the ground. You may notice hanging plants swaying or objects wobbling on shelves. Sometimes you may hear a low rumbling noise or feel a sharp jolt. A survivor of the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco said the sensation was like riding a bicycle down a long flight of stairs. Earthquakes are sometimes called temblors, quakes, shakers or seismic activity. The most important thing to remember during an earthquake is to DROP, COVER and HOLD ON. So remember to DROP to the floor and get under something for COVER and HOLD ON during the shaking.

45. EVPP 110 Lecture earthquake measurement. Richter scale; measures vibrational amplitude of earth’s earthquake- measurement. Mercalli scale; does NOT measure energy http://mason.gmu.edu/~klargen/110lectphysicalenvironmentplatetectonicsfall03.htm

EVPP 110 Lecture Fall 2003, Instructor: Dr. Largen Physical Environment: Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes, Volcanoes development of the theory of plate tectonics plate tectonics earthquakes volcanoes Plate Tectonics Theory of plate tectonics lines of evidence leading to development of current theory plate movements faulting and volcanism at plate boundaries earthquakes and volcanoes Based on 6 lines of evidence shapes of continents similar distribution of geologic features, fossils, some living species non-uniform distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes sea floor topography, especially the Mid-Atlantic Ridge age of volcanic islands in the Atlantic Shapes of continents Historical perspective throughout most of history physical features of earth believed to be were fixed beginning centuries ago noticed outlines of western Africa and eastern South America matched in 1915 concept of continental drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener Alfred Wegener (German,1880-1930) meterologist wrote The Origin of Continents and Oceans in 1915 Wegener’s continental drift proposed all large continents of current world were joined together in late Paleozoic Era as single supercontinent, called Pangaea

46. Locating And Measuring Earthquakes - Putting Down Roots In Earthquake Country In fact, earthquakes are very complex. Measuring their size is something like Seismologists have since developed a new measurement of earthquake size, http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/measuring.html

@import url("Roots/roots.css"); @import url("Roots/steps.css"); Earthquakes and faults Earthquake shaking Earthquakes are recorded by a seismic network. Each seismic station in the network measures the movement of the ground at that site. In an earthquake, the slip of a block of rock over another releases energy that makes the ground vibrate. That vibration pushes the adjoining piece of ground, causing it to vibrate, and thus the energy travels out from the earthquake in a wave. As the wave passes by a seismic station, that piece of ground vibrates and this vibration is recorded. (a compressional wave), and the S-wave (a shear wave). The S-wave is slower but larger than the P-wave and does most of the damage. Scientists have used knowledge of the differences between these and other seismic waves to learn a great deal about the interior of the earth. Knowing how fast seismic waves travel through the earth, seismologists can calculate the time when the earthquake occurred and its location by comparing the times when shaking was recorded at several stations. This process used to take almost an hour when done manually. Now computers determine this information automatically within minutes. Within a few more hours the shape and location of the entire portion of the fault that moved can be calculated. "IT'S HOT AND DRY EARTHQUAKE WEATHER!"

47. Geodynamics: Earthquake Processes earthquake Processes. Cascadia Subduction Zone. measurement of Subduction ZoneDeformation; Current measurement Techniques; Cascadia earthquake Activity http://www.pgc.nrcan.gc.ca/geodyn/eqpro.htm

Earthquake Processes Cascadia Subduction Zone Measurement of Subduction Zone Deformation Current Measurement Techniques Cascadia Earthquake Activity Western Canada Deformation Array (WCDA) Permanent GPS Network Site Descriptions Data Absolute Gravimetry Instrumentation Deformation Modelling 2-D and 3-D elastic dislocation models 2-D and 3-D viscoelastic finite element models Important notices

48. InforMARE - Press Review earthquake measurement was Rocknes impact. Instruments at the GeophysicalInstitute at Bergen University reveal three powerful measurements in the area http://www.informare.it/news/review/2004/aftenposten0046.asp

21 September 2005 The on-line newspaper devoted to the world of transports 05:07 GMT+2 January 22, 2004 'Earthquake' measurement was "Rocknes" impact Instruments at the Geophysical Institute at Bergen University reveal three powerful measurements in the area where the Rocknes capsized, just before the ship overturned. Experts can see no other explanation for the readings other than the ship striking bottom, newspaper Bergens Tidende reports. "The readings are consistent with the boat scraping along the mountain edge first. Afterwards we have the first, powerful impacts," Institute professor Jens Havskov told the newspaper Read more on Aftenposten Interaktiv Search on Select the subject: All News Ports Tourism Database Aviation Trucking Index Home Page Press Review - via al Ponte Reale 1/41 - 16124 Genoa - ITALY phone: +39.010.2462122, fax: +39.010.2462181, e-mail: admin@informare.it

49. Research Products Borcherdt, RD, 1997, earthquake groundmotion measurement for public safety,Proc., 29th Joint Meeting UJNR Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects, Tsukuba, http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/publications/research_products.html

HOME ABOUT NSMP DATA PROCESSING RECENT EVENTS ... LINKS RESEARCH PRODUCTS Recent (1997-2002) strong-motion products are grouped below by topic (principal researchers listed after topic): Earthquake Engineering Near-Surface Lithologic and Seismic Site Characterization NEHRP/UBC Site Amplification Factors, Predictive GIS Maps of Ground Shaking, and Anelastic Wave Propagation Strong-Motion Prediction ... Surface-Wave Site Characterization Earthquake Engineering M. Çelebi Çelebi, M.,1997, Response of Olive View Hospital to Northridge and Whittier earthquakes: Journal of Structural Engineering, April 1997, p. 389-396. Çelebi, M., 1997, National strong-motion program of the U.S. Geological Survey, Joint Meeting of the UJNR Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects, 29th, Tsukuba, Japan, May 12-25, 1997. Çelebi, M., and Liu, H-P., 1997, Before and after retrofit - Response of a building during ambient and strong-motions: National Conference on Wind Engineering, 8th, Proc., Baltimore, MD. Çelebi, M., 1998, GPS and/or strong and weak motion structural response measurements case studies, American Society for Civil Engineering (ASCE) Conference, San Francisco, July 1998.

50. Hot News There was a local avalanche earthquake on 3 Oct 2001, measurement of SO2emission using COSPEC within this week noted an average of SO2 was 80 ton per http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/news/632.html

Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation Main Page Hot News V OLCANIC ACTIVITY REPORTS Information contacts: Dali Ahmad (dali@VSI.dpe.go.id Hetty Triastuty (hetty@VSI.dpe.go.id ... (suswati@VSI.dpe.go.id) VSI Jalan Diponegoro 57 Bandung 40122 Fax : + 62 22 72 02 761 Tel: + 62 22 721 46 12 Pre News Weekly Report No. 632 1-7 Oct, 2001 Karangetang Siau island; 2°47' N, 125°29' E; summit elevation 1784 m Within the week, Karangetang seismicity was showing a significant increasing of deep volcanic earthquake, while other seismicity which associated with Karangetang eruption (avalanche, tremor and explosion earthquake) did not recorded. Some times glowing lava avalanche occurred from main crater rim on 1 and 2 Oct 2001. Plume emission from northern main crater was in white medium-thick color reached 600 m, while from crater II hit about 50-150 m height. Red color reflection was observed as height as 50 m. Complete seismicity during the week is listed as follow: 47 events of deep volcanic (VA), 3 events of shallow volcanic (VB), 44 events of tectonic and 1 event of multiphase earthquake. Karangetang volcano is in level 3.

51. MSN Encarta - Earthquake Even with precise instrumental measurement of past earthquakes, however, As an example, after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the measurements showed http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571674_5/Earthquake.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Fault, crack in Earth’s crust where earthquakes can happen Richter Scale, system for ranking earthquake size more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Earthquake Search for books and more related to Earthquake Encarta Search Search Encarta about Earthquake Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Earthquake ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 5 of 6 Earthquake Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 17 items Article Outline Introduction Anatomy of an Earthquake Causes Distribution ... Extraterrestrial Quakes B Emergency Preparedness Plans Earthquake education and preparedness plans can help significantly reduce death and injury caused by earthquakes. People can take several preventative measures within their homes and at the office to reduce risk. Supports and bracing for shelves reduce the likelihood of items falling and potentially causing harm. Maintaining an earthquake survival kit in the home and at the office is also an important part of being prepared. In the home, earthquake preparedness includes maintaining an earthquake kit and making sure that the house is structurally stable. The local chapter of the American Red Cross is a good source of information for how to assemble an earthquake kit. During an earthquake, people indoors should protect themselves from falling objects and flying glass by taking refuge under a heavy table. After an earthquake, people should move outside of buildings, assemble in open spaces, and prepare themselves for aftershocks. They should also listen for emergency bulletins on the radio, stay out of severely damaged buildings, and avoid coastal areas in the event of a tsunami.

52. MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Earthquake They measure the pattern of an earthquake with a machine called a seismograph . Even with precise instrumental measurement of past earthquakes, however, http://encarta.msn.com/text_761571674___33/Earthquake.html

Print Print Preview Earthquake Article View On the File menu, click Print to print the information. Earthquake VIII. Studying Earthquakes Seismologists measure earthquakes to learn more about them and to use them for geological discovery. They measure the pattern of an earthquake with a machine called a seismograph. Using multiple seismographs around the world, they can accurately locate the epicenter of the earthquake, as well as determine its magnitude, or size, and fault slip properties. A. Measuring Earthquakes All magnitude scales give relative numbers that have no physical units. The first widely used seismic magnitude scale was developed by the American seismologist Charles Richter in 1935. The Richter scale measures the amplitude, or height, of seismic surface waves. The scale is logarithmic, so that each successive unit of magnitude measure represents a tenfold increase in amplitude of the seismogram patterns. This is because ground displacement of earthquake waves can range from less than a millimeter to many meters. Richter adjusted for this huge range in measurements by taking the logarithm of the recorded wave heights. So, a magnitude 5 Richter measurement is ten times greater than a magnitude 4; while it is 10 x 10, or 100 times greater than a magnitude 3 measurement. Today, seismologists prefer to use a different kind of magnitude scale, called the moment magnitude scale, to measure earthquakes. Seismologists calculate moment magnitude by measuring the seismic moment of an earthquake, or the earthquake’s strength based on a calculation of the area and the amount of displacement in the slip. The moment magnitude is obtained by multiplying these two measurements. It is more reliable for earthquakes that measure above magnitude 7 on other scales that refer only to part of the seismic waves, whereas the moment magnitude scale measures the total size. The moment magnitude of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake was 7.6; the Alaskan earthquake of 1964, about 9.0; and the 1995 Kà be, Japan, earthquake was a 7.0 moment magnitude; in comparison, the Richter magnitudes were 8.3, 9.2, and 6.8, respectively for these tremors.

53. Urban Legends Reference Pages: Legal (Shake's Peers 'n' Gov) (The Mercalli scale is a measurement derived from observable earthquake damage;the Richter scale is based on seismometer readings. http://www.snopes.com/legal/fema.htm

Shake's Peers 'n' Gov Legend: The magnitude of the 17 January 1994 Northridge earthquake was deliberately under-reported in order to spare the government from having to pay out emergency relief funds. Status: False. Examples: [Harvey, 1994] [Collected on the Internet, 2000] Right after the Northridge earthquake in 1994, word was going around that the State of California coerced CalTech to declare the magnitude of the earthquake under 7.0. This was due to a hidden clause in the state laws saying state income tax in California is suspended that year for affected areas when there is a major earthquake over 7.0 on the Richter Scale. Origins: On 17 January 1994, Los Angeles area residents were shaken awake at 4:31 A.M. by the seismic event that would come to be known as the Northridge quake. In the usual way of earthquakes, those few seconds of violent shaking took a terrible toll. The quake killed 57 people, injured another 9,000, and caused property damage in the $13-$15 billion range. It closed seven freeway sites and two hospitals, and left 150,000 people without water, 40,000 without natural gas, and 25,000 without homes. It was devastatingly awful. Folks were shocked when the quake was reported to have registered a mere 6.7 on the Richter scale. They were thus prepared to believe almost anything that would confirm the quake's intensity to have been much higher.

54. "Seizing" Up The Quake: The Measurement Seizing Up the Quake The measurement By Trista L. Pollard How do they knowwhat magnitude the earthquake registers on the Richter scale? http://www.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_37_22.html

Sample "Seizing" Up the Quake: The Measurement Worksheet Reading Comprehension Worksheets edHelper.com Subscribers: Build a printable worksheet with the complete story and puzzles Build a proofreading activity With just one subscription, you will have access to the math, spelling, vocabulary, and critical thinking worksheets! Sign up now for the subscriber materials! "Seizing" Up the Quake: The Measurement By Trista L. Pollard The earth shakes and shifts in many places. So, how do seismologists determine where seismic activity takes place? How do they know what magnitude the earthquake registers on the Richter scale? Let us examine the methods seismologists use for "seizing" up an earthquake. When an earthquake begins, the compressional or P waves are the first to arrive. This is usually in the form of a sharp thud. Next, the shear waves or S waves join in the seismic party (moving at 5 kilometers per second). The last waves to arrive are the surface waves. There are two types of surface waves called Love waves and Rayleigh waves Love waves, also called L waves, were named after British mathematician A.E.H. Love. He designed a mathematical model for L waves in 1911. L waves move from side to side, and they are the fastest surface wave. They also cause destructive vibrations in buildings and break water and gas lines. The "ground rolling feeling" of an earthquake is produced by L waves. On seismographs, L waves also produce the largest vibrations.

55. Measurement The benefit of this type of measurement is that it gives a consistent and uniformmeasure of the size of an earthquake of any magnitude anywhere in the http://scign.jpl.nasa.gov/learn/eq8.htm

Measurement Earthquakes can be measured in several ways. The first way is to describe the earthquake's intensity. Intensity is the measure, in terms of degrees, of damage to the surface and the effects on humans. Intensity records only observations of effects on the crust, not actual ground motion or wave amplitudes which can be recorded by instruments. While intensity helps to determine how large of an area was effected, it is not an accurate measure of the earthquake for many reasons. Two such reasons are: only the effect on an area showing the greatest intensity is reported, which can imply a greater or lesser intensity than what actually occurred, and the way in which seismic waves travel varies as they pass through different types of rocks, so some areas near by may feel nothing because they are built on faulted rock, while other areas quite a distance from the foci will feel the effects because they are built on compact homogenous rocks. The second type of measurement is the magnitude of the earthquake. Magnitude does not depend on population and effects to ground structures, but rather on wave amplitude and distance. Magnitude is determined using mathematical formulae and information from seismograms. One such magnitude scale is the Richter scale. This magnitude scale is logarithmic, meaning each step in magnitude is exponentially greater than the last.

56. Earthquake & Seismic Information Page WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE RICHTER AND MERCALLI SCALES OF EARTHQUAKEmeasurement? What is the ModifiedMercalli Scale measurement? http://www.wreg.com/Global/story.asp?S=242861

57. Measurement (from Earthquake) --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia measurement (from earthquake) A seismograph records the pattern of shock waveson a revolving drum of paper. These wavy lines show the strength of the http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-199870

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Introduction Causes Shock Waves Measurement Active Regions and Plate Tectonics Forecasting Reducing Earthquake Hazards Additional references about earthquake ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products earthquake Student Encyclopedia Article Page 4 of 8 Measurement A seismograph records the pattern of shock waves on a revolving drum of paper. These wavy lines show the strength of the various seismic waves and the times at which they occur. The tracing is called a seismogram. The study of earthquakes is seismology. earthquake...

58. FIELD-Q Measuring instruments were installed both on the east and the west caissons and measurement during earthquake is a dynamic measurement that starts http://taisinkouwandata.ceri.go.jp/english/index3.html

3. Outline of the project 1) Outline At the temporary quay wall of No.4 Wharf in the West District of the Port of Kushiro, the Hokkaido Regional Development Bureau has constructed full-scale test quay walls in a project to observe the dynamic behavior of a gravity quay wall during earthquakes. Called the project focuses on the following: The observation system: (1) Observation site and test quay wall Figure 1 shows the locations of the full-scale test caissons installed at No.4 Wharf in the West District of the Port of Kushiro. Figure 2 shows a plane view of the test quay wall. The three test caissons were placed in the east-west section of an L-shaped temporary quay wall. The caissons were designed to have a safety factor against sliding of 1.0 for earthquake motion whose horizontal acceleration is 100 Gal, on the basis of the current standard design method. Four units of earth pressure cell panels were installed behind each test caisson (Figure 3). To observe the effects of liquefaction countermeasures, sheet piles were installed in a row and a liquefaction countermeasure incorporating a sand compaction pile was provided only on the east side of the sheet piles. Measuring instruments were installed both on the east and the west caissons and backfill grounds.

59. Maryland Geological Survey: Earthquakes In Maryland measurement of the severity of an earthquake can be expressed in several ways, Magnitude is an objective measure of earthquake severity and is closely http://www.mgs.md.gov/esic/brochures/earthquake.html

Pamphlet Series Earthquakes and Maryland contact: Dale Shelton ( dshelton@mgs.md.gov Maryland's earthquake monitoring network is online. Visit the Seismic Network Pages for more information, and see live seismic displays. You can download a PDF version of this brochure, suitable for printing. Click here to get mdquakes.pdf By James P. Reger INTRODUCTION Earthquakes can be among the most devastating and terrifying of natural hazards. Although floods, tornadoes and hurricanes account for much greater annual loss in the United States, severe earthquakes pose the largest risk in terms of sudden loss of life and property. There are many interrelated factors that determine the extent of loss of property and life from an earthquake. Each of the following should be prefaced with "other factors being equal. . . ." Amount of seismic energy released: The greater the vibrational energy, the greater the chance for destruction. Duration of shaking: This is one of the most important parameters of ground motion for causing damage. Depth of focus, or hypocenter: The shallower the focus (the point of an earthquake's origin within the earth), usually the greater the potential for destructive shock waves reaching the earth's surface. Even stronger events of much greater depth typically produce only moderate shaking at ground level.

60. Earthquakes Magnitude is a measure of energy released in an earthquake by measuring theamplitude of ground motion with a seismograph. This measurement is given on the http://www.gsa.state.al.us/gsa/eq2/eq.html

EARTHQUAKES IN ALABAMA Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake of 1886 Source: U.S. Geological Survey EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS EARTHQUAKE SIZE EARTHQUAKE MYTHS EARTHQUAKES AND ALABAMA ... HISTORIC ALABAMA EARTHQUAKES EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS National maps of earthquake shaking hazards provide information essential to creating and updating the seismic design provisions of building codes used in the United States. The 1996 U.S. Geological Survey shaking-hazard map for the United States is based on current information about the rate at which earthquakes occur in different areas and on how far strong shaking extends from quake sources. Colors show the levels of horizontal shaking that have a 1-in-10 chance of being exceeded in a 50-year period. Shaking is expressed as a percentage of g (g is the gravitational acceleration of a falling object). Although strong earthquakes occur less frequently in the eastern United States, damage in this area could be catastrophic in a powerful quake because buildings and other structures have not been designed to withstand severe earth shaking. Damage to buildings, dams, highways, power lines, and similar structures only partly depend on the amount of energy released during an earthquake. Certain kinds of earth materials enhance the effects of earthquake vibrations. In Alabama, structures built on thick, loose sediments of river floodplains and filled areas are more likely to be damaged than structures built on bedrock. In fact, seismic intensity may increase as much as one full unit on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale if loose sediments are present. Also, loose sediments with a high moisture content can turn to liquid when shaken.

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